MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
Whether your car has an automatic transmission or a manual transmission which is sometimes called standard transmission, you should understand how a manual transmission works. The principles involved are simple, and an automatic transmission does basically the same things, just without a manual clutch and less manual shifting. Basic components of a manual transmission that are described below include the gearshift, clutch and gears.
The gearshift
The gearshift can be located on the steering column or on the floor in front of, or between, the front seats. Older cars designed for the general market used to have shifts with three forward speeds located on the steering column. Then sportier models with four forward speeds emerged. The gearshift in these cars was located on the floor. Today, most vehicles with manual transmissions have floor shifts with five forward speeds. And some sports cars have standard gearboxes with six forward speeds.
The clutch
You use the clutch when you start, stop, and shift gears. In each case, you step on the clutch pedal with your left foot to disengage the clutch disk from the flywheel so that the engine’s crankshaft can turn independently out of the transmission’s input shaft. Otherwise, if you attempted to shift gears without using the clutch, the gears in the transmission would rotate at different speeds and would clash and break their teeth.
The clutch consists of several major parts, each of which is listed here.
Figure 9.1 Parts of a clutch |
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Anh văn chuyên ngành Nghề Công nghệ ô tô - CĐ TC - Trường Cao đẳng nghề Đồng Tháp - 5 -
Anh văn chuyên ngành Nghề Công nghệ ô tô - CĐ TC - Trường Cao đẳng nghề Đồng Tháp - 6 -
A Very Thin Oil Called Transmission Fluid Fills The Transmission System And Generates Hydraulic Pressure. As The Engine Speed Changes, The Pump That Pumps The Transmission Fluid To Develop -
Anh văn chuyên ngành Nghề Công nghệ ô tô - CĐ TC - Trường Cao đẳng nghề Đồng Tháp - 9 -
Anh văn chuyên ngành Nghề Công nghệ ô tô - CĐ TC - Trường Cao đẳng nghề Đồng Tháp - 10 -
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+ The throw-out bearing is linked to the clutch pedal and activates the release levers that move the pressure plate back and forth.
After you have the engine going at its new speed, you release the clutch pedal to bring the clutch disk into contact with the flywheel again. The friction material on tin clutch disk causes them to grab each other lovingly and turn at the same rate once more.
The gears
The gears are metal wheels with notches on the rims that allow them to mesh with one another. Originally, the gears in most manual transmissions were moved into and out of mesh w i t h each other by the gearshift lever. In modern vehicles, the gears are always in mesh and only the synchronizers move.
The number of gear wheels in the transmission depends on the number of forward speeds the vehicle has. An additional gear reverses the direction of power so that your car can move backward. This Reverse gear works in conjunction with the lowest gear. Because you must bring a vehicle to a stop before you back up and because you rarely want to hit high speeds in reverse, the Low gear provides the power to overcome inertia and get the car moving again in the “wrong” direction. That’s why your car usually moves backward fairly slowly but with a good deal of power.
Figure 9.2 A typical manual transmission
Task 1 Match the words and the correct definitions
A. the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another B. an automotive transmission consisting of a system of interlocking gear wheels and a lever that enables the driver to shift gears manually. C. a foot-operated brake, or clutch control in a motor vehicle. D. a shaft that connects the steering wheel of a vehicle to the rest of the steering mechanism E. a circular object that revolves on an axle and forms part of a machine F. the lower surface of a room, on which one may walk G. a heavy wheel in a machine or an engine that helps to keep it working smoothly and at a steady speed H. a gear used to make a vehicle move backward |
Task 2 Read the text and circle the correct answers
1. Automotive manufacturers may install the gearshift of a car on…………… A-the steering column
B-the floor between the front seats C-both A and B
2. How many forward speeds do most sport cars have now? A-6 B-5 C-4
3. The clutch help the drivers to …………..
A-start and stop gears B-park and shift gears C-start, park and change gears
4. What would happen if you tried to shift gears without using the clutch? A-the gears in the transmission would rotate at different speeds
B-the gears would clash and break their teeth. C-both A and B
5. What do you have to do first when you want to shift gears?
A-You have to disengage the clutch disk from the flywheel by stepping on the
clutch pedal with your left foot
B-You step on the clutch pedal with your left foot to disengage the clutch disk from the flywheel
C-both A and B
6. At first, people could move the gears in the manual gearbox into and out of mesh with each other thanks to …………
A-a gearshift lever B-a clutch C- synchronizers
7. The number of forward speeds that the vehicle has will decide …………… A-the number of gear wheels in the transmission
B-the number of synchronizers in the transmission C-None is correct
Task 3 Read the text and answer the questions
1. With which foot do you step on the clutch pedal?
………………………………………………………………………………
2. What does the clutch disk do when the clutch pedal is pressed?
………………………………………………………………………………
3. What helps the gears mesh with one another?
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. What gear does the Reverse gear work with?
………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is the clutch disk used for?
………………………………………………………………………………
6. What does the clutch pressure plate do when you press the clutch pedal?
………………………………………………………………………………
Task 4 Fill in each blank with a suitable word and phrase
transmission, | input shaft, | pressure plate | |
clutch disc, | clutch |
1. The clutch is located between the …………….and engine where it provides a mechanical coupling between the engine’s flywheel and the transmission’s…………….
2. All manual transmissions require a ………….to engage or disengage the transmission and the engine.
3. The clutch engages the transmission gradually by allowing a certain amount of slippage between the transmission’s input shaft and the……………...
4. When the clutch is engaged, the release bearing moves away from the pressure plate. This allows the ……………springs to push the pressure plate and
…………….against the flywheel, allowing power transfer from the engine to the transmission.
Task 5 Translate into Vietnamese
1. You use the clutch when you start, stop, and shift gears. In each case, you step on the clutch pedal with your left foot to disengage the clutch disk from
the flywheel so that the engine’s crankshaft can turn independently out of the transmission’s input shaft.
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The number of gear wheels in the transmission depends on the number of forward speeds the vehicle has. An additional gear reverses the direction of power so that your car can move backward.
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The clutch disk moves back and forth to connect and disconnect the engine from the transmission.
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Originally, the gears in most manual transmissions were moved into and out of mesh with each other by the gearshift lever. In modern vehicles, the gears are always in mesh and only the synchronizers move.
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
Vocabulary
+clutch disk (n) đĩa ly hợp +clutch pressure plate (n) đĩa ép ly hợp +release force (v) tạo ra lực +pull away (v) kéo ra xa +press (v) ấn xuống +throw-out bearing = release bearing (n) bạc đạn tách ly hợp +release fork (n) chạc ly hợp +notch (n) vết khía hình chữ V +rim (n) niềng +mesh with (v) khớp nhau +synchronizer (n) bộ đồng tốc +cause a change (v) tạo ra sự thay đổi, làm thay đổi +reverse (v) = back up: lùi +move backward (v) lùi lại +reverse gear (n) số lùi +lowest gear (n) số thấp nhất +inertia (n) quán tính |
UNIT 10 THE BRAKE SYSTEM - BASIC COMPONENTS
Mã bài: MH09-10
Giới thiệu:
Trong bài này sinh viên được cung cấp một số thuật ngữ cơ bản liên quan đến các bộ phận cơ bản của hệ thống phanh trên xe ô tô. Sinh viên đọc hiểu bài khóa nói về các bộ phận cơ bản của hệ thống phanh trên xe ô tô và thực hành các bài tập để rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu.
Mục tiêu:
- Kiến thức:
+ Nhận biết các thuật ngữ cơ bản liên quan đến các bộ phận cơ bản của hệ thống phanh như trống phanh, đĩa phanh, trợ lực phanh, bàn đạp phanh, đường dẫn dầu phanh, xy lanh phanh....
+ Hiểu được nội dung chính của bài khóa tiếng Anh nói về các bộ phận cơ bản của hệ thống phanh trên xe ô tô.
- Kỹ năng:
+ Đọc hiểu được nội dung bài khóa tiếng Anh nói về các bộ phận cơ bản của hệ thống phanh trên xe ô tô.
- Năng lực tự chủ và trách nhiệm:
+ Phát triển khả năng làm việc độc lập và làm việc theo cặp/nhóm.
+ Tự đánh giá kết quả của bản thân hoặc của các thành viên trong cặp/nhóm sau khi hoàn thành bài tập.
THE BRAKE SYSTEM - BASIC COMPONENTS
The figure below shows a basic brake system with a power booster, disc brakes of the front wheels, and drum brakes of the rear wheels. Your vehicle may not have power brakes or may have disc or drum brakes all around, but the principle is the same in any case.
The brake pedal
The brake pedal in your car is attached to a shaft that leads to the brake master cylinder. When you step on the brake pedal, small pistons in the master cylinder force the brake fluid out of the master cylinder and into the brake lines.
If your brakes are working properly, the pedal should stop a couple of inches from the floor. It has to push down easily, stop firmly at its lowest point without feeling spongy.
Figure 10.1 A typical brake system
The power-brake booster
Today, most vehicles have power brakes. If your car has power brakes, a brake booster is located between the brake pedal and the master cylinder to increase the force applied to the pistons in the master cylinder so that your car can stop with less effort on your part. The two most common types are vacuum-assisted boosters and hydraulic-assisted boosters which use hydraulic pressure from the car’s power steering to accomplish the same thing. Some vehicles with anti-lock brake systems (ABS) have a hydraulic pump to generate pressure for booster operation.
The brake master cylinder
Look under the hood of your car, up near the firewall on the driver’s side. You will see either a metal box or a plastic bottle. This piece is the brake master cylinder. It’s filled with brake fluid and is connected to your brake pedal, with brake lines
leading from it to the four wheels of your car. When you step on the brake pedal, fluid goes out of the master cylinder into the brake lines. When you release the pedal, the fluid flows back into the master cylinder.
Brake lines
Figure 10.2 A typical brake line
The brake lines run from the master cylinder, along your car’s frame, to each wheel. The lines are made of steel, except for the portions that lie right near your front wheels and your rear axle. These portions of the brake line are made of rubber that is flexible enough to have the greater amount of movement that takes place in these areas when you steer your car.
When you press the brake pedal and force the brake fluid from the master cylinder into the brake lines, what happens next depends on the type of brakes you have. For many years, cars had drum brakes on all four wheels. Later models had drum brakes on the rear wheels and disc brakes on the front wheels. Today many vehicles have four wheel disc brakes, and most have power-assisted drum or disc brakes. Anti-lock brake systems (ABS) have also become popular. Since 1963, most brakes are self- adjusting, but a couple of real old cars with manually adjusted brakes are still around.
Task 1 Match the words and the correct definitions
A. the disc attached to the wheel in a disc brake B. fluid used in a hydraulic brake system C. a device for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, typically by applying pressure to the wheels D. a rod or spindle passing through the centre of a wheel or group of wheels E. control the movement of a vehicle, vessel, or aircraft, for example by turning a wheel or operating a rudder. F. a type of vehicle brake in which brake shoes press against the inside of a drum on the wheel G. a wheel in the front part of a car. H. a piston chamber in an internal combustion engine |
Task 2 Read the text and choose the correct answers
1. No matter what kinds of brakes your car has, the operating principle of all of