Language Difference Between Vietnamese And English

4.2. Language difference between Vietnamese and English

There are many differences in word morphology between Vietnamese and English languages. However, not all differences can be handled in machine translation. With the associative grammar model, it is possible to construct a machine-readable rule set quite simply to overcome most of these differences. Before going into details, the thesis reviews the basic differences between the two languages Vietnamese – English.

4.2.1. Morphological difference

Although there are many similarities with English such as following the same SVO sentence order, the difference between Vietnamese and English is huge. According to Stankevich’s classification of languages mentioned in [21], Vietnamese is classified as an analytic (single) language or a non-morphological type with the following characteristics: in language activities, words are not Morphological change, grammatical meaning lies outside the word (according to Dinh Dien [4]). English is a synthetic language with morphological changes, although the rules of morphological change are not as strict as Russian or French. Table 4.1. The following shows the major morphological differences between Vietnamese and English.

Table 4.1. Important morphological differences between Vietnamese and English

Tissue description	Special points in Vietnamese sentences	End connect	Need change in English
Plural noun	From the plural (many, a few, a number, number of words…) + noun Number of words (other than “one”, 1)	DpNt McNt	+”s”, some special words, example automaton → automata
Present tense verbs	Do not change the image thai	SV+	Add “s” when the subject is a third person singular noun or pronoun
Past tense verbs	Past tense (already, ever…)+verb Verb + “already”	VtRp	Infinitive + “ed”. one number of special verbs, for example sing → to
Present tense verbs continue	{“is”,”shows” } +active are from	RtVt	“tobe” + Infinitive + “ing”
Present tense verbs complete	{past word} + verb word + “done”	ACCOMPLISHED	“have”,”has” + Past Participle
Compare with	adjective + “like” +	Ap-NHU, NHU-Pp	“as”+adjective+”as”, object pronoun
Compare more or less	Adjective + “more” Verb+Adjective +”more”	TT_SS1	Comparative adjective+”than”+ object pronoun Comparative adverb+”than”+ object pronoun
Top level comparison	Adjective + “most”	TT_SS2	“the” + superlative adjective “the” + superlative adverb
Own	“of”, “belongs to” + noun, pronoun; two nouns of some kind go together	EoNt SHA	+”‘s”, can also + “of” + object pronoun Possessive adjective,possessive pronoun, noun in possessive form
Noun for material	“equal”,”word” + noun only material Noun + noun of substance Whether	ONLY NtEm	Change to adjective corresponding (rock→rocky)
Adjective as predicate		SA	Verb “to be”+ adjective
Adjectives, standing verbs after “the”,”the”	Wisdom, work construct	SU	Mark delete words This is in English translation
Noun of type	Accompanied by specific nouns	McNc-& NcNt+	Delete these words if the number other accompanying words “one”,”1” Opposite translates to English words “the”, “a”

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In addition to the above morphological differences, there are also differences in some special words. These differences require handling in the Vietnamese-English translation process

Address pronouns

The use of pronouns in Vietnamese is very complicated. Translating into another language requires many rules to cover all cases. Table 4.2. Below is a list of English pronouns that are used in different cases

Table 4.2. English pronouns

It can be seen that the number of pronouns in English is quite small, closely related to the grammatical structure. Vietnamese pronouns and phrases that function as pronouns are listed in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3. Vietnamese pronouns

The above table is summarized according to [1], [2], [8], [28]. Due to the richness of the Vietnamese language, an English pronoun can correspond to quite a few Vietnamese pronouns, for example the English pronoun “they” can be a translation of “he”. “them”, “them”, “them”, “them”, “them”, “them”. Not all of these words appear in the Vietnamese dictionary as separate entries. In most dictionaries there are no words “she”, “you”, understood as phrases.

Verb “to go”

In Vietnamese, the verb go can be used with other verbs such as “going to school”, “going out”, “going to swim”… When translated into English, most verbs after the verb “go” can be used with other verbs. replaced with gerunds, for example: “go swimming” – “go swimming”, “go shopping” – “go shopping”… however there are exceptions like “go to school” – “go to school”, “go out” – “go out”.

4.2.2. Differences in word order

Vietnamese and English mainly have the following differences in word order:

Order in noun phrase – adjective

In English, adjectives always come before nouns while in Vietnamese, nouns come before adjectives (except for some exceptions like in the phrase “poor resources” with AN connection). Here is an image illustrating the rearrangement of word order:

Figure 4.1.Rearrange word order

When translating the sentence “I buy the red wallet”, the result should be “I buy the red wallet”. In the result, the word “red” (adjective) comes before “wallet” (noun). This is the result that the word “wallet” at position 4 in the source sentence has been mapped to the word “wallet” at position 5 in the target sentence, while the word “red” is at position 5 in the target sentence. source is mapped to the word “red” in position 4 in the target sentence. The order of two and three adjectives after the noun is also changed in the same way.

Order of interrogative, interrogative – negative sentences:

The most commonly used question form in Vietnamese involves the word (phrase) to ask, for example “why”, “who”, “how”. These words are usually at the beginning or end of a sentence. In the English “wh” question form, the question word always comes first. Therefore, it is necessary to change the word order, as well as add the appropriate auxiliary verb ….

Non-neighborhood word order

Non-neighborhood word order is a dependency established between words that are a certain distance apart. This type of dependency can be caused by a “gap” caused by a change in the position of a word, for example, “The wedding gift for the bride, I sent it”, or in compound and complex sentences. with statements such as “The shirt I bought yesterday is very beautiful”. When translating into English, to ensure the meaning of a sentence, it is often necessary to change the position of the word, but the position change for this type of sentence is difficult to represent simply by translation rules. Analyzing and translating this type of sentence requires statistical methods, machine learning with large datasets that we have not had the conditions to build.