Vietnamese linking grammar model

Type particle	Classical feature	Word Example	Link Name	Link Example
Intransitive verb (Vi) Not used in the passive voice	operation: no modifier required	breathing, sitting, standing, lying down, sleeping, waking, (engine) exploding, (horn) whistling, (wind) blowing	ViAp ViEp+ SV- & {RtVi- or RpVi- or RfVi- or RpVi+}	gusty sleep on bed) baby will sleep, baby will sleep, I sleep
	Psychophysiology: does not require complements	cry, laugh, cry, … . /
transitive verb (Vt)	action: requires the complement only when the object is affected	cut (grass), chop (firewood), tear, chop, sow, nurse	SV- & O+- &{VtEp} SV- & O+- &{Vt A-} VmVt-	lumber worker I sow seed on (yard) it cuts the grass (very) fast (sowing) is sown
	artifact: requires real from the object instance to be created.	write (newspaper), draw, hewn, trim, carve, invent, invent	SV- & O+- &{Vt A-} SV- & VmVt-	i sharpen the pencil I sharpen my pencil carefully Invented electric light
	receive and receive: requires 2 direct and indirect complements	give, send, give, give, report, notify, receive	SV- & IO+ & O + SV- & O+ & VtEg+ & EgNt+ SV- &VmVt- & O+	I give the baby a book I give books to babies the baby is given a book
	imperative: requires the direct complement and the “consenting content” causes	wrong, tell, cause, guide, consider, promote make (for, break), cause (for), break (break)	SV- & IO+ & VtVt SV- & IO+ & VtVt+ SV-&VmVt- &VtVs+ SV- & VtVs+ & O+ SV- & O+ & VtVs+ SV- &{Rt Vt- or RpVt- or RfVt-} & {VmVt- }& {RpVt+}	I told him to go to school The boss asked the staff to turn off the lights he was promoted to be (foreman) I broke the bowl I broke the bowl the bowl is broken
	effect: requires the direct object and/or target of the action	pull, push, push. press, tilt, place…	SV- &{Rt Vt or RpVt or RfVt}& O+ &VtEs+&{RpVt+} SV- &VtEs+ & O+ SV-& {O+} &(VtN+ orVtPp+)	I put the book on the table, I’m putting the book on the table, I put the book on the table. I reached the book table I force my children to eat, my parents force me to get married forced to work
	move	run, crawl, roll… go (this verb has a special use in Vietnamese: go to school, go swim, play. . .)	SV- &{Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-} & {VtEp+}&{RpVt+} SV-& {Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-} & VtEm SV-& {Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-} & CH+ SV- & {Rt Vt or RpVt or RfVt} & O+ SV- &{Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-} & {VtEp+}&{RpVt+} SV- & {Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-} & GO+	I’m climbing (mountain) , it came by motorbike, The train has left the station, the guests have entered the house i’m going up (mountain) I go to school, I’m going out (private) from “go”)
	behavior	steal, snatch, steal…	SV- & (O+) SV- &EmNu	it steals money businesses pay in dollars
	Thinking	learn, understand, listen, speak… .	SV- &{Rt Vt or RpVt or RfVt} &VmVt-& O+ VtVt SV- &	I study a foreign language, I learned a foreign language language learn to speak, learn to play (fiddle) I finished my studies

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Type particle	Classical feature	Word Example	Link Name	Link Example
state verbs (Vs)	1. emotional psychology	curious, trusting, doubting love, hate, sad, love, angry love like, admire, loathe. .	VsN+ VsE+ SV- &{RlVt- or RlVt+}	trust friends believe in the future I’m sad, I’m so sad, I’m so embarrassed
	2.to exist	still, yes, lost	SV-&{Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-}& O+	I have two thousand dong left, it has lost its lover
	3. metamorphosis	to transform (to become), to germinate (to germinate), to arise, to change,	SV- & {VsVs+}& O+	caterpillars turned into butterflies
	4. Consumption	sick, tired, consumed, dead, lost	Sv-&{VsN+}
	5.reception	eat, enjoy	O+	enjoy the life of beating, eating bullets (very rarely used in Vt form)
	6. start, continue	start, continue, stop, end, stop…	SV-&{Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-}&VsVt+	The boy has started to walk
	7. take a break	stop, stop, stop,	SV-& {Rt Vt -or RpVt- or RfVt-}& VsV+	it stopped arguing
	8.relationship	is, do	DT_LA-	Cabbage is…
modal verb (Vm)	1.review	should, should,, see, see	SV-& (VmVt+ or VmVi)	you should buy candy
	2.will	intend, intend, dare, dare decide	SV- & VmVt+	he decided to go to trade
	3. wish	wish, dream, wish	RsVm- RlVm-	only wish Looking forward
	4.depends	suffer, be, suffer, have to endure	VmVt SV+
auxiliary verb (Vu)	the verb is not capable of being a predicate in a sentence	patriotic, nomadic, peaceful, family and refreshments	NVu- VmVu- CVu- VVu-	tranquilizers, nomads was suspended for refreshments finished studying, done
adjective (Ap)	Only the nature of the things, can be accompanied by adverbs only level Only the properties the object contains the value of quantity	good, beautiful, bad, smart, enthusiastic	SA- &ApNu+ ApAr+	beautiful girl she is very beautiful twenty meters deep
relative adjective (Ar)	indicates dependence or interaction	public, private, internal, external, private, private		shared, grandma
	comparative relationship	equal, more, less, same, different… .	ApAr- NAr- ArN+ AreE	more beautiful, three hours more more than ten people different from, like more rice day
	Relative adjectives are converted from nouns.	see in noun		National Army
onomatopoeia (Ao)	not independent as predicate	jingle, creak, jingle…	VA	jingle bells buckets and pots clatter
figurative adjective (Ai)	not independent as predicate	stooped, shriveled, sloppy, on the same axis, sloppy…	VA ApAi	bow down
demonstrative pronoun (Pd)	there, there, that, that, that, this, now, now, then, then, so…		McN McNt+	her teacher right now
preposition range (Es)	about, above, below, in, out		NtEm+ &EmVt
positional preposition (Ep)		at	EpN	in Hanoi, at school
Possessive Preposition (Eo)		of the	EoNt+ EoPp+	teacher’s mine
material preposition (Em)		equal	Nt5Em-& EmNt6+ NgEm-& EmNt6+ VtEm-& EmNt6+	wooden table, silk clothes, corrugated iron roof