Limitations Of The Topic And Directions For Further Research

react faster than interest rate movements, which increases the elasticity of money demand for interest rates, accelerates the circulation of capital flows, makes money supply and demand difficult to predict. more informed, the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is more sensitive. To perfect the information system to support the planning and implementation of monetary policy, the SBV needs to implement solutions such as promoting joint ventures, linkages and cooperation with domestic and foreign organizations in business, research and development. develop banking services to quickly access new technologies in line with international practices and standards. Enlist the financial and technical support of international organizations to modernize technology and expand banking services.

5.4.2 Solutions from the Government

5.4.2.1 Synchronous coordination of fiscal and monetary policies

In order to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of monetary and fiscal policies, it is necessary to have a smooth and synchronous combination between the two policies to enhance the implementation efficiency of each policy.

- Establishing a regular and continuous relationship in the process of making and implementing monetary and fiscal policies between the Ministry of Finance and the State Bank. The State Bank must be provided with accurate and timely information from the Ministry of Finance on the amount of capital mobilization and lending of non-budget funds in order to control the total means of payment of the entire economy. Statistics and reports on public finance issues, especially plans to raise capital to cover the state budget deficit, must be promptly provided by the Ministry of Finance to the SBV. In contrast, the State Bank must provide information on interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, and available capital of the commercial banking system to the Ministry of Finance.

- Amending and supplementing legal documents on the state budget and the State Bank in the direction of ensuring the independence of each policy.

- To encourage the use of non-inflationary shortfall financing through the issuance of bonds and bills as a basis for the development of the open market and the SBV's discounting and rediscounting tools.

5.4.2.2 Perfecting the basic conditions towards operating monetary policy according to the mechanism of inflation targeting

- Gradually build independence for the State Bank. Allowing the State Bank to be more proactive in regulating the money supply to suit the requirements of the economy, not to meet the needs of the State budget and the Government. In the implementation of monetary policy, the State Bank must be self-determined in using monetary policy tools to improve the efficiency of using such tools.

 

- Focus on studying the monetary policy transmission mechanism in Vietnam to clearly determine the time lag, mode and impact level of policies implemented by the State Bank on monetary policy objectives.

5.4.2.3 Completing the banking system

The improvement of monetary policy in Vietnam cannot be separated from the process of perfecting the banking system in general and the organizational and operating apparatus of the State Bank in particular. This is reflected in the fact that the Government must unify and synchronize the issued relevant laws and legal documents, thereby ensuring the effectiveness of the entire system of regulatory documents of the industry. The elaboration and promulgation of sub-law documents should be done quickly and in a timely manner.

5.5 Limitations of the topic and directions for further research

- The limitation of the study is that the access to data such as the number of observations is not much in space and time. Therefore, the next research direction is to expand the scope of research on the transmission from the interest rate policy of the State Bank to the commercial banking system in Vietnam. Consider different periods such as pre-crisis, post-crisis, the impact of the process of integration and monetary liberalization on interest rate pass-through.

- The transmission of all SBV's operating interest rates such as interbank interest rates, LSCBs, etc. has not been studied in depth to the deposit and lending rates of all terms of Agribank , so it has not been studied in depth. covers all transmission results. Therefore, it is necessary to study the interest rate transmission in more depth and detail with many different terms and different interest rate subjects such as interbank interest rates, LSCBs, interest rates.

mobilize all terms, interest rates for mortgage loans, interest rates for business loans, interest rates for personal loans,...

- The cause of the short-term incomplete and asymmetrical pass-through has not been explored, ignoring the impact of macro-economic factors and considering the SBV's monetary policy to be transparent. As official interest rates and money market rates change, banks may not find it profitable to adjust their rates immediately. For example, retail interest rates will be less volatile in inelastic markets and the demand curve for retail products in banks may be less elastic in the short run than in the long run. In general, banks face fixed cost adjustments in order to adjust their rates in a timely manner (Hannan and Berger [1991]; Bondt [2002]). Therefore, in further studies, it is necessary to measure interest rate pass-through under varying cost conditions to see the level of pass-through more accurately. At the same time,

Conclusion of chapter 5

Chapter 5 summarizes the main results studied in Chapter 4, conducts monetary policy of the State Bank in the coming time and offers solutions on Agribank's interest rate policy in order to increase the level and speed of interest rate pass-through. At the same time, some limitations of the study and suggestions for future research directions are also given.

REFERENCES

VIETNAMESE DOCUMENTS

1. Report on business results of Agribank 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015.

2. Dinh Thi Thu Hong and Phan Dinh Manh, 2013. “Effectiveness of monetary policy through the interest rate transmission channel.” Journal of Development and Integration No. 12(22)- September-October 2013.

3. Nguyen Phi Lan, 2010. “Monetary transmission mechanism from the perspective of quantitative analysis”. Banking Magazine No. 18/2010.

4. Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, 2011. “Interest rate policy: Theoretical and practical basis”, Banking Strategy Institute, State Bank.

5. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Trang and Nguyen Huu Tuan, 2014, “Monetary policy transparency and retail interest rate pass-through in Vietnam”, Journal of Development & Integration No. 15 (25) – March-April/ 2014.

6. VCBS Research and Analysis Department, “Macro Report and Stock Market 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015”.

ENGLISH DOCUMENT

1. Beng Soon Chong, Ming-Hua Liu, Keshab Shrestha, 2005. “ Monetary transmission via the administered interest rates channel”. Journal of Banking & Finance.

2. Bondt, 2002, “Retail bank interest rate pass-through: New evidence from the Euro area level”. Working paper No.136, European Central Bank Working Paper Series.

3. Gambacorta L and S Iannotti (2007): “Are there asymmetries in the response of bank interest rates to monetary shocks?”, Applied Economics.

4. Hannan, Timothy H. 1991. “Bank Commercial Loan Markets and the Role of Market Structure: Evidence from Surveys of Commercial Lending.” Journal of Banking and Finance.

5. Hofmann, B., & Mizen, P. (2004). “Interest rate pass-through and monetary transmission: Evidence from individual financial institutions' retail rates.”. Economica.

6. Kleimeier S., Sander H., 2005, “Expected versus unexpected monetary policy impulses and interest rate pass through in euro-zone's retail banking markets”. Journal of Banking and Finance.

7. Lim, GC (2001). “Bank interest rate adjustments: Are they asymmetric?” Economic Record.

8. Ming-Hua Liu, Dimitri Margaritis, Alireza Tourani-Rad, 2007 “Monetary policy transparency and pass-through of retail interest rates”, Journal Banking & Finance.

9. Rustam Jamilov, Balazs Egert (2014)," Interest rate pass-through and monetary policy asymmetry: A journey into the Caucasian black box", Journal of Asian Economics.

10. Scholnick, B. (1996) “Asymmetric Adjustment of Commercial Bank Interest Rates: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore”. Journal of International Money and Finance.

The variables of deposit interest rate, lending interest rate

 

_1M

_6M

_12M

_18M

_24M

SMALL

TDH

Mean

8.993021

9.666979

10.04052

9.738542

9.755000

12,98328

14.08740

Median

8.140000

8,640000 won

9,650000 won

9,730000 won

9,730000 won

11.20000 won

12.72500

Maximum

17.50000 won

17.50000 won

17.50000 won

17.50000 won

17.50000 won

21,00000 won

21,00000 won

Minimum

4,000000

5.300000 won

6,000000

6.2000000

6,30000 won

9,000000

10,50000 won

Std. Dev.

3.844662

3.297293

3.038562

2.452714

2.403539

3.456668

3.257457

Skewness

0.415382

0.649823

0.601143

0.728301

0.808288

0.832536

0.655379

Kurtosis

2.016644

2.464302

2.605022

3.542912

3.690190

2.343457

2.082540

Jarque-Bera

6.628637

7.904205

6.405992

9.665761

12.35871

12.81404

10.23927

Probability

0.036359

0.019214

0.040640

0.007964

0.002072

0.001650

0.005978

Sum

863.3300

928,0300

963.8900

934.9000

936.4800

1246,395

1352,390

Sum Sq. Dev.

1404.235

1032.854

877.1215

571.5014

548.8148

1135,112

1008.047

Observations

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

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The transmission from the interest rate policy of the State bank to the deposit and lending rates at Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam - 6

Variables of refinancing interest rate, rediscount interest rate

Mean

TCV 9.119792

Term 7.145833

Median

8.000000

6,000000

Maximum

150000 won

13,00000 won

Minimum

6,50000 won

4.50000 won

Std. Dev.

2.880739

2.937880

Skewness

1.014121

1.023415

Kurtosis

2.506139

2.491016

Jarque-Bera

17.43066

17.79431

Probability

0.000164

0.000137

Sum

875.5000

686.0000 won

Sum Sq. Dev.

788.3724

819.9583

Observations 96 96

Correlation matrix

_1M _6M _12M _18M _24M Bank TDH TCV TCK

_1M 1 0.98600025... 0.97755807... 0.95944948... 0.96010052... 0.92831843... 0.88714445... 0.85451099... 0.85341449...

_6M 0.98600025... 1 0.98338146... 0.95805052... 0.95722028... 0.93106680... 0.89175930... 0.86680512... 0.86454221...

_12M 0.97755807... 0.98338146... 1 0.97135542... 0.96997002... 0.93104467... 0.90218586... 0.88115188... 0.88360978...

_18M 0.95944948... 0.95805052... 0.97135542... 1 0.99869664... 0.88771795... 0.85842502... 0.82539956... 0.81836423...

_24M 0.96010052... 0.95722028... 0.96997002... 0.99869664... 1 0.89112600... 0.85844532... 0.83071860... 0.82370299...

NH 0.92831843... 0.93106680... 0.93104467... 0.88771795... 0.89112600... 1 0.97820110... 0.89211298... 0.90256330...

TDH 0.88714445... 0.89175930... 0.90218586... 0.85842502... 0.85844532... 0.97820110... 1 0.86147700... 0.87114330...

TCV 0.85451099... 0.86680512... 0.88115188... 0.82539956... 0.83071860... 0.89211298... 0.86147700... 1 0.98795120...

TCK 0.85341449... 0.86454221... 0.88360978... 0.81836423... 0.82370299... 0.90256330... 0.87114330... 0.98795120... 1

1M

Null Hypothesis: _1M has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 1 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -2.027167 0.2749

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.501445

 

5% level

-2.892536

10% level

-2.583371

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

6M

  

Null Hypothesis: _6M has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 1 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -2.357899 0.1565

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.501445

 

5% level

-2.892536

10% level

-2.583371

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

12M

  

Null Hypothesis: _12M has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -1.392710 0.5828

Test critical values: 1% level

-3,500669

 

5% level

-2.892200

10% level

-2.583192

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

18M

  

Null Hypothes is : _18M has a unit root Exogenous : Cons tant

Lag Length: 0 (Autom atic - bas ed on SIC, m axlag=12

)

 
 

t-Stats tic

Prob.*

Augm ented Dickey-Fuller tes ts tatis tic

-1.563726

0.4971

Test t critical values ​​: 1% level

-3,500669

 

5% level

-2.892200

 

10% level

-2.583192

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-s ided p-values ​​.

LSHD 24M

Null Hypothesis: _24M has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -1.615662 0.4707

Test critical values: 1% level

-3,500669

 

5% level

-2.892200

 

10% level

-2.583192

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

SMALL LSCV

  

Null Hypothesis: NH has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 1 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -1.826436 0.3657

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.501445

 

5% level

-2.892536

10% level

-2.583371

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

LSCV TDH

  

Null Hypothesis: TDH has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 1 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 

t-Statistics Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -2.066375 0.2587

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.501445

 

5% level

-2.892536

10% level

-2.583371

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

LSTCV

  

Null Hypothesis: TCV has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 3 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-2.570517

0.1028

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.503049

 

5% level

-2.893230

 

10% level

-2.583740

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Null Hypothesis: TCK has a unit root Exogenous: Constant

Lag Length: 2 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-2.265776

0.1852

Test critical values: 1% level

-3.502238

 

5% level

-2.892879

 

10% level

-2.583553

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(1M)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(_1M,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-12.58569

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(_6M)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(_6M,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-11.58997

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(_12M)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(_12M,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-15.07362

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Null Hypothesis: D(_18M,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-14.64223

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(_24M)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(_24M,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-14,86575

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(NH)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(NH,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 2 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-7.787872

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.062040

 

5% level

-3.459950

 

10% level

-3.156109

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(TDH)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(TDH,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-12.64119

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.059734

 

5% level

-3.458856

 

10% level

-3.155470

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Null Hypothesis: D(TCV,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 1 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-10.39409

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.060874

 

5% level

-3.459397

 

10% level

-3.155786

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

  

D(TCK)

  

Null Hypothesis: D(TCK,2) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend

Lag Length: 2 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12

)

 
 

t-Statistics

Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic

-9.973895

0.0000

Test critical values: 1% level

-4.062040

 

5% level

-3.459950

 

10% level

-3.156109

 

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

APPENDIX 03: ROAD INSPECTION

1M_TCV

AR DL  Bounds Test

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:39 Sample: 5 96

Included observations: 92

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

19.3482

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

6M_TCV

AR DL  Bounds Test

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:43 Sample: 3 96

Included observations: 94

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

13.47206

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

12M_TCV

ARDL Bounds Test

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:45 Sample: 5 96

Included observations: 92

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

35.99821

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

24M_TCV

AR DL  Bounds Test

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:47 Sample: 13 96

Included observations: 84

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

5.606299

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

NH_TCV

AR DL  Bounds Tes t

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:48 Sam ple: 6 96

Included obs ervations : 91

Null Hypothes is : No long-run relations hips exis t

Test t Stats tic

Value

k

Fs tatis tic

24.48493

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

1M_TCK

  

ARDL Bounds Test

  

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:50 Sample: 5 96

Included observations: 92

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

9.505849

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

6M_TCK

  

AR DL  Bounds Test

  

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:53 Sample: 3 96

Included observations: 94

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

13.32612

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

18M_TCK

  

ARDL Bounds Test

  

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:54 Sample: 3 96

Included observations: 94

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

15.52214

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

24M_TCK

ARDL Bounds Test

Date: 03/29/16 Time: 21:55 Sample: 14 96

Included observations: 83

Null Hypothesis: No long-run relationships exist

Test Statistic

Value

k

F-statistics

17.21293

first

Critical Value Bounds

  

Significance

I0 Bound

I1 Bound

ten%

3.02

3.51

5%

3.62

4.16

2.5%

4.18

4.79

first%

4.94

5.58

Date published: 11/04/2022