satisfies the requirements of the resistance war against the US, to save the country. Resolution No. 46-NQ/TW of the Politburo determined the task set for 1962 as continuing to carry out a step of socialist industrialization, promoting the construction of the material and technical foundation of socialism, aiming to rapidly develop the economy and culture, and further improve people's lives. The task of the PTTĐYN is to constantly improve labor productivity, promote production development, ensure the overfulfillment of all State planning targets, aiming to make the people rich, the country strong, and the people's lives more prosperous and happy. The motto of production development and also the motto of the PTTĐYN is still "many, fast, good, cheap". The nature of collective emulation continues to be emphasized. The direction and content of emulation in the industrial and handicraft sectors is to continue to promote the movement of "rationalizing production, improving techniques" in order to continuously promote production, construction and strong development of transportation. In industry, continue to promote the emulation movement with Duyen Hai . In handicrafts, continue to promote the emulation movement with Thanh Cong cooperative. In agricultural cooperatives, continue to promote the emulation movement with Dai Phong . In state-owned farms, continue to promote the emulation movement with Dong Hieu . The main content of emulation in agriculture is still " improving management, improving techniques, promoting production ". In industry, through the movement of rationalizing production, improving techniques and on the basis of developing advanced labor teams, promote the movement to strive to become socialist labor teams . In which, the form of socialist labor teams and groups is the development of the form of advanced labor teams and groups, with higher and more comprehensive standards. In the handicraft industry, promote the formation of advanced labor teams and groups, advanced cooperatives, and move towards building socialist labor teams and groups. In the agricultural sector, through the movement to improve management, improve techniques, and develop production, build advanced production teams and cooperatives, and move towards building socialist labor teams. The emulation content of the education sector is still " good teaching, good learning " to continuously improve the quality of teaching and learning, implementing the motto of combining learning with production labor, combining learning with practice. The content of the emulation in the army is: " practice and improve techniques, comply with regulations, orders, regimes, standards and practice working style; "labor production and practice thrift, prevent espionage and keep secrets" to carry out the movement to build a fast, strong, and steady army towards regularization and modernization.
Regarding emulation leadership, the Resolution clearly states: the work of mobilizing and organizing emulation must be under the unified leadership of the Party, from the Central to the grassroots level. Party committees at all levels, comrades in charge of sectors, agencies, enterprises, construction sites, farms, and cooperatives need to have a strong change in ideology, must fully perceive the great significance of emulation for economic and cultural development, and pay great attention to strengthening emulation leadership. Strengthen the work of reviewing and summarizing initiatives for implementation and widely disseminating them in many forms. Promote the work of organizing cultural, technical, and professional learning for cadres, workers, civil servants, and cooperative members. Pay more attention to improving the lives of workers, members, civil servants, and cadres [68, pp. 123-135].
Recognizing the plot and actions of the US imperialists to escalate the war, on March 27, 1964, our Party and President Ho Chi Minh decided to convene a special Political Conference in Hanoi to arouse patriotism, consolidate the great national unity bloc and build the determination to fight the US and save the country. Based on the assessment of the great achievements in 10 years of building socialism in the North, clearly outlining the plot of the US imperialists, at this Conference, President Ho Chi Minh affirmed the viewpoint: the North is a large base - rear area, the South is a large front line; the North must devote a lot of human and material resources to support the fight of the people in the South and urgently strengthen the national defense potential, deploy the battle readiness position. President Ho Chi Minh called on " each of us to work twice as hard to repay our compatriots in the South" [116, p.278]. In the immediate future, our entire Party, people and army need to unite more, uphold the fighting spirit, the revolutionary spirit, not be afraid of hardships and difficulties, promote the sense of collective mastery, dare to think, dare to do, and enthusiastically strive to fulfill our tasks. We must do well the movement of "improving management, improving techniques, promoting agricultural production" ; the movement of "3 builds, 3 fights" in industry and other sectors of the national economy. We must promote the movement of lowland people to participate in economic and cultural development in the mountainous areas. We must strive to promote the youth union, develop socialist labor groups and teams and advanced agricultural cooperatives.
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The Special Political Conference ended, the Secretariat issued Directive No. 77 (April 14, 1964) on launching the emulation movement " Each person works as hard as two, strives to build and protect the North, actively supports the revolution to liberate the South".
Which clearly states:
The purpose of the campaign: to make the entire Party, the entire army, and the entire people systematically and deeply understand the Party's revolutionary line, thereby raising socialist awareness and patriotism, fostering fighting spirit, radical revolutionary spirit, tradition of determination to fight and win, not fearing hardships and difficulties, promoting the sense of collective mastery, self-reliance, daring to think, daring to do, and courageously rising up.
The requirements and contents of the campaign are to strengthen the class stance, attack rightist ideology, individualism and liberalism, foster and promote the spirit of radical revolution, foster the spirit of revolutionary optimism, heighten enthusiasm and confidence, and build the determination of our people in striving for the victory of the revolution in the North, in the South and in the world.
Regarding action , continue to further promote the three major campaigns and existing PTTDs, based on the direction of the 1964 State plan and the potential capacity of the locality, industry, and base, it is necessary to calculate to set out the main goals, measures, and a number of targets as the peaks that need to be achieved in order to concentrate efforts on solving the important aspects of the 1964 State plan.
Regarding the implementation measures : organize a concentrated propaganda and education campaign and launch a movement among cadres, party members and people, from top to bottom, from within the Party to the masses, for about 3 months (from mid-April to July 20, 1964), divided into many short periods, based on anniversaries with great political mobilization significance for production.
The content reflected in the above 4 documents, from the purpose, requirements, content, methods to the organization and leadership of the Youth Union, is consistent, inherited and developed. The Party's policy originates from the characteristics, situation, requirements and tasks in each specific period.
2.2.2. Some typical emulation movements
2.2.2.1. Movement "Learning from Duyen Hai, competing with Duyen Hai" in industry.
Since 1961, the North has implemented the first 5-year plan, entering a period of focusing on building socialism. The Party and State's awareness of the role of industry in general and heavy industry in particular has been
Along with the increase in investment budget for heavy industry, it has created profound changes in production relations, structure and productivity. Resolution 07 of the Central Party Secretariat has significantly contributed to strongly promoting the development of the industrialized and socialist-oriented market economy. Many enterprises have proactively produced, promoted initiatives, improved techniques, increased productivity, ensured quality and reduced product costs. The campaign "Rationalizing production, improving techniques, improving quality, reducing product costs" attracted the participation of a large number of workers throughout the North. In line with the characteristics of each unit, a series of factories and enterprises have practically launched movements with rich and diverse emulation content. Hanoi Mechanical Factory with the movement "Chasing and surpassing high productivity" strives to become the leading bird of the capital's industrial sector. Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Zone with the movement to build "The Cavalry Team exceeds productivity and quality targets" . The state-owned waterway transport industry with the emulation "Pulling and exceeding weight" ... In that exciting competitive atmosphere, "Song Duyen Hai" and the emulation "Striving to become a socialist labor team" were closely intertwined, quickly becoming typical PTTĐ movements.
When the French colonialists withdrew (in 1955), Hai Phong was a desolate city. In the city, factories were destroyed by the enemy. When they took over, there were only 7 factories that were barely operating. The city had a population of more than 100,000, but over 30,000 were unemployed [129, p.12]. However, the working class and people of Hai Phong, with their heroic tradition, overcame all difficulties and quickly restored and developed the economy and culture at an unprecedented speed. Since 1954, after 7 years of fighting in peace, Hai Phong has been likened to a person in his youth, changing, nearly a hundred factories have been restored, expanded, or completely rebuilt and are springing up on an increasingly large scale [129, p.13]. The competitive atmosphere of tens of thousands of workers working day and night from factories and ports adjacent to each other in a large industrial park contributes to the vibrant competitive atmosphere of an industrial city.
Implementing the first 5-year plan, in the PTTĐYN, the people of Hai Phong, first and foremost the working class, raised the spirit of overcoming difficulties, working selflessly, constantly promoting the spirit of creativity to increase labor productivity as well as economic efficiency. In that context, Duyen Hai mechanical factory overcame difficulties to rise to the top, rationalized production, and improved techniques in a particularly creative way. From the first units to rise high
The emulation flag in the city, the movement " Emulation with Duyen Hai mechanics " attracted hundreds, thousands of factories, construction sites and many other industries to participate, creating an extremely strong atmosphere, an exciting and vibrant socialist movement throughout the North.
In fact, before 1960, Duyen Hai Mechanical Factory was in the same situation as other factories and enterprises in this period, mainly producing and trying to complete tasks according to the planned targets assigned from above. The machines were old, the workers worked slowly, the issues of productivity, quality and efficiency were almost not concerned. In October 1960, after studying and thoroughly understanding the industrial development policy, the factory's Party Committee launched a movement to "offer ideas" for technical improvement. From here, the competitive atmosphere in the factory became increasingly exciting. Implementing the policy of socialist industrialization, prioritizing the development of heavy industry, in which the mechanical manufacturing industry played a key role, Duyen Hai Mechanical Factory - an old mechanical repair facility - promoted the spirit of self-reliance, overcame difficulties, strongly shifted to mechanical manufacturing and successfully completed the planned tasks assigned by the Party and the State. In early 1961, the Hai Phong City Party Committee advocated the need to create and raise the spirit of the Socialist Revolution. Responding to the emulation movement to rationalize production and improve techniques, Duyen Hai Mechanical Factory had the initiative to launch a "Spring Technical Demonstration Festival" for workers, encouraging "everyone to demonstrate, each industry to demonstrate, each machine to demonstrate, each tool to demonstrate, each product to demonstrate" to promote the spirit of mastery, proactive creativity in labor, shorten the operating stages, rationalize production, increase productivity and product quality. From a production collective with 28 workers at the beginning of its establishment (October 5, 1955), by 1960 it had grown to 450 workers, through technical demonstrations, the factory's workers and staff had achieved many results. More than 900 targets were broken, labor productivity increased from 25% to 90%, with 250 large and small initiatives, including initiatives that completely changed the production organization, many "champions" appeared one after another. Typically, the foundry had the initiative to smelt pig iron 6 times a week (3 times higher than before); exceeding 623 targets. Most of the initiatives were applied to regular production such as turning the pump body before taking 35 hours, now only 4 hours and 30 minutes, casting the grinding machine before taking 21 hours, now only 8 hours; product quality was relatively good, the target of using raw materials was decreasing . The workshop had 49 primitive, outdated machines that were converted into machines.
has high capacity and precision; the workshop also self-produces a number of production lines used to mass-produce new products such as pumps, grinders, saws... successfully tested the production of 75-horsepower steam engines, improved 49 machines of various types, increased productivity from 50 to 200% [148, pp.5-6].
The factory completed and exceeded the State plan 110 days ahead of schedule, then completed the supplementary plan by 36% 50 days ahead of schedule. Compared to the (supplemented) plan, the total output value increased by 36%, 3 times higher than in 1960; the value of commercial output increased by 2.17%, the value of processed output increased by 16.83%, the average labor productivity of a worker and employee increased by 10.52%, the quality of products increased from level 4 and level 5 to level 3, the average product cost decreased by 13% [148, p.6].
Although it took place in a short time, the Duyen Hai movement developed strongly and achieved great results, reflecting the working spirit, creativity as well as the ability to absorb advanced scientific and technical achievements of the workers. The movement strongly transformed the workers' thinking, making them clearly realize the inherent and potential capabilities of humans as well as machines. The movement was like strong revolutionary waves, rising from wave to wave, motivating and encouraging the team of workers, both those with good technical qualifications and those new to the profession, both young and old, male and female. The strong spread of " Duyen Hai Waves" contributed to promoting the competitive spirit in almost all factories and enterprises, opening a new stage, a momentum in the Labor Union.
In April 1961, the Prime Minister held a conference with representatives of cadres from the Northern provinces and cities in Hai Phong to study and learn from the experiences of the Duyen Hai Mechanical Factory. Immediately after that, more than 500 factories and construction sites from Hanoi, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Viet Tri, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Lao Cai, Cao Bang, to Nghe An... launched the movement " Learning from Duyen Hai, competing with Duyen Hai ". In August 1961, the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor launched a movement in the industrial sector: " Striving to become a socialist labor team ", "Learning from Duyen Hai, competing with Duyen Hai ". "Learning from Duyen Hai, competing with Duyen Hai" , a series of factories, enterprises, industries, basic construction, transportation, small-scale industrial cooperatives, shops, schools, hospitals, and agencies enthusiastically organized demonstrations. The movement of studying and competing with Duyen Hai from here spread to the entire city of Hai Phong and almost the entire North.
PTTĐ with Duyen Hai strongly changed the workers' ideology,
civil servants, enhancing collective spirit, socialist cooperation spirit. Not only taking place in state-owned factories and enterprises, the movement to promote initiatives, improve techniques, and rationalize production on the industrial front also spread to handicraft cooperatives. During this time, a series of factories, enterprises, and industrial cooperatives competed to rationalize production. A typical example is Deo Nai Coal Enterprise (Cam Pha, Quang Ninh), which previously used cars and wagons to transport coal on a roundabout route. Now, thanks to rationalizing the transportation chain, building a straight-line chute system, it has reduced the number of workers by 190, 10 cars, 200 wagons,
11,000 meters of railway, each day transports 1,500 more tons of coal, reducing transportation costs by 5,400 VND. At the Nam Dinh textile factory, some female workers have rationalized the route to check the machines, reasonably and promptly resolved cases of multiple machines having broken threads, from one person standing for 12, now standing for 14 machines. The small stone group of shift A (Cement Factory) rationally used labor, machinery, cars and improved the stone conveying chute, reducing the number of workers from 81 to 12. The Hanoi automobile transport enterprise has saved 54,000 liters of gasoline [55, pp. 16-17].
With enthusiasm for innovation and competition, workers and cadres in mechanical factories have worked hard to research and produce many new types of machines such as milling machines, diesel engines, steam engines, gas engines, water pumps, generators, 6-ton lathes, blast furnace fans... which we have not been able to produce before. Not only have mechanical manufacturing factories produced new machines, but mechanical repair workshops have also produced many types of machines to equip their factories such as: sheet metal cutting machines, spring bending machines, coal washing machines, automobile wheel rim making machines, stamping machines, sawing machines, automatic weaving machines, pulp grinders, paper machines... Many old equipment and machines, some of which were discarded, have been improved into good equipment and machines with high productivity. Hai Phong Cement Factory has improved five kilns beyond their designed capacity, increasing the daily output by 250 to 300 tons of cement, increasing the output by more than 70,000 tons of cement each year. Hoang Van Thu Paper Factory improved the old paper machine, increasing the capacity from 2,040 meters of paper per hour to 2,840 meters of paper per hour. Some new machinery and equipment were also improved: Hanoi Mechanical Factory improved the steel furnace, increasing the steel casting output per batch from 1,500 kilograms to 2,300 kilograms and increasing the life of the furnace; Garment Factory 10 improved 24 button sewing machines, reducing more than 20,000 workers per year. Farms
improved agricultural machinery, made some accessories for growing peanuts, growing coffee, harvesting cassava, increasing productivity from 10 to 30 times [55, p.18].
Competing with Duyen Hai, many enterprises have tried to save raw materials, materials, find alternative raw materials, materials, and make use of old and scrap raw materials. The Hai Phong glass factory construction site uses wood and bamboo in making concrete formwork for the foundation, avoiding the need to use 1,623 cubic meters of new wood. The Hanoi alcohol factory has successfully researched the method of making alcohol with corn, potatoes, and cassava, saving 7,400 tons of rice each year. The Hong Ha iron, enamel, stationery, Van Dien battery, soap, Sao Vang rubber, and Thang Long tobacco factories have used more than 50 types of domestic raw materials, avoiding the need to import thousands of tons from abroad. Power plants, thanks to improving furnace grate, using bad coal to burn the furnace, have reduced the use of 100,000 tons of coal annually. The material department uses cast concrete water pipes instead of cast iron pipes, avoiding the need to use 1,620 tons of cast iron. Ha Long canned fish factory has extracted 4,317 liters of fish oil from fish liver, good quality [55, pp.20-21].
In 1962, PTTD with Duyen Hai and emulation with typical units of each industry continued to develop widely. The quantity and quality of initiatives to rationalize production and improve techniques were greater than before. In the first 9 months of 1962, in the scope of Hai Phong city, there were 15,038 initiatives, saving
3,044,063 VND. In Hanoi city, only in the scope of 92 enterprises and construction sites, in 10 months, there were 19,977 initiatives [118, p.5]. Although the number of initiatives and technical improvements is less than the initiatives to rationalize production, but compared to 1961, the rate has increased. In the mechanical industry, the use of the jigs and fixtures method has brought about a fairly high labor productivity compared to before. Hanoi Mechanical Factory has designed and produced 205 jigs and fixtures of various types. The improvement of production tools has been strong and widespread throughout the industry, nearly 3,000 improved tools of 40 different types have been put into use at construction sites in the North Hanoi Construction Company, Hai Phong Construction Company, Kim Lien Construction Site [118, p.5]... which has significantly contributed to increasing labor productivity.
With the same spirit and determination to compete, the self-design and manufacture of machinery, the implementation of semi-mechanization and mechanization of production were widely carried out, bringing about quite high productivity. Duyen Hai factory self-made large machines that both turned and bored cylinders and loco machine bases; Hai Phong wagon workshop manufactured 11mm cold-pressed machines to make 4 domes of loco machine boilers (which had a decisive effect on the completion of the production plan of 35 loco machines in 1962); Hanoi mechanical factory