Application of information technology and electronic total station in establishing cadastral map of map sheet No. 16 from measurement data in Quynh Lap commune, Hoang Mai town, Nghe An province

Part 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Urgency of the topic

Land is a product of nature, an extremely valuable natural resource of each country, non-renewable, limited in space and unlimited in time of use. Land is the only element of life, without land there would be no production and no human existence. Therefore, protecting land resources is a very important issue.

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The work of measuring cadastral maps, establishing cadastral records, registering and issuing land use right certificates are the main tasks of State land management as stipulated in the Land Law. In order to manage land strictly according to a system of highly scientific and technical documents, it is necessary to have a set of standard cadastral maps and complete cadastral records according to the regulations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

To protect local land funds as well as to better serve land management, cadastral maps are one of the most necessary documents, because they are the basic source of information for land managers and users, and at the same time are the most basic documents of the cadastral records with high legality. With the extremely important nature of the cadastral map system.

To serve the above purpose, with the consent of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Nghe An province, the Branch of HQ Central Investment and Environmental Technology Consulting Joint Stock Company has organized a survey and collected documents to establish a Technical Design - Estimate: Measuring and drawing cadastral maps, granting certificates to Quynh Lap commune, Hoang Mai town, Nghe An province. With the urgency of having to build a cadastral map system for the entire Quynh Lap commune area, with the assignment,

With the support of the Board of Directors of the University of Agriculture and Forestry, the Board of Directors of the Faculty of Natural Resources Management, the Branch of the Central Region HQ Environmental Technology and Investment Consulting Joint Stock Company, and the guidance of Ms. Ngo Thi Hong Gam, I conducted research on the topic: "Application of information technology and electronic total station in establishing cadastral maps of map sheet No. 16 from measurement data in Quynh Lap commune, Hoang Mai town, Nghe An province".

1.2. Research objectives of the topic

1.2.1. General objectives

Application of information technology and electronic total station in establishing cadastral map of map sheet No. 16 from measurement data in Quynh Lap commune, Hoang Mai town, Nghe An province.

1.2.2. Specific objectives

- Natural and socio-economic conditions of Quynh Lap commune

- Current status of land use and land management

- Applying information technology and electronic total station to establish a control network for surveying, detailed surveying and editing a cadastral map at a scale of 1:1000 in Quynh Lap commune, Hoang Mai town, Nghe An province.

1.3. Significance and practical results of the topic

- In study and scientific research.

+ Master knowledge of database construction on GIS technology.

+ Proficient in GIS technology. Apply knowledge into practice

+ Collect experience and practical knowledge. Learn from your own experience.

- In practice.

+ Better understand the processes of creating cadastral maps in both theory and practice. Participate in field work.

+ Good service for detailed measurement and drawing of cadastral maps using digital technology, modernizing the cadastral records system according to regulations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Part 2

DOCUMENT OVERVIEW

2.1. Cadastral map

2.1.1. Concept

Cadastral maps are basic documents of cadastral records, with high legality, serving closely land management for each plot of land, each land user. Cadastral maps are different from regular specialized maps in that cadastral maps have a large scale and a wide range across the country. Cadastral maps are regularly updated but with legal changes of land law, can be updated daily or updated periodically. Currently, in most countries in the world, people are aiming to build multifunctional cadastral maps. Therefore, cadastral maps also have the nature of national basic cadastral maps.

Cadastral maps are used as a basis for performing a number of tasks in state land management such as:

- Land statistics.

- Land allocation for agricultural and forestry production.

- Register for land use rights and home ownership certificates.

- Confirm current status and monitor changes in land use rights.

- Planning, land use planning, land improvement, design and construction of residential areas, traffic and irrigation planning.

- Prepare land recovery records when necessary.

- Land dispute resolution.

With current scientific and technological conditions, cadastral maps are established in two basic forms: paper maps and digital cadastral maps.

Paper cadastral maps are traditional maps, all information is shown on paper through a system of symbols and notes. Paper maps give us clear, intuitive, easy-to-use information.

Digital cadastral maps have the same information content as paper maps, but this information is stored in digital form in a computer, using a digitized symbol system. Spatial information is stored in coordinate form, and attribute information will be encoded. When creating cadastral maps, it is necessary to pay full attention to the following basic requirements:

- Choose the appropriate cadastral map scale for the land area and land type. In addition, the cadastral map needs to fully and accurately show the following factors: Traffic, irrigation, information, typical terrain... In areas with high altitude differences, it is necessary to show the terrain as well.

- Legal factors are investigated, presented accurately and closely. Cadastral maps must have a unified coordinate system, with appropriate projection so that the elements on the map have the smallest deformation.

2.1.2. Basic elements and contents of cadastral maps

2.1.2.1. Basic elements of cadastral maps

Cadastral maps used in land management are sets of maps compiled separately for each commune and ward administrative unit. Each set of maps can be one or more maps combined. To ensure consistency, avoid confusion and ease of application in the process of establishing as well as in the process of using maps and land management, we need to distinguish and clearly understand the nature of the basic elements of cadastral maps and other related sub-elements.

Point element: A point is a location marked in the field by a special landmark. In reality, these are geodetic points, characteristic points on the land plot boundary, characteristic points of geographical objects and terrain. In land administration, it is necessary to manage landmarks showing points in the field and their coordinates.

Line elements: These are straight lines, straight lines, and curves connecting points in the field. For straight lines, it is necessary to determine and manage the coordinates of the two starting and ending points, from which the length and azimuth of the line can be calculated. For zigzag lines, it is necessary to manage the coordinates of its characteristic points. Curves with basic geometric shapes can manage characteristic elements. However, in practice, surveying in general and cadastral surveying in particular often determine curves by dividing the curve to the extent that its small segments can be considered as straight lines and it is managed as a zigzag line.

Land plot: Is the basic unit of land. A land plot is a piece of land that exists in the field with a defined area, limited by a closed boundary, belonging to a certain owner or user. Each land plot may contain one or several types of land. The boundary of a land plot in the field may be a road, a field bank, a wall, a fence... or marked by landmarks according to the convention of the land users. The characteristic elements of a land plot are the corner points of the plot, the length of the plot's edges and its area.

Sub-plots : On each large plot of land, there may exist small plots with unstable boundaries, with parts used for different purposes, planted with different trees, taxed at different rates, and even frequently changing land users. This type of plot is called a sub-plot or tax unit.

Lot: Is an area of land that can consist of one or more types of land. Usually, lots are limited by roads, canals, and rivers. Land is divided into lots according to different geographical conditions such as having the same height, slope, traffic conditions, irrigation, purpose of use, or the same type of crop.

Land, field: It is a land area consisting of many plots, many lots. Land and field often have their own names that have been given for a long time.

Village, hamlet, hamlet, and village: These are residential clusters that form a community of people living and working together on a piece of land. Residential clusters often have strong cohesion in terms of ethnicity, religion, and occupation.

Commune, ward: Is a basic administrative unit consisting of many villages, hamlets or streets. It is an administrative unit with full power organizations to perform comprehensive state management functions for political, economic, cultural and social activities within its territory.

2.1.2.2. Cadastral maps are the main documents in cadastral records.

The map must fully show the following elements:

- Coordinate and altitude control points: The map must fully show control points of all levels, level 1 and level 2 cadastral coordinate grids and measurement control points with markers buried in the field for long-term use. This is a point-type element that must be shown accurately to 0.1 mm on the map.

- Administrative boundaries at all levels: It is necessary to accurately represent national boundaries, administrative boundaries at the provincial, district, and commune levels, administrative boundary markers, and turning points of boundary lines. When a lower-level boundary line coincides with a higher-level boundary line, priority is given to representing the higher-level boundary line. Boundary lines must be consistent with boundary records currently in circulation in state agencies.

- Land plot boundary: Land plot is the basic element of cadastral map. Land plot boundary is shown on the map by closed contour in the form of zigzag or curved lines. To determine the location of the land plot, it is necessary to accurately measure and draw the characteristic points on its boundary line such as plot corner points, turning points, and curved points of the boundary line. For each land plot, the map must also fully show 3 elements: plot number, area and land classification according to purpose of use.

- Land types: Classify and show 5 main land types: agricultural land, forestry land, residential land, specialized land and unused land. On the cadastral map, it is necessary to classify each plot of land and each type of land in detail.

- Construction works on land: When measuring and drawing large-scale cadastral maps in residential areas, especially in urban areas, each plot of land must also accurately show the boundaries of fixed construction works such as houses, offices, etc. Construction works are built along the outer wall edge. The construction location also shows the nature of the construction such as brick house, concrete house, multi-storey house.

- Land use boundaries: The map must show the boundaries of residential areas, land use boundaries of enterprises, social organizations, military barracks, etc.

- Traffic system: All types of railways, roads, village roads, field roads, streets, alleys, etc. must be shown. Measure and draw accurately the centerline, road surface, road boundaries, structures on the road and the nature of the road curve. The limit for showing the traffic system is the foot of the road. Roads with a width greater than 0.5 mm on the map must be drawn with two lines. If the width is less than 0.5 mm, draw one line and note the width.

- Hydrological network: Shows the system of rivers, canals, lakes,

... Measure and draw according to the highest water level or the water level at the time of measurement. If the width is greater than 0.5 mm on the map, draw two lines; if the width is less than 0.5 mm, draw one line on the map along its centerline. When measuring and drawing in residential areas, public drainage ditches must be accurately drawn. Rivers and canals must have their proper names and water flow directions noted.

- Important landmarks: The map must show landmarks with orientation significance.

- Planning boundaries: Fully show planning boundaries, planning boundaries, traffic safety corridors, high-voltage power line protection corridors, and dike protection corridors.

- Land shape: When measuring and drawing maps in special areas, the land shape must also be shown by contour lines or elevation notes.

2.1.3. Mathematical basis of cadastral maps

In fact, there are currently two isometric projections that can be used for cadastral maps of Vietnam, namely Gauss and UTM. The projection zone diagram and deformation characteristics of the two projections Gauss and UTM are shown in the following figure:

2.1.4. Gauss – Kruger projection