The disadvantage of this option is that the tourism business department is only a sub-unit in the National Park, while the National Park is a public service unit, leading to limited capital attraction and business organization activities.
NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT BOARD
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
& International
ROOM
K. FINANCIAL PLANNING
FOREST RANGER
CONSERVATION RESCUE CENTER
HDQH Delegation
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND ECOLOGY SERVICES COMPANY LIMITED
Diagram 4.3: Proposed model of national park organization - Option 1
- Option 2Establishment of a limited liability company for special-use forest management (National Park Management Company Limited...), the company's field of operation will include two parts: Public service activities are forest protection, ecosystem conservation and biodiversity and ecotourism business activities according to the Enterprise Law.
The advantage of this option is that the Company is proactive in tourism business, proactively calling for investment, exploiting tourism potential to create diverse sources of income for the National Park but at the same time still ensuring biodiversity conservation.
Disadvantages: However, according to this plan, there must be strict regulations and a clear distinction between the purposes of public activities and business activities, otherwise it will be deviated and affect biodiversity conservation.
1TV LLC
National Park
Functional Departments of Management and Conservation
Tourism and Education Business Departments
Diagram 4.4: Proposed model of national park organization - option 2
Regarding the operating mechanism: Although the National Parks can reorganize the model according to the 2 proposed options, in the period from now to 2020 to ensure the conservation of biodiversity, the construction and restoration of ecosystems, option 1 is relatively suitable according to current legal regulations.
National Parks are still established as a Management Board and in the organizational model of the National Park, there are two distinct areas of activity: conservation activities and ecotourism business activities. Conservation activities can establish functional departments such as forest rangers, science and international cooperation departments, conservation and rescue centers, etc. Ecotourism business activities are established as LLCs.
With the selected organizational model, the National Park is a revenue-generating public service unit, ensuring two main activities: public service activities through the management and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, and profitable business activities, which are ecotourism business activities.
The financial mechanism for the National Park needs to be clearly divided according to Decree 4/2006/ND-CP dated April 25, 2006 of the Government on Regulations on autonomy and self-responsibility for performing tasks, organizing apparatus, staffing and finance for public service units. Circular 71/2006/TT-BTC, dated April 9, 2006 of the Government on Regulations on autonomy and self-responsibility for performing tasks, organizing apparatus, staffing and finance for public service units.
2006 of the Ministry of Finance guiding the implementation of Decree No. 4/2006/ND-CP
dated April 25, 2006 of the Government regulating the right to autonomy and self-responsibility for performing tasks, organizing apparatus, staffing and finance for public service units. The financial mechanism for public service activities is taken from the state budget and paid by the state budget according to current regulations. The financial mechanism for LLCs doing ecotourism business is applied according to the Enterprise Law.
With the organizational model of the National Park as chosen to apply Decree 43, the National Park is a unit with a source of revenue that covers part of its regular operating costs, the rest is provided by the state budget (the public service unit covers part of its operating costs); The public service unit with service activities is allowed to borrow capital from credit institutions, mobilize capital from officers and civil servants in the unit to invest in expanding and improving the quality of public service activities, organize service activities in accordance with its functions and tasks, and is responsible for repaying loans according to the provisions of law.
The business results of the ecotourism business LLC after fully contributing to the state budget are set aside into 3 funds: Career development fund, Reward and welfare fund and Income stabilization reserve fund. The National Park uses these funds to encourage cadres, civil servants and employees to uphold their sense of responsibility, improve their lives to perform well their assigned functions and tasks...
Regarding labor, the National Park is proactive in planning and hiring labor according to the needs of the park's activities and the ecotourism business company.
Solutions for generating revenue for the National Park
Currently, the operating budget for national parks is mainly provided from the State budget. However, with the characteristics of resources and the role of national parks, the revenue sources for national park operations that can be exploited include: Entrance fees, environmental rental fees, resource usage fees, etc.
According to the results of activities at the National Parks, the main source of revenue from tourism activities at the National Parks is the entrance fee. Ecotourism activities at the National Parks are to create more revenue for the National Parks, but
At the same time, in order not to reduce the number of tourists coming to the National Park, determining an appropriate fee is very important. In this thesis, determining the entrance fee for visitors to the National Park is based on the method of estimating the demand curve of visitors' willingness to pay each time they visit the National Park to analyze the factors affecting the number of visitors to the National Park, thereby proposing an appropriate price.
The thesis uses data collected from interviews with domestic tourists visiting Cuc Phuong National Park and SPSS software for estimation.
● Estimate the willingness-to-pay demand curve
- Let p be the entrance fee (assumed), q is the number of tourists, calculated as a ratio
% of tourists willing to pay the corresponding entrance fees, depicted on the graph, shows the p, q relationship as shown below
Combining the above graph and reference documents, the exponential function form is chosen as the basis for estimating the demand curve regression:
q ce kp
Where c and k are model parameters ( c,k are positive numbers), e is the base of the natural logarithm (Euler's number).
Convert to linear form:
ln q ln c kp
Using the least squares method, the estimated result of the above regression function is as follows:
lnq = 3.4612 – 0.0074 wtp
(0.1094) (0.0022)
R 2 = 0.0534
(The numbers in parentheses are t-test values: The regression coefficients are all statistically significant at the 9% confidence level)
With the above estimated results, the price elasticity of demand at the current price (VND 20,000/person) in 2011 is:
0
5
10
qtl
15
20
100
150
200
50
0
Figure 4.1: WTP demand curve of tourists to Cuc Phuong National Park
Thus, if the ticket price increases to 1,000 VND, the quantity demanded will only decrease by 0.14% (the demand curve is very inelastic). This result shows that increasing the entrance fee does not significantly affect the number of visitors and therefore increasing the ticket price will increase the garden's revenue.
From the demand curve estimates, it can be deduced that the revenue-maximizing admission price (from admission tickets) is the price at which the price elasticity of demand is -1.
The revenue maximizing price will be:
(thousand dong)
The above price only takes into account the revenue from entrance tickets. If we assume that the goal of setting entrance prices is to maximize the revenue of the National Park, we must take into account the decrease in revenue from food and accommodation services when the ticket price increases. Therefore, the price that minimizes
The total revenue from tourists (including entrance fees and revenue from other services) must be at a price lower than the calculated level (VND 1,000) mentioned above.
● Factors affecting tourists' willingness to pay:
To provide additional information for analysis and forecasting when determining admission prices, quantify factors affecting visitors' willingness to pay with the main purpose of examining the impact of income on willingness to pay using regression functions. (Appendix 0)
Thus, in the independent variables income, there is statistical significance (with a 9% confidence level), which shows that when income changes by 1%, the willingness to pay for admission ticket prices will increase by 0.4423%.
However, the willingness to pay for entrance tickets may also depend on age and gender, so we can examine this dependence by regression function, showing that among the independent variables including income, age and gender, only the income variable is statistically significant (with a 9% confidence level). The estimated results from the survey sample show that, under other conditions being equal, if the average income of tourists increases by 1%, the willingness to pay for entrance tickets increases by approximately 0.411%.
From the survey data, it shows that out of 210 tourists interviewed with the question: " Are you willing to pay an extra amount for each trip to the National Park? ", only 2 (11.9%) tourists answered no, the remaining 1 (.1%) tourists agreed to pay extra for each trip to Cuc Phuong National Park. Out of 1 tourist who agreed to pay extra for each visit to the National Park, the willingness to pay extra was mostly less than 0,000 VND and the average willingness to pay extra for the entrance ticket to the National Park was about 26,000 VND.
From the survey data, it shows that out of 210 tourists interviewed with the question: " Are you willing to pay an extra amount of money for each trip to the National Park? ", only 2 (11.9%) tourists answered no, the remaining 1 (.1%) tourists agreed to pay extra money for each trip to Cuc Phuong National Park. Out of 1 tourist who agreed to pay extra money for each visit to the National Park, the willingness to pay extra was mainly
is less than 0,000 VND and the average willingness to pay extra for the entrance ticket to the national park is about 26,000 VND.
Table 4.1: Willingness to pay additional entrance fee to Cuc Phuong National Park
TT
Willingness to pay more | Number of people interviewed | Proportion | |
1 | 0 | 25 | 11.9 |
2 | 5,000 - 10,000 | 35 | 16.7 |
3 | 15,000 – 20,000 | 52 | 24.8 |
4 | 25,000 -30,000 | 36 | 17.1 |
5 | 35,000 - 40,000 | 21 | 10.0 |
6 | 45,000 - 50,000 | 39 | 18.6 |
7 | > 50,000 | 2 | 1.0 |
Total | 210 | 100.0 |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Solutions for managing and exploiting ecotourism in Vietnam's national parks towards sustainable development: Case study of Cuc Phuong National Park - 20 -
Developing community tourism in Cuc Phuong National Park - 11 -
Functions and Tasks of Cuc Phuong National Park -
Solutions for managing and exploiting ecotourism in Vietnam's national parks towards sustainable development: Case study of Cuc Phuong National Park - 21
Source: compiled from survey results
From the research results on the willingness to pay of visitors to Cuc Phuong National Park and the current ticket price that the park is applying, the entrance ticket price for the National Park should be set at a ticket level greater than 46,000 VND and less than 1,000 VND.
Box 4.1. The contribution of entrance fees to protected areas - Studies from Zimbabwe, India and Indonesia
A study conducted by the International Institute for Environment and Development assessed the current and potential contribution of tourism in three national parks: Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou, India's Keoladeo and Indonesia's Komodo.
Although in the above cases tourism is the largest source of revenue, the actual financial contribution of national park entrance fees is minimal.
and in two of the three national parks the net contribution is negative. Government funding is a de facto tourism subsidy. Since entrance fees account for a significant portion of tourism revenues, this study recommends increasing entrance fees to ensure that they cover tourism costs and contribute to conservation. Surveys at Keoladeo National Park indicate that visitors are in fact willing to pay more and the study recommends increasing entrance fees as the best management option.
Tourism can contribute to conservation in protected areas, but it needs to be managed effectively. This study shows that economic impacts can also be assessed to identify opportunities for greater benefits.
(Megan Epler Wood,2002) [59]
In addition to capital from the State budget and local revenue at the National Park, the National Parks can:
- Seek financial support from domestic and foreign organizations for nature conservation and ecotourism development.
- Borrowing capital from banks to invest and develop tourism,
To ensure convenient conditions for welcoming guests to the National Park and creating conditions for visitors to feel right from the moment they arrive, the National Park needs to:
- Build a reception area system right at the entrance such as: rest houses for tourists, exhibition rooms for preserved artifacts, etc.
- Renovate and upgrade some old roads, open some roads through the forest with materials close to nature,
- Build rest houses on some routes.
Solutions for building ecotourism business policies for national parks
Market solution: Based on analysis, the target customers of the National Park are students, university students and researchers; and self-guided visitors.