Summary of Scale, Structure of Tourist Amount and Revenue in Tourism Development in Cuc Phuong National Park, Cat Ba National Park and

Because of the exponential increase from about 6 billion to more than 20 billion VND; Cuc Phuong and Cat Ba National Parks fluctuate around 5 - 8 billion VND. Tam Dao, Bai Tu Long and Xuan Thuy National Parks have low revenue (less than 1 billion VND). In these National Parks, investment projects to develop ecotourism for many reasons have not been widely implemented. Bai Tu Long National Park is currently planning to establish a Center for Tourism and Environmental Education.The school is the focal point for organizing ecotourism development activities (Nguyen Thanh Tuan, 2012) . Xuan Thuy National Park has not had effective management so ecotourism activities have not been developed yet.given due attention and there is a situation of "extermination" of rare bird species.of Vietnam; renovating lakes and lagoons for aquaculture, damaging the environment and destroyingThe ecological landscape of Tam Dao National Park is broken by the main residents.agriculture so tourism activities still take place spontaneously to increase income, facilitiesPoor technical quality, monotonous tourism products so the development of eco-tourism has not beencommensurate with potential (Bui Minh Nguyet, 2013).

Thanks to the development of ecotourism, the lives of local people in Cat Ba and Ba Ria-Vung Tau National Parks have also improved.Because, Cuc Phuong has improved significantly. Almost every village/commune has a cultural house, and children of thehouseholds are invested in education, universalized general education and many people have gone on to higher education.college, university, postgraduate level... Among them, some children have graduated and returned to work.return to the locality to participate in tourism. Thanks to the policy of encouraging tourism, manyHouseholds in national parks have built spacious houses and invested in convenient technical facilities.techniques to welcome guests. Thanks to increased tourism income and increased environmental awareness,The situation of local people illegally entering the forest to hunt and exploit timber has decreased significantly and almost disappeared.still exists for households that have participated in tourism; some prestigious members areelected as cadres of the Women's Union, the Protection Team of the village/commune and participate in management work insome parts in national parks . Awareness of compliance with regulations in the community and especiallyis that respect for NDDP conservation regulations has improved markedly.

After a preliminary survey and assessment, analyzing the above characteristics of resource value and level of ecotourism development in the national parks of the Red River Delta and the Red River Delta, the study further interviewed the opinions of 11 experts. The results showed that 11/11 experts also agreed that the selection of 03 national parks Cat Ba, Cuc Phuong and Ba Vi was reasonable, ensuring representativeness and being able to solve the objectives/answer the research questions. From there, the topic continued to explore, learn and collect information providing the context and current status of ecotourism development in these national parks in a more specific way, which can be clearly seen through statistics on the number of visitors and revenue (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1: Summary of scale, structure of visitors and revenue in ecotourism development in Cuc Phuong National Park, Cat Ba National Park and

Ba Vi National Park period 2014 - 2017

Report content

Unit calculate	2014			2015			2016			2017
Unit calculate	Chrysanthemum Direction	Cat Ba	Ba Vi	Chrysanthemum Direction	Cat Ba	Ba Vi	Chrysanthemum Direction	Cat Ba	Ba Vi	Chrysanthemum Direction	Cat Ba	Ba Vi
A. Total number of visitors	Hit guest	61,700	179,560	149,195	71,600	305,000	216,050	91,677	398,200	371,821	111,100	505,075	379,838
1. Domestic guests	Number of visitors	48,700	107,030	3.171	59,000	218,477	2,594	77,200	286,120	3,438	97,000	363,294	377,564
2. International guests	Number of visitors	13,000	72,530	146,024	12,600	86,523	213,456	14,477	112,080	368,383	14000	141,781	2,274
B. Total revenue	Billion VND	4.7	3.05	5.7	5.3	3.95	9.12	6.38	4.69	15.11	8,019	8.46	20.35
1. Entrance fee	Billion VND	2.18	1.98	5.2	2.58	2.55	7.5	3,393	2.95	13.0	5,561	4,971	17.81
2. Room service	Billion VND	1,693	0.6	0	1,799	0.9	0	2,026	1.2	0	1,783	2.8	0
3. Passenger transportation	Million Dong	0	0	499	0	0	742	0	0	1,236	0	0	1,780
4. Guest guide	Million Dong	251.6	0	0	273.1	0	0	274.1	0	0	350	60	0
5. Food service	Million Dong	300	100	0	300	110	0	300.9	120	0	325	278	0
6. Association, joint venture	Million Dong	0	320	470	0	350	500	0	370	500	0	304	0
7. Lip rental forest school	Million Dong	0	15	380.4	0	15	380.4	0	15	380.4	0	0	754.4
8. Parking fee	Million Dong	68.9	10	0	157.6	15	0	237.5	25	0	190.2	40	0
9. Other Income	Million Dong	231.8	10	0	191.7	10	0	154.9	10	0	0	10	0

Maybe you are interested!

Source: Business summary report of Cuc Phuong, Ba Vi and Cat Ba National Parks in the period 2014 - 2017

The statistics table shows that in the period from 2014 to 2017, the highest number of tourists was in Cat Ba National Park, followed by Ba Vi National Park and the lowest was Cuc Phuong National Park. However, the highest revenue belonged to Ba Vi National Park (double or triple that of the remaining national parks). The reason, through in-depth interviews with the Management Board of Cat Ba National Park, is that although it attracts many tourists, the direct revenue mainly comes from affiliated and joint venture units; the National Park only receives 15% of the total revenue from those affiliated and joint venture sources; the revenue from leasing the forest environment is insignificant because the policy has not yet been agreed upon. In addition to direct revenue from entrance and transportation fees, Ba Vi National Park also has significant revenue from affiliated and joint ventures; especially revenue from leasing the forest environment for tourism. Cuc Phuong National Park does not have any affiliated or joint venture activities; leasing forest environment for tourism, the ability to attract visitors and revenue are both low. In general, the development of ecotourism in national parks from 2014 to present has had positive changes. However, compared to the potential and advantages, national parks in the Red River Delta and the Red River Delta have not yet effectively exploited ecotourism business, the benefits from ecotourism development for local people are still not much; some of the basic reasons are that cooperation activities, joint ventures within and outside the community are not really effective; management work is still slow to innovate.

Cuc Phuong National Park (Ninh Binh) operates under the state management mechanism, ecotourism is mainly exploited at the park's visitor reception center and Khanh village. The National Park applies a policy of rotating the distribution of visitors to business households and dividing benefits among households directly receiving visitors, the National Park Management Board and the rest goes to the community welfare fund. However, business efficiency is still very low (Cuc Phuong National Park Management Board said that Khanh village receives 500 - 600 visitors/year, with insignificant income). Cat Ba National Park has a number of local people participating in ecotourism but it is scattered and lacks concentration. The National Park also has links with a number of businesses participating in ecotourism business but the direct revenue is mainly for them, the development of ecotourism has not really brought many benefits to local people. Ba Vi National Park is a pioneer in the model of encouraging "land allocation, forest allocation", leasing forest environment to people for ecotourism business, but local people with sufficient capacity and financial potential to start their own business are very rare, mainly working for outside enterprises and not proactively cooperating to develop additional business relationships, so the direct benefits to local people are not much.

The research results in the context of Cat Ba, Cuc Phuong and Ba Vi National Parks have basically outlined a fairly comprehensive "picture" of the characteristics of ecotourism development, the participation of local people and the role of some social factors (connection, cooperation, respect for community norms, etc.) affecting the benefits of local people when they participate in ecotourism development. These results will continue to be supplemented through survey research, exploratory factor analysis and testing of models and research hypotheses of the topic.

4.1.2. Describe the demographic characteristics of the study sample

Initially, the study planned to have a sample size of 323 (after adding 10% reserve) , the result was 318 qualified questionnaires (reaching a rate of 97.3%). This number still ensures the principle of sample selection according to the requirements of exploratory factor analysis EFA and multiple regression for the research scope of the topic (as analyzed in section 3.3.2.). The characteristics of the selected research sample to participate in the survey have the following results:

Table 4.2: Descriptive statistics of the study sample (n = 318)

Characteristic		Frequency	Rate (%)
1	Sex	Total	318	100
		Female	173	54.4
		Male	145	45.6
2	Year old	Total	318	100
		< 25	30	9.4
		25 – 30	59	18.5
		31 – 40	109	34.3
		41 – 50	81	25.5
		> 50	39	12.3
3	Nation	Total	318	100
		Muong	120	37.7
		Knife	54	17.0
		Terrible	144	45.3
4	Level education	Total	318	100
		Secondary School	84	26.4
		High School	144	45.3
		Intermediate	21	6.6
		College	16	5.0
		University	52	16.4
		Master	1	0.3
5	Main job	Total	318	100
		Management (National Park, Hotel, Tourist Area)	18	5.7
		Homestay business	62	19.5
		Entertainment service business	5	1.6
		Restaurant business	23	7.2
		Staff (room, reception, cooking...)	186	58.5
		Selling souvenirs, local products	24	7.5
6	Average monthly income (VND)	Total	318	100
		< 2,000,000	32	10.1
		2,000,000 < 4,000,000	139	43.7
		4,000,000 < 9,000,000	131	41.2
		> 9,000,000	16	5.0

Source: Author's survey results

Regarding gender: as well as the gender characteristics of labor in the tourism industry in Vietnam in general, women make up the majority more than men, but in the national parks of the Red River Delta and the Red River Delta, this ratio is not too different. Of which, there are 145 men (accounting for 45.6%), and 173 women (accounting for 54.4%).

Regarding ethnicity: Kinh people account for the largest number with 144 people (accounting for 45.3%). This is the ethnic group with the largest proportion because all the surveyed subjects of local people in Cat Ba National Park are Kinh people and this is also 1 of 3 ethnic groups in Ba Vi National Park. Ranked at number 2 is the Muong people with 120 people (accounting for 37.7%). This includes all local people in Cuc Phuong National Park participating in ecotourism and a part in Ba Vi National Park. This shows that the attraction of Cuc Phuong and Ba Vi National Parks is not only the tropical forest with rich and diverse flora and fauna but also the unique indigenous culture associated with the cultural values of the Muong ethnic group - the third largest ethnic minority in Vietnam after the Tay and Thai ethnic groups (Pham Le Hoa, 2017), famous for its own language, costumes, customs, lifestyle and unique artistic values of bronze drums, gongs, epic poems, Muong mo ... The remaining Dao people have 54 people (accounting for 17%), this is an ethnic group only found in Ba Vi National Park within the scope of the study.

In terms of age: the majority of respondents at the time of the survey were of relatively young working age, with the largest proportion being the 31-40 age group, accounting for 34.3%. This is also the group of local human resources that plays a key role in the labor structure of national parks because this age group participates in many different job positions from cooking, reception, housekeeping, entertainment, service, security... to small-scale management positions such as homestay business owners, restaurant owners, team leaders, deputy team leaders of entertainment teams. Ranked second is the middle-aged working age group of 41-50 years old with 81 people (accounting for 25.5%), the remaining groups fluctuate around 10-13%.

Regarding educational level: nearly 80% of local people participating in tourism in the research area do not have a college or university degree. The entire community surveyed in the national parks has only 01 local person participating in ecotourism with a master's degree, 67/318 people have a college degree or higher. The proportion of workers with high school education (THPT) accounts for the highest proportion of 45.3% with 144 people. Ranked second is the secondary school level (THCS) with 84 people, accounting for 26.4%. Thus, the level of professional expertise of local people working in tourism is still relatively low, if there is specialized expertise in the tourism field, it is mainly in the intermediate and college groups with a rate of only 11.6%; workers with university degrees are mostly transferred from other industries.

Main job: according to the interview results, in addition to tourism, local people in Ba Vi, Cuc Phuong, and Cat Ba National Parks also do agriculture, aquaculture, and fishing to improve their living standards because the number of visitors during the year is not much and their income is not high even though tourism is the main job that brings them the main source of income.

The highest proportion of local people participating in tourism is as staff in various departments (room, reception, cooking, performing arts, tour guides, restaurant service, cleaning, security, etc.) with 186 people (accounting for 58.5%); ranked second is homestay business (accounting for 19.5%); the rest of the other jobs account for less than 10%. In particular, the number of people participating in management is still very small (18 people, accounting for 5.7%). This result can be explained by the fact that local people mainly have low educational levels, most of them finish junior high school or high school and then drop out to participate in tourism, so they mainly only work as staff; the group of people with professional qualifications is still very small, they do not have much experience, and have few opportunities to interact and develop.

Average income: the average income of local people participating in tourism in national parks in the Red River Delta and East Sea is generally relatively low. Only 16 people (5%) have an income of over 9 million/month, while the income from 4 to 9 million (41.2%) is low; the rest mainly have an income of under 4 million/month with 171 people (53.8%); this figure is lower than the average income per capita of Vietnam in 2016 of 48.6 million/year, equivalent to 4.05 million/month (2016 statistical yearbook data of the General Statistics Office), but still accounts for the majority. The high-income group is involved in managing tourism development in national parks, managing tourist areas/hotels/restaurants, and homestay business owners. The low-income group, which accounts for the majority of the tourism workforce, is staff in departments or traders of souvenirs and local products.

4.2. Preliminary assessment of the scale using Cronbach's alpha

After completing the questionnaire and conducting the survey research, the topic evaluated the reliability of the scales. The results obtained variables with values consistent with CA after eliminating observations with low total variable correlation coefficients are shown in the following table:

Table 4.3: Preliminary scale test results

Symbol

Observation variable name	Cronbach's Alpha	Soy sauce total variable	Result
Trust		CA = 0.722
LT1	I believe that the majority of people in the community We are honest and trustworthy		.518	Continue
LT2	I trust the local government (leadership).		.582	Continue
LT3	I trust the leaders in government. Central		.490	Continue
LT4	I think our community is established on the basis of social ethics		.444	Continue
Exchange and sharing			CA = 0.763
CS1	I want to own a business by myself, or jointly own with another person		.486	Continue

Symbol

Observation variable name	Cronbach's Alpha	Soy sauce total variable	Result
CS2	I am not only concerned with my own interests.		.486	Continue
CS3	If I have a problem, there is always someone to help me.		.609	Continue
CS4	I will contribute my time to community projects. copper		.432	Continue
CS5	I will donate money to community projects. copper		.536	Continue
CS6	If I suddenly need to borrow a small amount of money I will have it. relatives (outside the family) in the community help provide this money to me		.483	Continue
Standard		CA = 0.635
CM1	People in our community respect each other. rules and regulations in the community		.361	Continue
CM2	People in our community respect each other. Principle of compensation and conservation		.456	Continue
CM3	The people in our community respect and obey the law		.379	Continue
CM4	There are few conflicts in our community.		.363	Continue
CM5	People in our community have a good relationship. get along		.376	Continue
Cooperation		CA = 0.688
HT1	I contribute to the community through participation in events or initiatives to develop tourism community (NP).		.482	Continue
HT2	I often attend meetings and discuss issues. community problem		.499	Continue
HT3	I am happy to help people around me in our community		.320	Continue
HT4	I have a good relationship with the local tourism development management board. direction		.378	Continue
HT5	In our community, there have been situations where people have banded together to complain, seek redress, or petition authorities/governments/leaders about a something that benefits the community		.032	Remove
HT6	Can I deed my unused house to a neighbor for a few days/delegation? right to rent to tourists.		.380	Continue
Social Network		CA = 0.759
ML1	I often visit another locality to meet my partner/friend		.607	Continue

Symbol

Observation variable name	Cronbach's Alpha	Soy sauce total variable	Result
ML2	I have many local friends/relations to do tourism		.610	Continue
ML3	I have connections and collaborations with surrounding communities. around for tourism		.550	Continue
Participation in implementing QCQL in the National Park			CA = 0.682
QC1	I have priority to participate in tourism activities.		.492	Continue
QC2	I see the National Park as encouraging for individuals and organizations. Forest environment leasing for tourism development		.481	Continue
QC3	I am involved in training and development activities. human resource development for tourism		.226	Remove
Political interests		CA = 0.792
CT1	Working in tourism allows me to participate in the process. decision making, management of local tourism development.		.441	Continue
CT2	Travel gives me access and use local resources		.652	Continue
CT3	Travel gives me equal access to happiness. material benefits (food, income, housing, health care…)		.688	Continue
CT4	Travel gives my voice and reputation to the community.		.618	Continue
Economic benefits		CA = 0.800
KT1	Tourism has helped improve basic infrastructure in my community		.472	Continue
KT2	Tourism helps increase people's income		.692	Continue
KT3	Tourism promotes agricultural and commodity production in local		.714	Continue
KT4	Tourism projects help people with loans to support travel business		.470	Continue
KT5	Tourism creates more economic benefits for the community mine.		.557	Continue
Social benefits		CA = 0.778
XH1	Tourism creates jobs for people		.519	Continue
XH2	Community tourism activities have helped to improve standard of living for my family		.617	Continue
XH3	Travel helps improve family happiness. my family		.521	Continue
XH4	Tourism creates social welfare funds for people (support providing electricity, water, education, health care systems) economic…)		.547	Continue
XH5	Traveling increases my learning and training opportunities. high education and knowledge		.506	Continue

Comment