Research Situation in the World

effectively contribute to the development of Hoi An's tourism-service industry, improve people's lives, and at the same time increase conditions for preserving and restoring relics.

1.2. History of research problem

1.2.1. Research situation in the world

Tourism is now known not only in terms of culture and society but also in terms of economics, tourism has been playing an important role in the economic structure of each country. Many countries consider tourism development as a right step, a national policy in the process of promoting economic growth. However, besides investing in tourism development, the current concern is how to make the most of and effectively utilize the potential of tourist areas on the basis of achieving a balance in terms of ecology and people, which is sustainable tourism, in order to contribute to improving the material and spiritual life of local people. The term "sustainable development" was formed from the concept of "Sustainability" born in the 70s of the 20th century. Since the concept of "sustainable development" was raised, it has simultaneously led to the birth of the concept of "sustainable tourism". In 1993, the British Journal of Sustainable Tourism was published, bringing tourism research into a new page. In April 1995, UNESCO, the World Tourism Organization, and the United Nations Environment Program held the World Sustainable Tourism Conference in Spain. The conference adopted the “Charter for Sustainable Tourism Development” and the “Action Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development”. These two documents have become a system of standards, providing countries with specific content in developing sustainable tourism. Currently, “sustainable development” has become an important strategy in the economic, population, resource, and environmental relations between countries. The formulation of these strategies is extremely urgent, especially in the situation where the world is facing environmental pollution and resource depletion. Along with economic development, people's lives are improved, and the demand for tourism is increasing. The view on sustainable development of the tourism industry is recognized as inherently in harmony with nature, society, culture and ecological environment. However, with its rapid growth rate, in just a short time, the tourism industry has become a type of industry that attracts a lot of labor, contributes a high proportion to GDP, has a great influence on the economy, causing

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People have to think and discuss the direction of development of this industry . That is why recently, the phrase "sustainable tourism" has been mentioned a lot. Besides bringing people a better life, "sustainable tourism" also commits to preserving and conserving these available resources for future generations.

Research on sustainable tourism development has become a topic that attracts the attention of many domestic and foreign researchers. Some typical works on sustainable tourism research in the world are:

“ Sustainable Development of Tourism: A Compilation of Good Practices ” was produced by UNWTO in 2000. This publication contains nearly 50 case studies collected from 31 UNWTO countries. The cases represent a wide range of related topics and contents, thereby presenting elements and proposing some solutions to help develop tourism effectively and sustainably.

“ Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers ” was a study conducted by UNEP and UNWTO in 2005. The study systematized the theoretical basis, especially the concept of sustainable tourism, the principles and criteria of sustainable tourism development and proposed a number of solutions to enhance sustainable tourism development. This is considered a useful document, providing solutions on sustainable tourism development for tourism development policy makers.

Besides, the work “ Tourism and sustainable development: Monitoring, planning, management ” by Nelson, Butler and Wall with the greatest contribution to sustainable tourism research is the provision of appropriate indicators to monitor tourism activities.

In addition, in the 21 National Agenda on resources and development: “ Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development ” of WTTC, WTO and Earth Council in 1995, the orientations for a national development agenda: using, conserving and developing resources to maintain ecological processes that determine survival and improve the overall quality of life now and in the future. Especially in Agenda 21, the issue of sustainable tourism development associated with conservation is discussed more widely than ever. In which it is determined that “Tourism development aims to meet the needs of tourists and local communities in the present while maintaining and enhancing those opportunities for

future generations. Sustainable tourism is based on management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, biological diversity, essential ecological processes and ecosystems. Sustainable tourism products are those managed in harmony with the environment, host communities and cultures so that they can become a long-term benefit of tourism development” [78].

Sustainable tourism development has in fact become a strategic orientation not only in our country but also in many countries around the world. Although tourism products are also a commodity that is deeply influenced by the laws of the market economy, their quality is determined not only by normal exchange "values" but also by genuine cultural "values", which create the unique and interesting "specialty" (interest) of those products and at the same time, which can well meet the spiritual and cultural needs of all types of tourists... Therefore, to truly have quality and the ability to develop sustainably and have high competitiveness, it is inevitable that tourism products must exploit all the strengths in the potential and tourism resources of the country and locality, especially resources with strong cultural values... Due to the specific nature of tourism activities, tourism development associated with the preservation and management of cultural heritages has a particularly important position and role. The WTO has set out the direction for sustainable tourism development as follows: “Meeting the needs of tourists and local people through the development of current tourism activities must not conflict with the management, conservation and restoration of resources (especially cultural heritage) for future tourism development”. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WITC) estimates that tourism contributes about 12% of the world's GNP. According to many studies predicting continued growth, tourism is an increasingly important factor in the planning and management of UNESCO World Heritage sites. A 1993 study by UNESCO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) showed that the majority of natural heritage site managers consider tourism a key issue. Therefore, research on sustainable tourism development associated with the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage has become a research topic of many scholars around the world.

First of all, we must mention the UNESCO and ICOMOS Conventions and Charters on Cultural Heritage such as: ICOMOS (1931): The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments; ICOMOS (1965): Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites; ICOMOS (1979): The Burra Charter for Places of Cultural Significance; UNESCO (2005): Cultural Heritage Specialist Guide Training and Certification Programme for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In particular, 2002 was declared by the United Nations as the “Year of Cultural Heritage”. Then in May, the first World Summit on Ecotourism was held in Quebec City with the declaration on the development of Ecotourism in the context of sustainable development made at the Johannesburg summit held afterwards. By November, “Heritage, Tourism and Development” was one of the main themes of the International Conference in Venice on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. Some projects on sustainable tourism development associated with the development of cultural heritages such as:

“ Tourism Management at World Heritage Sites ”, a practical guide for World Heritage Site Managers by Arthur Pedersen, published by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 2002. The document outlines the World Heritage Conventions, presents the issues facing tourism development in terms of opportunities, potentials, challenges and difficulties, outlines strategies and orientations for tourism development, and the capacity to achieve the set goals. In particular, the document delves into Heritage Management Sites, outlines the current situation and proposes solutions for sustainable tourism development at cultural heritage sites.

The UNESCO UNITWIN workshop “ Tourism and Cultural Landscapes: Towards a Sustainable Approach. Experiences of an English Language Exchange ” was jointly organized by the Budapest Metropolitan University of Applied Sciences and the Information Society Foundation (INFOTA Research Institute) from June 12 to 16, 2016. The workshop featured many studies presented, including some main contents such as: World Heritage and the changes in the relationship between the tangible and the intangible; Landscape and its social, economic, cultural and ecological approaches; Types of landscapes (design, development and organic integration of cultural landscapes) and sustainability and their role in tourism; Planning and landscape management including cultural ecosystem services; Personal and social well-being

Society in relation to cultural tourism; Advanced technology applied in tourism; The role of landscape culture in tourism; Raising awareness, training and education, new tools, methods, quality assessment and goals of heritage, international policies and programs; transboundary landscapes; the future of landscapes... [74].

“ Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development (English version)” of the WTO in 2001. The study has shown the rapid development, strong growth rate of tourism, the role, contributions of tourism development to countries as well as the issues raised for tourism development. In particular, the study has shown the importance and necessity of cultural heritage for tourism development, and provided orientations and solutions to link tourism development with the effective and sustainable use of cultural heritage.

“ Cultural Heritage Tourism ” was published by Partners for Livable Communities in 2014. The study provided a theoretical framework for tourism and cultural heritage development, presented experiences in developing cultural heritage tourism from the American model, and from there proposed directions and solutions for developing cultural heritage tourism.

Regarding the cultural heritage of Hoi An ancient town, we must mention the study “ Hoi An World Heritage Site, Viet Nam ” by UNESCO Bangkok, UNESCO Ha Noi in 2008. The series of conservation manuals for owners of relics at UNESCO heritage sites was conceptualized by the UNESCO Regional Office for Cultural Affairs for Asia and the Pacific from the results of members of the LEAP project (1996-2000); Nuttaphol; Suki Keen and Elizabeth Cardosa funded by the Norwegian Government, implemented by local heritage management agencies and international experts under the editorial direction of Mr. Richard Engelhardt (Cultural Advisor, UNESCO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific) through the coordination of editor Montira Horayangura Unakul (UNESCO Bangkok). The purpose of the manuals is to enhance the capacity of heritage conservation by training relic owners to preserve their own relics with appropriate conservation solutions. The third issue in this series focuses on the World Heritage Site of Hoi An Ancient Town, Vietnam, a well-preserved example of a Southeast Asian port city dating back to the 15th century.

Through that, it can be seen that there have been many quite elaborate theoretical research works, with approaches to both theoretical and practical achievements in sustainable tourism development research.

However, the research works are still theoretical, only stopping at the level of general and academic research, not having much creative content based on the characteristics of cultural tourism in Vietnam; as well as not going into depth to exploit the tourism values of specific localities, especially the number of studies on the content of cultural tourism development is still small.

1.2.2. Domestic research situation

In Vietnam, the issue of sustainable tourism development has also become a matter of concern, and moreover, has become a goal and orientation in Vietnam's tourism development. Therefore, there have been a number of research projects on sustainable tourism development such as:

“ Scientific basis and solutions for sustainable tourism development in Vietnam ” by the Institute for Tourism Research and Development, led by Dr. Pham Trung Luong, in 2002. This is considered a rather elaborate research work on the issue of sustainable tourism development. The study has systematized the theoretical basis for the issue of sustainable development, the relationship between sustainable development and economic, cultural and social issues.

“ Sustainable tourism development in the context of the current public financial crisis and economic recession in Europe ” by author Duong Van Sau. The study goes into detail on the issue of sustainable development in the context of the financial crisis and economic recession spreading in European countries. Thereby, it points out the challenges, difficulties, and negative aspects of it, thereby proposing a number of solutions to make tourism develop more sustainably in the current difficult context.

“ Tourism and Sustainable Development ” by Antonio Machado, in the Project: “Capacity Building for Tourism Development in Vietnam” organized by VNAT and FUNDESO in 2003. The study systematized the theoretical basis of tourism and sustainable development, the current status of tourism development in Vietnam, the issues raised, on that basis, pointed out the issues that need to be overcome to direct tourism towards sustainable development.

In addition, many studies were presented in scientific conferences on sustainable tourism development such as: Conference on Ecotourism held in Vietnam, such as: "International Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Vietnam" organized by Vietnam National Administration of Tourism in collaboration with Hanns Seidel Foundation (Germany) in Hue, May 1997; " Conference on Ecotourism with Sustainable Development in Vietnam" organized by the Institute for Development Research.

Tourism Development Conference held in 1998, in which studies put forward a number of scientific issues on tourism development, specifically ecotourism in Vietnam, tourism development according to the perspective of sustainable development on the basis of natural environmental resources, human environment and education [56].

The State-level scientific research topic " Scientific basis and solutions for sustainable tourism development in Vietnam " by author Pham Trung Luong (project leader) was carried out in 2002. The research topic systematized theoretical issues on sustainable tourism development; identified basic issues for sustainable tourism development through analyzing the current status of tourism development from 1992 to present; identified issues for tourism development from the perspective of resource exploitation and use and the current status of the tourism environment; summarized some international experiences on sustainable tourism development; researched and proposed a system of solutions to ensure sustainable tourism development in specific conditions in Vietnam; and tested research and proposed a model for sustainable tourism development in specific areas.

“Sustainable tourism” by authors Nguyen Dinh Hoe, Vu Van Hieu in 2001. The document mentions the theoretical basis as well as solutions for sustainable tourism development [21].

The issue of sustainable tourism development associated with the preservation of cultural heritage values has also been of interest to researchers and mentioned. Some research works on the issue of sustainable tourism development associated with the development of cultural heritage include:

“ Preserving the value of cultural heritage in tourism development ” by MSc. Nguyen Thi Hong Tam, Hanoi College of Tourism in 2015. The study has shown the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism development; the current status of tourism development as well as the conservation of cultural heritage in tourist areas. Thereby, the author also proposed some directions to promote and preserve the value of cultural heritage in tourism development.

“ Activities to preserve cultural heritage in tourism development” by author Dang Hoang Lan, in Culture and Tourism Magazine, No. 11, May 2013. The study mentioned the role and necessity of preserving cultural heritage in tourism development in Vietnam, pointed out the current situation, limitations and difficulties, thereby proposing some solutions.

Research " Preserving and promoting the values of historical and cultural relics to serve the development of tourism in the Capital " by author Bui Thanh Thuy in the Journal of Cultural Research, No. 2. The research presents the current situation in sustainable tourism development associated with promoting cultural heritages in Hanoi as tourism resources, on that basis, proposing a number of solutions to preserve, restore and promote the values of historical and cultural relics for the development of tourism in the Capital, and also mentioning the requirements to implement the above solutions. "Cultural heritage management with sustainable tourism development in the Southern region " by Dr.

Huynh Quoc Thang, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU-HCM in the Proceedings of the Workshop “Integration of development and the issue of preserving and promoting the value of historical and cultural relics in Region III” organized by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, December 2011. The study pointed out the role of culture, cultural heritage management with tourism development, principles and trends in cultural heritage management with cultural development.

The topic " Tourism development associated with conservation and promotion of the value of tangible cultural heritage in Hai Duong " by Nguyen Thi Sao, Master's thesis in tourism, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi. The topic focuses on studying the relationship between tourism development and cultural heritage, including intangible cultural heritage in both theory and practice typical in Hai Duong province. Thus, the topic only stops at the research on intangible cultural heritage, but has not yet comprehensively researched tourism development with overall culture.

The study " Preserving and promoting the values of historical and cultural relics to serve the development of tourism in the capital " by author Bui Thanh Thuy in the Journal of Cultural Research, No. 2. The study pointed out the issues raised in the work of preserving and promoting the values of historical and cultural relics in Hanoi as tourism resources, on that basis, proposed a number of solutions to preserve, restore and promote the values of historical and cultural relics for the development of tourism in the capital, the requirements to implement the above solutions. However, the study only pointed out the most common issues in the practice of preserving and promoting cultural values to serve tourism development in Hanoi, however, the opposite aspect of sustainable tourism development to preserve culture has not been mentioned.

Besides, there are some theses and dissertations on related issues such as: Doctoral thesis

"Research on the issue of preserving cultural and artistic heritage in the current period" by

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