Research Projects on Urbanization in the World and Vietnam

Urbanization will reach 75%. On average, each year 12 million people from rural areas move to urban areas [15].

Thus, a large number of workers have moved from the backward and inefficient rural areas to the cities - where there is a more advanced level, high productivity, and high efficiency. Not only do the workers themselves have a better standard of living, but their families also have less difficulty in agricultural production, can afford food, clothing, education, production equipment, and poverty in rural areas has been reduced. However, the negative side of the problem of moving workers from rural areas to cities is very obvious, becoming the main contradiction of the urbanization process in China. Many serious socio-economic consequences are challenging the solutions and management capabilities of the State such as lack of housing for the poor, social stratification, uncontrolled births, poor security and order, polluted environment, and lack of infrastructure...

On the other hand, in the past in China there was a period when the industrial distribution of towns and villages was too scattered, small cities and towns were built haphazardly, lacking planning, wasting rural resources, causing serious environmental pollution and losing the characteristics and advantages of the countryside.

To cope with the above situation, the Chinese government has attached great importance to continuing to uphold the principle of harmonious and progressive development, avoiding the situation of massive expansion of large cities, the influx of mobile workers into large cities, disrupting economic activities. China's current urbanization strategy is: exploiting the potential of large cities, expanding and building medium-sized cities, selectively and appropriately developing small cities and towns [15, 181].

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Regarding the process of rural urbanization, China advocates continuing to build township enterprises in the direction of gradually overcoming the primitive and fragmented situation in the division of labor between industry and agriculture, implementing the slogan "leaving fields but not leaving villages", "leaving villages but not leaving fields", gradually moving towards

Division of labor in depth. The State also advocates policies to reduce the companions of small urban development, which are the backwardness in culture, education, management level, environmental pollution, and encroachment of much cultivated land.

In short, experience in some countries shows that urbanization is not limited to urban areas but must include rural areas. We also have to develop a reasonable urban network, build moderate-sized urban areas, and connect with satellite urban systems. From now on, we must link urbanization with the country's industrialization and modernization process. When planning the development of a specific city, there must be a synchronous plan for housing, infrastructure, service systems, wastewater treatment systems, etc.

1.2.3. Urbanization situation in Vietnam

Vietnam is an agricultural country, urbanization in Vietnam has gone through each stage of urbanization, the face of Vietnam's urban areas has certain changes.

* Period before 1954:

In the first half of the 20th century, the French initiated the process of urbanization in Vietnam by establishing a network of urban areas - administrative, commercial and industrial centers in the three regions of North - Central - South. However, the population growth rate only reached 7.5%; in 1936 it was 7.9%; 20 years later - in 1955 it only reached 11% [3, 75].

* Period 1955 - 1975

In the 1960s, North Vietnam entered the process of socialist industrialization. Industrialization had an impact on increasing the urbanization process. In 1965, the urbanization rate reached 17.2%. From the mid-1960s to 1975, the war was fierce, with two processes of "de-urbanization" in the North and "forced urbanization" in the South, in which the second process prevailed and increased the urbanization rate of the whole country to 21.5% in 1975 [3,154].

* Period 1975 - 1989

During this period, the investment process had almost no fluctuations, reflecting the stagnant economy.

* Period from 1989 to present

Under the impact of innovation tools and economic reform in a market-oriented direction, the economic structure, social structure, labor structure, occupations as well as urban life patterns have undergone and are undergoing important changes.

The urbanization process has changed more rapidly, especially in recent years when industrialization has been taking place strongly. The urbanization rate in Vietnam is quite fast: 18.5% (1989), 20.5% (1997), 23.65% (1999) and 25% (2004) [3]. Regarding the number of urban areas, in 1990, the whole country had only about 500 large and small urban areas, by 2000 there were 703 urban areas, of which: 2 urban areas had a population of over 3 million people, 15 urban areas had a population of 250,000 to 3 million people, 74 urban areas had a population of 50,000 to 250,000 people and the remaining urban areas had a population of less than 50,000 people [3].

However, urbanization in Vietnam is still low compared to the region and the world. Urbanization also gives rise to the following negative aspects:

- The expansion of urban space is at risk of reducing agricultural land area. According to the Vietnam Farmers' Association, during the construction of industrial parks, urban areas, and infrastructure, each year Vietnam has nearly 200 thousand hectares of agricultural land converted for use purposes, equivalent to each household having about 1.5 workers losing their jobs [3].

- Rapid urban population growth has overloaded urban technical infrastructure systems, especially the poor condition of water supply, drainage, solid waste collection and treatment systems...

- The rapid growth of urban areas has exceeded the management capacity of local authorities.

- The problem of poverty and unemployment is happening in urban areas. People's lack of knowledge leads to social insecurity.

Faced with the above challenges, the urbanization process has received timely attention from the Government. On January 23, 1998, the Prime Minister approved the "Orientation for the overall planning of urban development to 2020" in Decision No. 10/1998/QG-TTG, which determined the direction for building and developing urban areas nationwide and in specific regions [2]:

Forecasted population growth:

- In 2010, the urban population was 30.4 million people; accounting for 33% of the country's population.

- In 2020, the urban population was 46 million people; accounting for 45% of the country's population.

Urban land use needs:

- In 2020, the urban land area is 460,000 hectares, accounting for 1.4% of the country's natural land area.

Urban system spatial organization:

- The national urban network is formed and developed on the basis of central cities, including central cities at the national, regional and provincial levels. Large central cities such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City... must be organized into urban clusters, with protective green belts to minimize population concentration, economic base and disruption of ecological balance, avoiding the formation of megacities.

- Urban land use planning ensures that functional areas and infrastructure are closely related.

- Forming a modern architectural face but still inheriting, protecting, embellishing and preserving historical and cultural heritages, developing an architecture imbued with national identity.

Technical infrastructure development:

- Build and maintain a natural protection framework nationwide.

- Exploit and rationally use natural resources for urban renovation purposes.

- Have measures to treat and reuse domestic and production waste using appropriate technology.

1.2.4. Research works on urbanization in the world and Vietnam

Male

There are many studies on urban forms and processes.

University in the world and region.

Since the end of the 19th century, Cerda - a Catalan engineer who planned the city of Barcelona, coined the term "urbanisacion" (later in French: "urbanization"). He believed that urbanization is a plan and that there are many basic principles governing the construction of an urban area. He was also aware of the importance of comprehensive city management with the mobilization of plans in many areas of urban management [15, 95].

In the first half of the 20th century, scientists made different decisions about urban models. In 1925, sociologist Ernest Burgess (USA) introduced the "electric wave model". According to this model, the city has only one center and 5 concentric regions. The common feature of this urban model is that all areas tend to expand [15. 9]. The "multipolar city model" was introduced by 2 geographers Marris and Ullman in 1945. The model mainly takes into account new urban forms arising from the development of means of transport [15, 10]. In 1939, the "Regional Development Model" introduced by cadastral expert Hamer Hoyt mainly takes into account urban forms developing with the modernization of traffic processes and many urban areas.

The development is neighborhood-style. It can be said that this is the most complete system because it has taken into account major traffic axes.

There are many different views on the process of urban development. Francois Perrous with the view of "mainstream economic theory" or also known as "theory of growth poles". He believes that only in the urban centers of two regions with the development of industries and strong expansion can there be the greatest growth potential. Urban agriculture is the growth pole. This is the view of urban development focusing on economic growth. However, according to the research of David C. Korkn, urban development needs to be centered on people. He believes that "development is a process through which members of society increase their individual and institutional capabilities to mobilize resources, create sustainable and fairly distributed results to improve the quality of life appropriate to their lives" [15,15].

In recent years, social sciences and humanities have also conducted research on urbanization in Vietnam. These include studies on “the socio-economic and environmental impacts of urbanization on rural areas surrounding large cities”, and studies on “knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of the community towards waste, urban environment...." [15, 93].

These research topics have provided scientific bases for agencies related to planning life, planning and urban development processes mentioned above and life, socio-economic development relations in general.

In November 2004, the Ministry of Construction organized conferences to discuss urban development strategies associated with hunger eradication and poverty reduction in Vietnam. This is an important strategy that Vietnam is actively implementing [2].

1.3. Research method

1.3.1. Research questions

- What are the characteristics of urbanized areas in Thai Nguyen city?

- How do farmers who lost their agricultural land live?

- After being compensated, how will farmers use them? How effective is the use of compensation money?

- What are people's wishes about urbanization?

1.3.2. Methodological basis

The topic takes dialectical materialism as the methodological basis in research.

1.3.3. Specific research methods

1.3.3.1. Select research site

The research locations were selected in Thai Nguyen city, focusing on: Tich Luong commune, Phuc Ha commune and Tan Lap ward, which are located in the urbanization process of Thai Nguyen city. These are 3 locations that are representative of the natural, economic, social and ecological conditions of Thai Nguyen city. These are locations within the development orientation of Thai Nguyen city; have large areas of agricultural land and unused land; low population density and people mainly earn their living from agriculture and small-scale industry. In addition, the development of the city's transportation network affects the 3 selected locations.

During the survey, in addition to collecting information from interviews, we also used observation and recording methods to select households that were suitable for the research content and highly representative of the region.

1.3.3.2. Method of collecting information documents

Information collection includes collecting and gathering relevant published documents and data and new documents and data in the research area.

a. Secondary documents (documents that have been published)

These are data from previous research works selected for analysis purposes, clearly illustrating the research content. The sources of these documents have been clearly annotated in the "References" section. These sources include:

- Books, newspapers, magazines, Resolution documents, published research programs, published research results of research institutions, domestic and foreign scientists, documents on the internet...

- Documents and published data on the economic and social situation in rural areas, the economy of production sectors, the lives of agricultural households in urbanized areas... These data are collected from the City Statistics Office, the City Department of Natural Resources and Environment and related departments, agencies and sectors. On that basis, synthesize the necessary information for research work.

b. Primary documents

Primary data are data serving the research content of the topic. These data are collected from the survey of households with agricultural production. These data are used to analyze the current situation of agricultural production of farming households in the commune, the situation of loss of agricultural land, the change of crop structure, the situation of job change of households due to the impact of urbanization. The survey method is conducted as follows:

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