Research on Evaluating Climate Change for Tourism Development

1.1.1.2. Studies on evaluating the use of natural resources for tourism development

The history of climate research has existed for a long time, many authors have researched climate as the basis for the development of the climate sub-sector such as W. Koppen (Germany), Buduco, Alixop, SI Cottin, TV Pocropxcaia, SP Khronop, Yeu Am Sinh, etc. Many studies show that climate plays a very important role in tourism activities, especially outdoor tourism. Hu & Ritchie (1992) [176]; de Freitas et al. (2008) [162]; Asgary et al. (2011) [128] believe that climate is the key to the formation of many different tourism sectors, thereby assessing the role of climate for each specific tourism sector. Becken (2013) [200] in his research affirmed that climate has a multifaceted impact on tourism activities. Scott & Lemieux (2009) [159] and Gomez Martin (2005) [170] believe that good climate conditions will bring many benefits to tourism, making it easy to carry out outdoor recreational activities such as surfing, golfing, mountain climbing, hunting, fishing. On the contrary, weather and climate can create factors that are harmful to tourism activities such as air pollution, high temperatures, storms and floods. Studies on the impact of climate on tourism activities have increasingly different assessment approaches, accordingly, climate factors affect the tourism season - one of the main factors of tourism activities, and determine the tourism time, affecting the length and quality of the tourism season as well as the tourism environment, typically Hamilton and Lau (2005) [179] or A. Bigano et al. (2006) [129], recently C. Goh (2012) [150] emphasized the role of climate in the choice of tourism destinations of DK , author D. Maddison (2001) studied the impact of climate change (CC) on tourist flows [187]; Hadwen et al. (2011) studied the impact of climate on tourism seasons in different protected areas in East Australia [175]; or the group of authors Eugenio-Martin and Campos-Soria (2010) clarified the different characteristics between the climate at the native place and the climate at the tourist destination, leading to the emergence of tourism demand of foreign tourists to the new tourist destination [166]

Currently, in addition to the common use of different climate factors to evaluate the effectiveness of SKH on tourism, many synthetic climate indices are built in applied SKH such as the discomfort index (DI), effective temperature (ET), thermal radiation index (EI), and heat stress index (HIS), standard effective temperature (SET), equivalent physiological temperature ( PET), or 2 tourism climate indices (CIT, TCI). In which, Mieczkowski (1985) [ 208] based on the research results

Previous studies on climate classification for tourism, human comfort related to climate and tourism activity characteristics to create a tourism climate index TCI based on 7 climate factors, building a combination of typical weather patterns during the day with the levels of impact on human health as well as tourism activities. This TCI index was developed and applied in many studies in different territories such as Nir city (Iran) [161], Mazandaran province (Iran) [134], Herzegovina - neretva state (Bosnia) [174], Tbilisi (Georgia) [133], Mediterranean region [153]. Not only is it commonly applied in low latitude areas, this index is also widely used in other regions of the world. Amelung and Moreno (2009)

[147] used this TCI index to assess the current climate and predict the future for the whole of Europe. Ghislain Dubois (2016) [169] gave a picture of the current status of the application of this climate index. Currently, many studies also combine other climate indices with the TCI index, including Elham Bubarak (2015) using TCI simultaneously with the THI heat and humidity index [165], Daniel Scott, Michelle Rutty (2016) [158] combined the assessment of the holiday climate index (HCI) with TCI in Europe. In addition, the TCI index has developed into many new directions, in a more in-depth direction or applying modern information techniques such as the global effective thermal climate index (UTCI) of Krzysztof Blazejczyk et al. (2013) [184], K.Pantovou (2013) [185], the tourism climate adaptation index (TTCI) [135], the tourism climate index (CIT) - an index that combines a matrix of weather patterns to assess the level of climate favorability for tourism according to 7 different levels [189] of McBoyle, CR de Freitas et al. (2008), Gongmei Yu

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[ 172] with additional climate index for DL activities ( MCIT) – using dataThe weather contrasts between the states of Florida and Alaska. [ 195]

With the role of climate change in tourism development, more and more international conferences and seminars have addressed this issue, for example, the 1st International Conference on Climate, Tourism and Recreation held in Greece in October 2001 attracted many scientists to give assessments of the current state of climate change [149, 162]. The International Geographic Conference in Kraków, the Netherlands (2014) had a number of notable research works such as " Assessing the temperature threshold and tourism potential based on climate change in some cities of the Netherlands" [182]. In the 2nd/2014 global conference on trade, economics, management and tourism in Prague (Czechoslovakia), the TCI index was also used to assess the tourism development of a specific region (Amir Gandomkar [134]). Conference

The 4th/2015 International Conference on Environment, Energy and Biotechnology in Madrid (Spain) [165] also had some studies evaluating the climate indicators TCI and THI. In the past 10 years, there have been more specific and detailed studies on applied SKH, in which the general trend is the assessment of human adaptation to climate change. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in conjunction with other international organizations has studied the relationship between climate change and tourism [205], mitigation policies and measures to adapt to climate change in tourism activities [206]. Typically, A. Madhumathi and MC Sundarraja [132] used a geographic information system (GIS) on meteorological data such as solar radiation, wind, cloud cover in the Talminadu area (India) to evaluate the level of adaptation of the human body living in the humid tropics. Daniel Scott, G.Mc Boyle (2004) [157] assessed the impact of climate change on tourism in North America, B, Jones, D.Scott studied in Canada [148]. Studies on the impact of climate change on tourism activities are increasingly specific and popular, John Wash (2009) [180], Jacqueline M. Hamilton (2005)

[178], Gongmei yu, John Wash (2009) [172], Francesco Musco (2016) [165], Tervo-Kankare, Kaarina (2016) [202] with many different approaches to the impact of climate change and challenges to the tourism industry. Researchers also assess the impact of climate change on many aspects such as predicting the flow of tourists to the UK by Maddison (2001) [187], predicting the flow of tourists by Andrea Bigano (2006) [136], Agnew (2006) assessed the impact of short-term climate factors in the UK to meet the needs of tourists [128], or providing necessary tourism information such as A. Matzakits (2001) [138]; (2006) [142], assessment of acclimatization for DK by day [143], Baruch Givoni (2002), Ch. Brandenburg (2001) [152] assessment of outdoor DL acclimatization [146]

1.1.2. In Vietnam

1.1.2.1. Studies on comprehensive assessment of resources for tourism development

Most of the research works on comprehensive assessment are mainly based on the theoretical foundation of landscape studies with works on zoning of natural resources, landscape assessment research and comprehensive assessment of natural resources and natural resources. Comprehensive assessment of natural resources and natural resources serving socio-economic development in general has had many research works that have both methodological significance and high practical significance. Research and comprehensive assessment of natural resources serving tourism development have made important progress in both terms of

quantity and quality of works. Some typical works such as: Nguyen Duc Chinh - Vu Tu Lap [16] ; Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh [28]; Nguyen Van Nhung, Nguyen Van Vinh [64]; Le Duc An and others [1], Vu Tuan Canh (editor) [13], Le Thong [89], Pham Trung Luong, Dang Duy Loi [49], Nguyen Minh Tue and others (2003) [100] have systematized the basic concepts of tourism, tourism resources and orientations for exploiting tourism potential in tourism regions of Vietnam. Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (2012)[9] also comprehensively assessed resources and strategic orientations in exploiting these types of resources through the " Vietnam Tourism Development Strategy to 2020, vision to 2030 "[12] and " Vietnam Tourism Development Master Plan to 2020, vision to 2030"

٭ The direction of assessing resources for economic development mainly in some specific territories and localities in our country has been invested in research very early, there have been many works, for example: Pham Hoang Hai and nnk [27]; Do Trong Dung (2009) [21]; Nguyen Huu Xuan (2009) [123]. These works have introduced concepts of DL, TNDL, theoretical and practical basis in assessing TNDL and have assessed the potential to serve tourism development planning on a national scale or each territory with very high theoretical and practical values.

1.1.2.2. Studies on assessing SKH conditions for tourism development

First of all, we must mention the basic climate works of researchers: Pham Ngoc Toan, Phan Tat Dac (1975) [95]; Nguyen Duc Ngu, Nguyen Trong Hieu (2004) [60]; Mai Trong Thong, Hoang Xuan Co (2002) [91]; Tran Cong Minh (2007) [52]; Pioneers are medical scientists such as Dao Ngoc Phong, Trinh Binh Di with works: " Nature and health" (1987 ) [70], analyzing the relationship between climate and health, physical training to adapt to environmental conditions. In " Some issues on Biometeorology" [71], the author, in addition to analyzing the impact of each weather and climate factor on the human body, summarizes some experimental research results, some indicators and biometeorological models. In [72], [73], [69], the author also analyzed each climate factor and the body's adaptation methods to weather and climate conditions. Studies by climatologists and geographers such as Pham Ngoc Toan and Phan Tat Dac in the works: "Climate and health" [94]; "Climate and life" [ 95] have clearly shown the impact of each factor.

weather, climate on the human body, with specific experimental results. Another direction in human SKH research is the research works on SKH of construction and urban areas such as [43], [45] Tran Viet Lien has provided a scientific basis for selecting and building criteria for zoning construction climate to serve in construction. The work "Vietnam climate architecture solutions" (2006) [58]; "Bioclimatic architecture - Bioclimatic design in Vietnamese architecture" (2011) [59] - Pham Duc Nguyen and others have analyzed and evaluated climate from the perspective of architects.

٭Researching human health status for tourism service, some authors have gone into depth in research such as Vu Boi Kiem [37], Tran Viet Lien [43]; starting from the viewpoint that the health status index not only reflects the total impact of the surrounding environment on the body but also determines the level of energy that needs to be compensated for the body to reach a state of complete comfort. For the research on human health status for people serving people's lives and rest, there have been many research works. Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Minh Tue (editor-in-chief) and nnk [100], also presented human health status indexes but have not yet presented research results on human health status for tourism activities of each specific region. Nguyen Tham and Nguyen Hoang Son [83] evaluated human health status for tourism service in Thua Thien - Hue using the DI index. With many contributions to the applied health status research direction, Nguyen Khanh Van

[111] published a very important reference document on SKH - "Basic SKH Textbook" , which presents the most general information about SKH of natural vegetation, SKH of livestock and SKH of humans, as well as the relationship between SKH and other sciences. Similarly, the work "Research on the application of climate information for health and tourism" (2011) [119] also mentioned the indexes: TCI; RSI. Nguyen Khanh Van also carried out SKH topics related to tourism such as "Assessment of SKH conditions for nursing care in mountainous areas of Vietnam" (1995) [116] "SKH conditions after the coastal strip of Vietnam" (1998); "Rational use of SKH resources for production development and for people's lives, tourism in Hoa Binh lake area" (1993) [115]; “Research on human climate for tourism, recreation and people's livelihood in Vietnam” (2000) [114]. Many doctoral theses are also carried out in this direction such as research on TNDL and SKH Tay Nguyen (Nguyen Thu Nhung, 2018) [63], Quang Ninh - Hai Phong area (Nguyen Dang Tien, 2016) [81], Da Lat city (Nguyen Huu Xuan, 2009) [123]. Through these studies, climate resources for tourism development are analyzed in many different directions. Nguyen Dang Tien used

using the weather complex - this is the combination of the main weather characteristics that have an important impact on human health - to be determined at 13 o'clock every day. Nguyen Huu Xuan uses the climate index I of Due'rout and Clauses based on three factors: average temperature, average monthly daylight hours, and daily rainfall to evaluate for sightseeing tourism and effective temperature to evaluate for resort tourism. Nguyen Thu Nhung uses the TCI index to evaluate tourism in the Central Highlands. In which, most of these authors use a combination of tourism SKH maps to help DK choose the best time and area for tourism.

In general, these studies have not only built a scientific basis for the role of SKH factors in each specific tourism industry, but also provided detailed assessments with maps and statistical tables, contributing to arguments on SKH research applied to tourism development.

1.1.2.3. Research projects in the Southern territory

To promote tourism development, many tourism development planning projects have been developed: "TNB tourism development project to 2020" [12], Summary report " Master plan for tourism development in the Southeast region to 2020, vision to 2030 " [9], is a step to concretize socio-economic development orientations to link tourism development in the Southern provinces to promote strengths, enhance the competitiveness of the whole region, and build unique tourism products. The project report "TNNB master plan" [108] focused on studying land and water resources and necessary economic sectors for the region to achieve high growth. Currently, there are many scientific conferences that have attracted the attention of many authors, including the International Conference " Mekong - The River Connecting Culture, Tourism and Economy ", the Conference " Linking the Development of Special Tourism Products in the Mekong Delta " held in Can Tho in 2014 chaired by the General Department of Tourism. Communist Magazine and Binh Phuoc Provincial Party Committee jointly organized the Scientific Conference [103] in October 2016 in Binh Phuoc with many presentations by authors on the current status of tourism and special products of the southern provinces of Vietnam.

With the meaning of synthesis and orientation for regional tourism development, some authors such as Nguyen Minh Tue [100]; Vu Tuan Canh and nnk [13]; Bui Thi Hai Yen [124]; Tran Huy, Hung Cuong [33], Buu Ngon (2004) [56] ... have highlighted the potential resources of the region, with comparisons of advantages compared to other regions. Besides, there are many studies on tourism of each locality in the South, each work is

experiences about culture and ethnicity, bringing diverse perspectives on the tourism potential of specific localities. Some typical works are: "Vung Tau, the coastal city of the East [ 121] "Temples of Uncle Ho in the Southwest" [55] ; "Vietnam tourism through 26 world heritages" [85] "Sa Dec - Love of land and love of people" [93] "Sacred temples and folk festivals in the South" [53]; "Travel Guide - Ba Chua Xu Sam Mountain Tourism Festival and Chau Doc An Giang tourism " [79]. The publications aim to describe in detail about the climate, weather and entertainment areas, means of transport, landscapes, restaurants, folk festivals, traditional craft villages in the Southern region.

There have been some studies on climate change for tourism in the South, however, they are still limited and the studies are mainly local, not yet classified and established a tourism bioclimate classification map for the whole South. Dang Van Phan, To Hoang Kia used the climate index RSI and DI to evaluate the impact of climate change on tourism development in some provinces in the South such as Ho Chi Minh City, Tay Ninh, Con Dao, Phu Quoc, Can Tho, etc. [66]. Most recently, Nguyen Khanh Van and colleagues [118] evaluated the separate impacts of climate factors on human health, pointing out the differences in some climate change conditions between the east coast (Vung Tau, Con Dao) and the west coast (Rach Gia, Phu Quoc), that difference has caused different seasonality of tourism between the east and west coasts of the South.

Thus, from the historical overview of the research problem shows:

In the world and in Vietnam, research projects on assessing natural resources and environment for tourism development have existed for a long time and are quite diverse; demonstrated through assessment methods, research scales and more importantly, the approaches to assessment research are also not the same. In assessing synthetic natural resources and environment indicators for tourism development, in addition to specific climate factors such as temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days, length of dry season, there are many synthetic natural resources and environment indicators applied with increasingly improved models, with a wide range of applications in large territories; in addition, for each specific tourism purpose, there are different weights for each climate factor.

For the Southern research area, many projects, workshops and seminars have been implemented, on a regional or local scale, in the direction of comprehensive assessment of natural resources. The authors have outlined the characteristics of natural resources, the basis for building tourist routes, tourist spots, and tourist regions with tourist centers.

specific to Vietnam, including Southern tourism. Many works are oriented, introducing and providing a diverse picture of the tourism potential of the South. However, these assessments are mainly general, some assessments are still qualitative, in some specific localities; there has not been any work classifying and evaluating tourism resources and tourism development in a specific and detailed manner for the South. The thesis has used a semi-quantitative assessment method for each Southern tourism region, for each tourism sector, this research and assessment direction is new, it determines the level of favorable tourism resources and tourism development for 4 specific tourism sectors in the South.

Along with the development of tourism in the whole country, in the South, although the tourism sectors are quite diverse, tourism products are still quite similar between regions, tourism development is not sustainable. With the requirement of developing tourism in the South on a new level (tourism products must be unique, exploiting the strengths of tourism resources in each locality, organizing tourism territories on the basis of combining tourism sectors in the region, between regions in a scientific manner...), the assessment of tourism resources and tourism potential for each tourism sector is very necessary. The results of resource assessment and tourism potential will provide additional scientific arguments necessary for localities in the South to comprehensively develop tourism in a sustainable manner.

1.2. Overview of theoretical issues related to the thesis content

1.2.1. Concepts related to tourism

1.2.1.1. Concept of tourism

In 1811, the first definition of tourism was in England. According to the Vietnam Tourism Law 2017: " Tourism is activities related to human trips outside of their usual place of residence for a period of no more than 01 consecutive year to meet the needs of sightseeing, relaxation, entertainment, learning, exploring tourism resources or in combination with other legitimate purposes " [109].

1.2.1.2. Concept of tourism products

Tourism products are services and goods provided to tourists based on the exploitation of available tourism potentials, aiming to provide tourists with an enjoyable time and complete satisfaction. Vietnam Tourism Law 2017 stipulates: "Tourism products are a set of services based on the exploitation of tourism resource values to satisfy the needs of tourists " [109]. Thus, the most common point that

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