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Natural Grassland Figure 3.17. Natural Grass


+ Natural green food: Natural green food is green food harvested from plants that grow in nature, not through cultivation such as: grass, aquatic plants...


Figure 3.16. Natural grassland Figure 3.17. Wild grass

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+ Nutritional ingredients :

- Green food contains a lot of water (80 - 90%), the fiber ratio in the young stage is 2 - 3%, in the mature stage is 6 - 8%. However, green food is easy to digest, has high palatability, is easy to grow and has high productivity (1 hectare of water spinach gives 50 - 70 tons, 1 hectare of duckweed gives 350 tons).

- Green foods are rich in vitamins such as: Vitamin A, vitamin B 12 and vitamin E.

- The nutrient content in green food is low, the nutritional value is low, only some types of vegetables have higher nutritional value such as: cabbage, kohlrabi, water fern, water spinach...

- The nutrient content in naturally grown green food is lower than that of cultivated food.

- Minerals in green food vary depending on the food, soil, fertilization regime and harvest time.

+ Use green food:

- Feed live with young green foods of the right age.

- Silage to store green food in winter or during lean season.

- Bulls and cows use green foods: Elephant grass, Ruri grass, water spinach, water spinach, sweet potatoes, thick corn... The appropriate amount of fresh grass is from 2 - 2.5 kg/100 kg body weight/day and night. Ideally, 50% of the green grass is fed in the form of re-dried grass.

2. Identify concentrated feed

2.1. Determination of grain and by-product feed

Cereal grains include: rice, corn, wheat, sorghum... By-products of cereal grains include: Bran, broken rice...



Figure 3.18. Corn kernels Figure 3.19. Drying corn for storage

+ Corn kernels : Corn kernels are a very good concentrated food that provides energy for buffaloes and cows. Yellow corn has a lot of carotene, is rich in vitamin E but is poor in vitamin D, B1 and low in Ca, P, and trace minerals. If buffaloes and cows eat a lot of corn, they must supplement with minerals and protein.

+ Rice grain : This is a product widely used in raising buffalo and bulls. The composition of rice includes crude protein 8.2%, crude fiber 9.2%, minerals 6.5%, non-protein derivatives 64.2%, rice has a husk that accounts for 20% of the rice grain mass, the husk contains a high fiber content of 40%, when using crushed rice for buffalo and cows, it should be fed less.



Figure 3.20. Dry rice grains

+ Cassava flour : Is a popular food in the tropics, it provides a lot of energy, however cassava contains toxins so it needs to be processed before feeding to buffaloes and cows.

+ Rice bran : Is an essential food for buffaloes and cows. Rice bran contains many nutrients, vitamin B, and sugar, which help buffaloes and cows grow and develop well. The amount of concentrated feed for 100kg of male body weight is about 0.4-0.5kg/day and night. Concentrated feed should be fed in the form of a complete mixture or a mixture of many ingredients, but it is necessary to ensure the content.

protein​



Figure 3.21. Dried cassava slices Figure 3.22. Cassava flour


2.2. Identify vegetable foods

- Root and tuber food is a relatively common food for cattle.

Common vegetables and fruits in our country are: cassava, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, carrots...

- Vegetables and fruits have the characteristics of containing a lot of water, rich in starch, low in fiber, easy to digest, but poor in protein and minerals.

Figure 2.23. Sweet potato Figure 3.24. Pumpkin

- For breeding bulls, you can feed them 6-10kg of vegetables/male/day and night.

- During the heavy mating period, using carrots in the male's diet helps promote digestion and metabolism, which is very good for semen quality. Carrots are rich in carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) and can be fed 4-6 kg/head/day and night.

2.3. Determine mixed feed

- Mixed feed is a combination of two or more types of feed together including: corn flour, rice bran, wheat flour, cassava flour, dried oils, fish meal... primix minerals and vitamins.

- The common characteristics of mixed foods are: low water and fiber content, containing many important nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals and vitamins, and a fairly high nutrient digestibility rate.


Industrial animal feed factories often produce mixed feed for cattle in two forms:

- Protein-rich concentrate mixture (concentrated) mainly consists of oil cake, urea, minerals and vitamins. This type of feed must be mixed with other concentrates such as rice bran, corn flour, wheat flour... according to the manufacturer's instructions to form a complete mixed feed before feeding to breeding buffaloes and bulls.

- Complete mixed concentrate feed is mixed by the manufacturer and used immediately for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

Figure 3.25. Mixed feed

Farmers can mix their own mixed feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls from ingredients available in the family such as rice bran, cassava flour, corn flour... The procedure is as follows:

Step 1 Determine the formula and ingredients:

+ Formula 1:

- Tapioca flour: 65 kg

- Rice bran: 20 kg

- Fish meal (salinity below 15%): 10kg

- Urea: 4 kg

- Bone meal: 1 kg

+ Formula 2:

- Tapioca flour: 45 kg;

- Corn flour: 50 kg;

- Urea: 3 kg;

- Salt: 1 kg;

- Bone meal: 1 kg

+ Ingredients: Cassava flour, corn flour, bone meal, fish meal, salt, urea... the above substances must be dry, smooth, not moldy, have no strange smell and be weighed in sufficient quantity.

Step 2: Mix ingredients

- Pour all types of food ingredients evenly onto the floor or brick yard in the order of large amount first, small amount last.

- For salt, bone meal, urea, minerals, vitamins in small quantities... must be mixed first with a little corn flour or rice bran to increase the mass, then mixed with other ingredients.

- Use a shovel or your hands to mix thoroughly, then put it in a bag, tie it tightly and place it on a shelf, store in a dry, cool, covered place.

- Anti-rat damage.

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Step 3: Feed the buffalo and bulls.

- Feed the male cattle the correct amount of food in the ration (1-2 kg/cattle).

- Feed mixed concentrate before feeding raw and green food.

3. Identify supplementary foods

3.1. Urea

Urea is a source of inorganic protein supplement in the diet for buffaloes and bulls. Use urea according to the following principles:

- Only use urea for buffaloes and cows when the diet is deficient in protein with the amount used carefully calculated.

- Add urea with concentrated or green feed to avoid poisoning for buffaloes and cows.

- Feed a small amount every day to get the buffalo and cows used to it, lasting from 5 to 10 days.

- Use urea only for adult cows, do not use for calves.

- Urea must be fed several times a day, a little at a time. It should be mixed well with other foods to feed evenly.

- Do not feed buffaloes or cows with urea or give it directly to them or feed it with squash or pumpkins as it will cause poisoning.

toxic.


- Dosage can range from 70 - 100g urea/head/day.

- In case of urea poisoning: if there is vinegar or acetic acid, use at a concentration of 6%, give orally.

about 13.65 liters.

3.2. Minerals and vitamins

Minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), copper ( Cu ), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and sulfur (S ) . Vitamins, especially vitamins A, D3 and E, are especially important for buffaloes and bulls. Minerals can be supplemented for buffaloes and cows in two ways:

+ Mix mineral premix (mixture of many minerals) into concentrated feed, at a rate of 0.2-0.3% or add to the daily ration with an amount of 10 - 40g for each animal, depending on the subject and exploitation regime.

+ Mix the mineral ingredients together and with carriers (fillers) such as clay, cement... Then the mixture is formed into cakes, dried and called lick stones. These lick stones are placed in the barn, on the grazing land (under the roots of the trees).

tree) for cattle to lick freely. Figure 3.26. Licking stone - Mineral supplement for breeding buffaloes and bulls

3.3. Seed sprouts


- Seed sprouts such as bean sprouts, cotton sprouts, and sprouted rice are foods rich in vitamins A, D, and E, which are essential for buffaloes and bulls. Feed the animals 0.3-0.5kg/head/day.

B. Questions and practice exercises:

I. Questions

1. What is roughage? Types of roughage. Describe the method of softening dry straw for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

2. Describe the characteristics and uses of green feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls. 3. Describe the characteristics and uses of concentrated feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls. 4. Describe the characteristics and uses of mixed feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

5. Describe the principle of urea supplementation in the diet of breeding buffaloes and bulls. 6. Describe the characteristics and uses of supplementary feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

II. Practice exercises

Lesson 1: Practice composting dry straw with urea and lime.

+ Objective: After completing this lesson, students will be able to:

- Recognize the characteristics of straw used as food for buffaloes and cows.

male

- Carry out composting of straw and stubble with urea and lime properly.

+ Content

* Process of composting straw and rice husk with urea.

- Step 1: Prepare ingredients and tools.

- Step 2: Carry out straw composting

- Step 3: Feed the buffalo and bulls

* Compost straw with lime.

- Step 1: Prepare ingredients and tools.

- Step 2: Carry out straw composting

- Step 3: Feed the buffalo and bulls

+ Resources:

- Pictures, models, slides, videos of straw and methods of composting straw as feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

- Straw and tools, urea and lime needed.

- Buffalo and cattle breeding facilities.

- Laptop, Projector..

+ Organization method:

- Introductory instructions: teachers guide the process of composting straw with urea and lime through images and videos.

- Regular guidance: divide the class into small groups of 3-5 students, each group composts a certain amount of straw with urea and lime. The teacher monitors the implementation and corrects students' mistakes.

+ Completion time: 8 hours.

+ Evaluation method: Teachers give out multiple choice questions for students to fill in the answer boxes and compare with the answers.


+ Results and products to be achieved: to properly compost straw with urea and lime to feed breeding buffaloes and bulls.

Lesson 2: Practice of fermenting corn stalks and leaves as food for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

+ Objective: After completing this lesson, students will be able to:

- Recognize the characteristics of corn stalks and leaves used as food for breeding buffalo and bulls.

- Can make silage from corn stalks and leaves as food for breeding buffaloes and bulls

technically correct.

+ Content

* Process of fermenting corn stalks and leaves

- Step 1: Prepare ingredients and tools.

- Step 2: Make green food silage

- Step 3: Feed the buffalo and bulls

+ Resources:

- Pictures, models, slides, and videos of corn plants and methods of fermenting corn stalks and leaves as food for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

- Straw and tools, urea and lime needed.

- Buffalo and cattle breeding facilities.

- Laptop, Projector..

+ Organization method:

- Introductory instructions: the teacher guides the process of fermenting corn stalks and leaves through pictures and videos.

- Regular guidance: divide the class into small groups of 3-5 students, each group performs silage of a certain amount of corn stalks and leaves. The teacher monitors the implementation and corrects the students' mistakes.

+ Completion time: 8 hours.

+ Evaluation method: Teachers give out multiple choice questions for students to fill in the answer boxes and compare with the answers.

+ Results and products to be achieved: to properly ferment corn stalks and leaves as feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

Lesson 3: Practice mixing concentrated feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

+ Objective: After completing this lesson, students will be able to:

- Recognize the characteristics of concentrated feed and mixed feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

- Able to mix compound feed for buffalo and bulls properly.

+ Content

- Determine the mixing formula

- Step 1: Prepare ingredients and tools.

- Step 2: Mix ingredients.


- Step 3: Feed the buffalo and bulls

+ Resources:

- Pictures, models, slides, videos of ingredients and methods of mixing mixed feed for breeding buffaloes and bulls.

- Necessary materials.

- Buffalo and cattle breeding facilities.

- Laptop, Projector..

+ Organization method:

- Introductory instructions: teachers guide the formula and steps for mixing mixed feed for buffaloes and cows through models, pictures and videos.

- Regular guidance: divide the class into small groups of 3-5 students, each group mixes a certain amount of mixed feed. The teacher monitors the implementation and corrects the students' mistakes.

+ Completion time: 4 hours.

+ Evaluation method: Teachers give out multiple choice questions for students to fill in the answer boxes and compare with the answers.

+ Results and products to be achieved: to be able to mix compound feed for buffaloes and bulls with the correct technique.

C. Remember:

- Cover the compost pit carefully, do not let water flow into the compost pit as it will cause the food to rot.

- Do not feed or drink urea directly to buffaloes or cows as it will cause poisoning to the animals.

- Green food plants need to be compacted before filling the compost pit to create an aerated environment.


Lesson 4: Raising buffalo and bulls for breeding

Target:

- Present the content of breeding male cattle.

- Carry out the proper technical breeding of male cattle.

A. Content:

1. Determine nutritional needs

1.1. Determine energy needs

Energy requirements for bulls and buffaloes depend on the mating period and are calculated as follows: Resting period requires 0.8 - 1.2 food units/100kg body weight, Average mating period: 0.9 - 1.3 food units/100kg body weight. Heavy mating period: 1.0 - 1.4 food units/100kg body weight (1 unit of food is equivalent to 2500 Kcal of exchangeable energy)

1.2. Protein requirements.

Protein requirements are determined based on the needs for maintenance, weight gain and semen production. The requirement for digestible protein during the resting period is 100 grams/day.

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