3.4.1. Study on the effect of EPDM content on the physical and mechanical properties of CSTN/EPDM blend material 88
3.4.2. Study on the effect of nanosilica content on the physical and mechanical properties of materials based on CSTN/EPDM 90 blend
3.4.3. Study on the influence of carbon black content on the physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials based on CSTN/EPDM blend 91
3.4.4. Study on the effect of combined barium sulfate content on the physical and mechanical properties of CSTN/EPDM/NS/CB/BS 93 materials
3.4.5. Study on some properties of nanocomposite rubber materials based on CSTN/EPDM 95 blend
3.4.5.1. Study of alkali resistance of materials 95
3.4.5.2. Study of the morphological structure of materials 96
3.4.5.3. Research on thermal stability of materials 98
3.4.5.4. Study on the influence of the modification process on the phenomenon of heat generation due to rotation and friction of materials 100
3.4.6. Comments 102
3.5. Research on the use of nano additives to improve the physical and mechanical properties of foam rubber materials based on natural rubber 102
3.5.1. Research on selection of foaming additives 103
3.5.1.1. Research on selection according to decomposition temperature 103
3.5.1.2. Study on the effect of foaming additives on the pore structure..104
3.5.1.3. Research on selecting foaming additive content 106
3.5.2. Study of curing time 107
3.5.2.1. Effect of curing time on the resulting porous structure 107
3.5.2.2. Effect of vulcanization time on mechanical properties of foam rubber
................................................................ ................................................................ ..........................108
3.5.3. Research on improving the physical and mechanical properties of foam rubber materials using some nano additives 109
3.5.4. Research on combining nanosilica and carbon black to improve mechanical properties of foam rubber materials based on CSTN 110
3.5.5. Pore structure of foam rubber material 111
3.5.6. Comments 112
CONCLUSION 113
NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESIS 115
LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS 116
REFERENCES 117
APPENDIX 131
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations
English | Vietnamese | |
ADC | Azodicarbonamide | Azodicarbon amide - ADC (or AC) foaming agent |
AIBN | Azobis(isobutyronitrile) | Azobis(isobutyronitrile) |
BR | Butadiene rubber | Butadiene rubber |
BS | Barium sulfate | Barium sulfate |
CB | Carbon black | Black coal |
CNT | Carbon nanotube | Carbon nanotubes |
CSTH | Synthetic rubber | |
CSTN, NR | Natural Rubber | Natural rubber |
CVD | Chemical vapor deposition | Chemical Vapor Deposition |
DCP | Dicumyl peroxide | Dicumyl peroxide |
DDA | Dodecylamine | dodecylamine |
DMA | Dynamic Mechanical Analysis | Dynamic mechanical analysis |
DPG | Diphenyl guanidine | DPG Promotion (or D Promotion) |
DPT | Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine | DPT foaming agent (or H foaming agent for short) |
EPDM | Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer | Ethylene propylene diene copolymer rubber |
EVA | Ethylene Vinyl Acetate | Ethylene Vinyl Acetate |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration | Food and Drug Administration |
FESEM | Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy | Field emission scanning electron microscope |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
HDBM | Surface activity | |
HiPco | High-pressure carbon monoxide | high pressure carbon monoxide |
HNBR | Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber | Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber |
LDPE | Low Density Polyethylene | Low density polyethylene |
LS | Layered silicate | Layered silicate |
MMT | Montmorillonite | Montmorillonite clay mineral |
MU | Mooney viscosity unit | Mooney viscosity unit |
MWCNT | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
NBR | Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber | Acrylonitrile-butadiene (or nitrile-butadiene) rubber |
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Nanoclay | Nanoclay | |
NS | Nanosilica | Nanosilica |
NS TESPT | TESPT modified nanosilica | |
OBSH | 4,4'-Oxybis (Benzenesulfonyl Hydrazide) | 4,4'-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl- hydrazide) |
PEG | Polyethylene glycol | Polyethylene glycol |
pkl (phr) | Parts per Hundred Rubber | Mass fraction (mass fraction) /100 rubber parts) |
POSS | Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane | Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane |
PP | Polypropylene | Polypropylene |
PSf | Polysulfide | Polysulfite |
PVC | Polyvinyl chloride | Poly Vinyl Chloride |
RD (TMQ) | Poly(1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl- quinoline) | RD aging room |
S | Sulfur | Sulfur |
SBR | Styrene Butadiene Rubber | Styrene butadiene rubber |
SEBS | Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene | Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscopy | Scanning electron microscope |
SVR 3L | Vietnam standard natural rubber type SVR 3L | |
SWCNT | Single-walled carbon nanotubes | Single wall carbon nanotubes |
TCVN | Vietnam Standard | |
STAMP | Transmission electron microscopes | Transmission electron microscope |
TESPT | Bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl]- disulfide | Bis-(3-triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulphite (or Si69) |
T g | Glass transition temperature | Vitrification temperature |
TGA | Thermogravimetric Analyze | Thermogravimetric analysis |
THF | Tetrahydrofuran | Tetrahydrofuran |
TMQ | 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline | TMQ (or RD) aging room |
TMTD | Tetramethylthiuram disulfide | Tetramethyl thiuram disulfite – TMTD Promotion |
TXC | Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine | Dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine (foaming agent H) |
UV | UltraViolet | Ultraviolet rays |
rpm | rpm | |
XSBR | Carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber |
LIST OF IMAGES
Figure 1.1. Molecular formula of CSTN [2, 3] 4
Figure 1.2. But-1,3-dien molecule [1] 6
Figure 1.3. Configurations of butadiene rubber molecules [1] 6
Figure 1.4. SBR synthesis reaction equation [1] 7
Figure 1.5. Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber [6] 8
Figure 1.6. Some nano-sized additives used for reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposite materials [7] 10
Figure 1.7. Black carbon, (a) individual particles; (b) Chain-like aggregates; (c) Agglomerated into a network structure [8] 11
Figure 1.8. Crystal structure of nanoclay [10] 13
Figure 1.9. Alkyl ammonium salt as compatibilizer for clay with polymer [13] 14
Figure 1.10. Images of nanotube and nanoparticle clusters on a fibrous carbon substrate (top) and higher magnification images of nanotube/nanoparticle clusters (bottom images a, b) [16] 15
Figure 1.11. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) 16
Figure 1.12. (a) Reaction scheme for carbon nanotube fluorination, defunctionalization and derivatization; (b) In situ cyclization reaction with the resulting dichlorocarben [30]. 17
Figure 1.13. MWCNT surface modification reactions [32] 18
Figure 1.14. Modification of MWCNT surface using cyclization reactions [32] 18
Figure 1.15. Encapsulation of carbon nanotubes using poly(styrene) - block - poly(acrylic acid) copolymers [36]. 19
Figure 1.16. Synthesis and structure of “smart” nanosilica [44] 20
Figure 1.17. TEM image of nanosilica particles [45] 20
Figure 1.18. Primary and secondary silanization reactions in nanosilica/TESPT system [57] 22
Figure 1.19. Structure of POSS [16] 23
Figure 1.20. POSS polymer system [16] 24
Figure 1.21. Dispersion level of clay minerals in polymer matrix [13] 26
Figure 2.1. Flowchart of CNT surface modification process 43
Figure 2.2. Diagram of nanosilica modification process using TESPT 44
Figure 3.1. FTIR spectrum of CNT 53
Figure 3.2. FTIR spectrum of CNT-COOH 53
Figure 3.3. FTIR spectrum of CNT-PEG 54
Figure 3.4. Bonding of TESPT to the surface of nanosilica [133] 55
Figure 3.5. FTIR spectrum of bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulphite (TESPT) 56
Figure 3.6. FTIR spectrum of nanosilica 57
Figure 3.7. FTIR spectrum of modified nanosilica 57
Figure 3.8. TGA diagram of nanosilica 58
Figure 3.9. TGA diagram of nanosilica modified with TESPT 59
Figure 3.10. TGA diagram of CSTN 66 sample
Figure 3.11. TGA diagram of CSTN/NS 66 sample
Figure 3.12. TGA diagram of CSTN/NSTESPT 66 sample
Figure 3.13. TGA diagram of CSTN/NS/CB 67 sample
Figure 3.14. TGA diagram of CSTN/NSTESPT/CB 67 sample
Figure 3.15. TGA diagram of CSTN 70 sample
Figure 3.16. TGA diagram of sample BR 70
Figure 3.17. TGA diagram of CSTN/BR 71 sample
Figure 3.18. SEM image of fracture surface of CSTN/BR blend sample (75/25) 72
Figure 3.19. DMA chart of CSTN 72 sample
Figure 3.20. DMA chart of sample BR 73
Figure 3.21. DMA chart of CSTN/BR 73 blend sample
Figure 3.22. NS content affects tensile strength at break and elongation at break of materials based on CSTN/BR 74 blend
Figure 3.23. FESEM images of the cross-sectional surfaces of the material samples ((a) CSTN/BR/NS and (b) CSTN/BR/NSTESPT) 77
Figure 3.24. Carbon black content affects tensile strength at break and elongation at break of materials based on CSTN/BR 78 blend
Figure 3.25. Structure of α-eleostearic acid 80
Figure 3.26. FESEM images of the cross-sectional surface of material samples 81
Figure 3.27. FESEM image of fracture surface of material sample based on CSTN/BR blend (75/25) reinforced with 12 pkl NSTESPT and 25 pkl CB with additional CNTPEG 0.6 pkl (a) and 1.2 pkl (b) 83
Figure 3.28. Surface temperature increase due to rotation and friction of some materials based on CSTN/BR 85 blend
Figure 3.29. Effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of some material samples based on CSTN/BR 87 blend
Figure 3.30. EPDM content affects tensile strength at break and elongation at break of materials based on CSTN/EPDM blend 89
Figure 3.31. Nanosilica content affects tensile strength at break and elongation at break of materials based on CSTN/EPDM blend 91
Figure 3.32. The content of carbon black combined with NSTESPT affects the tensile strength at break and elongation at break of CSTN/EPDM 92 blended rubber material.
Figure 3.33. Barium sulfate content affects tensile strength at break and elongation at break of materials based on CSTN/EPDM 94 blend
Figure 3.34. FESEM images of fracture surfaces of some samples of CSTN/EPDM rubber reinforced with NSTESPT combined with carbon black and barium sulfate 97
Figure 3.35. TGA diagram of some samples of CSTN/EPDM (60/40) blended rubber reinforced with nanosilica combined with carbon black, barium sulfate (calculated by pkl) 99
Figure 3.36. Surface temperature increase due to rotation and friction of some materials based on CSTN/EPDM 101 blend
Figure 3.37. TGA diagram of different foaming agents 103
Figure 3.38. Foam rubber sample using foaming agent OBSH 104
Figure 3.39. Rubber sample using foaming agent ADC 105
Figure 3.40. Rubber sample using foaming agent TXC 105
Figure 3.41. The content of TXC foaming agent affects the pore structure of foam rubber material (Optical microscope image) 106
Figure 3.42. Curing time affects the pore structure 108
Figure 3.43. Cross section of foam rubber sample based on CSTN reinforced with different additives (Photo taken by optical microscope) 111
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Formulations of natural rubber with additives 45
Table 2.2. Formula for making blend material of CSTN and BR 45
Table 2.3. Formula for making blend material of CSTN and EPDM 46
Table 2.4. Foam rubber formulation from natural rubber without nano additives 48
Table 2.5. Foam rubber formula from CSTN reinforced with nano additives 49
Table 3.1. TGA results of CNT and CNT-PEG 55
Table 3.2. Effect of NS content on tensile properties of CSTN 60 material
Table 3.3. Nanosilica content (unmodified and TESPT modified) affects the mechanical properties of CSTN-based materials 61
Table 3.4. The content of carbon black affects the mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials based on CSTN 62
Table 3.5. The content of carbon black combined with nanosilica (NS and NSTESPT) affects the mechanical properties of materials based on CSTN 64
Table 3.6. Aging coefficient of materials after testing 64
Table 3.7. TGA analysis results of CSTN samples reinforced with carbon black combined with nanosilica (NS or NSTESPT) 65
Table 3.8. BR content affects the mechanical properties of CSTN/BR blend 69
Table 3.9. TGA results of CSTN, BR and blend CSTN/BR 70
Table 3.10. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of rubber samples 72
Table 3.11. NS content affects the mechanical properties of materials based on CSTN/BR 74 blend
Table 3.12. Nanosilica content (NS and NSTESPT) affects the mechanical properties of CSTN/BR 75 blended rubber material
Table 3.13. TGA results of materials from CSTN, BR and some CSTN/BR blends 76
Table 3.14. The content of carbon black combined with NSTESPT affects the mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials based on CSTN/BR blend 78
Table 3.15. Effect of D01 on mechanical properties of materials based on CSTN/BR reinforced with NSTESPT and carbon black 80
Table 3.16. The combined CNTPEG content affects the mechanical properties of materials based on the CSTN/BR blend reinforced with NSTESPT and carbon black 82