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Natural Conditions, Natural Resources


* Social effectiveness assessment:

+ Total labor

* Environmental performance assessment:

+ Status of vegetation restoration under forest canopy: Shrub height, coverage (%).

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+ Assessment of environmental value

* Assessment of the market for bamboo forest business and policies

Natural Conditions, Natural Resources

- The quality of Luong trees is classified based on the market currently applied in Thanh Hoa. Specifically as follows:

+ Type 1 stream: diameter over 9.5cm, length over 10m.

+ Type 2 stream: diameter from 8.0-<9.5cm, length 8-10m

+ Type 3 stream: diameter from 6.5-<8.0cm, length from 6-8m

+ Type 4 bamboo: diameter less than 6.5cm, length less than 6m (The above length is the length of commercial bamboo, when sold, the top has been cut off).

- Regarding the market, there are four dialectically related issues that need to be considered:

+ Current usage value of Flow

+ Consumption channels.

+ Market price.

+ Development of small and medium-sized processing facilities.

The project conducted a survey of a number of processing units of different sizes in the area to examine the scale, equipment, processing capacity, types, prices, outputs, etc.

2.4.2. Data analysis and processing methods

The collected data will be calculated and processed on popular computer software.

* Analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency of bamboo plantation models

Use the following indicators to evaluate and analyze the economy.

+ Net Present Value (NPV).


NPV is the difference between the collected value and the annual implementation cost of production activities in the Luong plantation models, after being discounted to the present time.

NPV=

Bt Ct

(2.1)

n

t0 1 r t

In which: - NPV: present value of net profit (VND).

- Bt: Income value in year t (VND)

- Ct: cost value in year t (VND)

- t: time to perform production activities (year).


n

-

t 0


: the total present value of net profits from year 0 to year t.

NPV is used to evaluate the effectiveness of bamboo plantation models with similar investment scale and structure. The production forest plantation model with a larger NPV is more effective. This indicator shows the scale of profit in terms of quantity. If NPV

>0 then the model is effective and vice versa. This indicator shows the level (magnitude) of the costs to achieve NPV, but does not indicate the level of investment.

+ Benefits to cost ratio (BCR)

BCR is the real profitability ratio, it reflects the level of investment and shows the income per unit of production cost.

Calculation formula:

n

Bt

t 0 1 r t

BPV

n

BCR=

Ct= CPV

(2.2)


In there:

t 0 1 r t

- BCR: Is the ratio between profit and cost

- BPV: Present value of income (VND)

- CPV: Present value of cost (VND)


Using BCR to evaluate investment efficiency for plantation forest models. Models with BCR>1 are economically efficient. The larger the BCR, the higher the economic efficiency and vice versa.

+ Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

IRR is an indicator to evaluate the ability to recover capital. IRR is the discount rate when this rate makes NPV=0, that is:

n

Bt Ct=0 then r = IRR (2.3)

t0 1 r t

IRR is calculated as (%), used to evaluate economic efficiency. The larger the IRR, the higher the economic efficiency.

The discount rate used for the calculations is 10% per year.

* Method for calculating the combined efficiency of models.

To evaluate the overall efficiency, apply the method of calculating the farming efficiency index. Ect = Effective Indicator of farming system by W. Rola (1994).

f fminf nfmin

Ect= [( 1 or ) +... ...+ ( or )] : n (2.4)

f max f 1 f max f n

Ect: is the total efficiency index; Ect=1 means the Luong plantation model has high total efficiency, meaning the model has high economic, social and ecological efficiency.

f: are the calculation indicators: Net present value of profit, ratio between income and net cost, regression interest rate, investment capacity calculated by the cost level of each forest plantation model, total income of each model, job creation efficiency calculated by the number of working days invested in each model.

n: is the number of indicators.


Chapter 3

NATURAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA


3.1. Natural conditions, natural resources

3.1.1. Natural conditions

a) Geographical location

Thanh Hoa has 27 districts, towns and cities, of which 13 districts have Luong forests, including: Muong Lat, Quan Son, Quan Hoa, Ba Thuoc, Lang Chanh, Ngoc Lac, Cam Thuy, Thach Thanh, Thuong Xuan, Nhu Xuan, Nhu Thanh, Trieu Son and Tho Xuan.

The scope of the Luong area is mainly distributed to the West, Northwest and Southwest of Thanh Hoa province, with geographical coordinates:

- From 19 o 38'13'' to 20 o 39'26'' North latitude

- From 104 o 39'26'' to 105 o 32'14 East longitude

The West and Southwest are adjacent to Nghe An province and Hua Phan province of the Lao People's Democratic Republic; the North is adjacent to Son La-Hoa Binh province.

b) Topography

The terrain of Luong area is complex and diverse. Due to the influence of tectonic and geological movements, mountains, hills, valleys and small fields are intertwined. The West and Northwest are high mountains, interspersed with hill ranges. The highest altitude is over 1200m, with many high peaks such as Pu Luong, Pu Hu, Bu Man, Pu Ginh, Bu Cho... The average altitude is 300-400m; the average slope is 20-25o . The Southwest is a low mountain and hill area interspersed and gradually decreasing from West to East, the average altitude is 150-200m, the average slope is 15-20o ... Luong area is distributed along both banks of Ma River, Luong River, Lo River, Am River, Cau Chay River, Dan River, Dat River, Khao River and the provincial roads to Muong Lat, Yen Khuong, Bat Mot, Xuan Chinh; National Highway 217; National Highway 15A, Ho Chi Minh Road...

c) Climate

Luong area is located in the North Central region with the common characteristics of tropical monsoon climate, with cold and wet winters.


Average annual temperature in lowland districts > 23 o C, in highland districts < 23 o C. Total annual temperature 8,000-8500 o C.

Average rainfall is from 1,700 - 2,000mm/year; rainy season is from May to October; months with the most rainfall are August, September, October, accounting for 70 - 80% of the annual rainfall. Average number of rainy days is 150-160 days/year; number of days with drizzle is from 35 to 40 days/year.

Average evaporation 600 - 700mm/year. Average air humidity/year 85-86%; lowest < 75% in May; July; December.

The prevailing wind direction in the region is Southeast wind in summer, Northeast wind in winter, hot and dry Southwest wind usually appears from April to July. In addition, the region also often has whirlwinds and is affected by storms but at a low level.

Frost and frost appear in winter (December; January) on days when the temperature drops suddenly, with a frequency of 1-2 days/year. Severe cold and frost appear from December to January of the following year. Each period lasts 2-5 days.

d) Hydrology

In the Luong area there are 3 main river systems:

The Ma River originates from Dien Bien, flows through Laos, enters Thanh Hoa through the districts of Muong Lat, Quan Hoa, Ba Thuoc, Cam Thuy. The length of the river flowing through the region is >100 km. The basin of the Ma River in the Luong region has the Luong River and the Lo River, both originating from Laos, flowing through Quan Son and Quan Hoa districts, flowing into the Ma River above and below Hoi Xuan.

Chu River originates from Sam Neua (Laos), passing through Thuong Xuan and Tho Xuan districts with a length of > 50km. There are branches of Am River from Lam Phu Lang Chanh flowing through Lang Chanh and Ngoc Lac districts to Chu River in Xuan Bai Tho Xuan commune; Dat River from Xuan Chinh to Chu River in Cua Dat; Dan River from Nhu Xuan to Thuong Xuan to Chu River in Xuan Cao commune.

* Cau Chay River from Lang Chanh through Ngoc Lac in Luong area flows to Ma River in Yen Dinh.

The rainy season starts from June to October, the biggest floods are in August and September, the dry season is from November to April of the following year.


3.1.2. Resources, nature

a) Land resources

+ Soil

According to the results of the land resource assessment survey of the Forest Planning and Investigation Institute, the forestry land area in Luong region has the following 5 main groups:

* Feralit soil group develops on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with fine grained structure, symbolized by (s); three main soil groups are formed, with an area of ​​241,648ha, accounting for 40.85% of the forestry land area, including: Red-yellow Feralit soil develops on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with fine grained structure (Fs), an area of ​​184,701ha, accounting for 31.22% of the forestry land area. Red-yellow Feralit soil develops on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with fine grained structure (FH), an area of ​​56,899ha, accounting for 9.62% of the forestry land area. Humus soil distributed on high mountains (Hs), an area of ​​48ha, accounting for 0.01% of the forestry land area.

* Feralit soil group develops on typical acid magma rock group (a). Total area 220,024ha, accounting for 37.20% of the total area, forming 3 main soil groups, as follows: Red-yellow Feralit soil develops on acid magma rock (Fa), area 187,408ha, accounting for 31.68% of the total area; Red-yellow humus Feralit soil develops on acid magma rock (FHa), area 32,519ha, accounting for 5.50% of the total area. Humus soil on high mountains >1000m, area 97ha, accounting for 0.02% of the total area.

* Feralit soil group develops on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with coarse grain structure (q), total area of ​​66,891 ha, accounting for 11.31% of the total area, forming 2 main soil types, as follows: Feralit soil develops on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with coarse grain structure (Fq) area of ​​64,378 ha, accounting for 10.88% of the total area; Humus soil distributed at altitude >700m (FHq), area of ​​2,513 ha, accounting for 0.42% of the soil type group area.

* Feralit soil group developed on alkaline igneous rock (k), area 34,575ha, accounting for 5.85% of the total area, forming 2 main soil groups, as follows: Feralit soil developed on alkaline igneous rock (Fk), total area 33,468ha,


accounting for 5.66% of the total area; Humus soil is distributed at an altitude of >700m (FHk), area

1,108 hectares, accounting for 0.19% of the total land area.

* Limestone Group (K): Area 28,381ha, accounting for 4.80% of the total area, including forests on rocky mountains and bare rocky mountains.

“Source: 2010 survey data, North Central Region Institute of Natural Resources and Environment”

Geological characteristics, the soil of Luong area is composed of many different types of parent rocks, from sedimentary rocks such as schist, sandstone, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, shale...; to igneous rocks such as Sipilite, Aldesite, Banzan...; and metamorphic rocks such as Gabro, marble, mica schist... These types of rocks are interspersed, even nested together, creating a very diverse soil surface.

(Detailed distribution of soil groups according to Appendix 01)

+ Current land use status in Luong area:

According to the current status of forests and forestry land in 2010 (in Decision No. 346/QD-CT dated January 26, 2011 of the Chairman of Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee); Combined with additional investigation and survey of the current status of existing Luong planted forests, the specific land use situation in the Luong area is in Appendix 03

b) Forest resources

* Natural forest: 380,408.61 ha;

- Timber forest: 199,133.88 ha,

+ Rich forest: 13,327.23 ha,

+ Average forest: 46,586.19 ha,

+ Poor forest: 61,385.15 ha,

+ Recovered forest: 77,835.31 ha,

- Pure bamboo forest: 79,704.92 ha,

- Mixed forest: 57,345.22 ha,

- Forest on rocky mountains: 44,224.59 ha,

* Planted forests: 128,889.40 ha;

- Including Luong forest: 71,052.90 ha,


Forest plants have many species of wood, bamboo, and specialty forest products. Rare species include Po mu, Agarwood, Dinh, Lim, Sen mat, Gu lau, Sa mu dau, Thong tre, Nghien, Kim giao, Lat chun, Thong nang, Thong Pa co... Wood groups II, III, IV include Ca gua, Tau mat, Giổi xanh, Re, Khao, Vang tam... hundreds of low-group wood species. Non-timber forest products include Nua, Luong, Vau, Lung, Giang, Le... Specialties include Cinnamon, Amomum and many precious medicinal species. Forest animals include Deer, Roe deer, Bears, Monkeys, Langurs... And many species of birds, reptiles, amphibians, frogs, toads, fish, insects...

In general, climate, soil and biological factors form ecological zones for forest flora and fauna to exist and develop. Due to favorable natural conditions, forestry activities in the past only knew how to exploit and take advantage of forest resources without really paying attention to regenerating forest capital, especially rare species; the time has come when forest resources no longer meet human needs, so it requires regenerating forest capital, re-establishing the ecological balance that we ourselves have broken over many years and many generations.

c) Water resources

In the region, there is the Ma River system, with a total length of > 300 km, a basin area of ​​39,756 km 2, and an average annual water volume of 19.52 billion m 3, which is the main source of supply for production and life activities.

- Luong River and Lo River are two large tributaries that flow into Ma River in Hoi Xuan - Na Sai area. The Luong River and Lo River basins are located mainly in Quan Son and Quan Hoa districts.

- Chu River includes branches of Khao River, Dat River, Dan River, Am River, which are 4 major tributaries flowing into Chu River in Thuong Xuan and Tho Xuan districts. Am River, whose basin is mainly located in Lang Chanh and Ngoc Lac districts, is the key area of ​​Luong trees in the initial planning.

In general, the middle and lower reaches of the Ma River are on average 300m wide, 12m deep, with an average flow of 300m3 / s, 1,200m3/s in the flood season , and 52m3 /s in the dry season . Every year, the Ma River discharges about 20 billion m3 of water to the sea , of which the Chu River accounts for about 4.7 billion m3 .

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