Average Cultivated Land Area Per Capita in Ba Vi Commune in 2010

the appearance of a series of geological faults, landslides and intense erosion, especially on the western slope adjacent to the Da River. [Nguyen Dinh Hoe, 2011]

This area was formed by the Indoxini orogeny 150 million years ago. Feralitization is a common process throughout the region, clearly shown by the color of the bottom in places with extremely strong erosion, low groundwater level with dark granular concretions. The main soil of Ba Vi mountain range is shale and sandstone with the following main soil types:

Yellow feralit soil is distributed at altitudes above 1000m, the thin soil layer has many rocks and exposed rocks distributed around Ngoc Hoa peak, common plants are green cypress, bamboo pine, rhododendron... Yellow-brown feralit soil develops on shale, sandstone, widely distributed and concentrated at altitudes of 500 - 1000m where there are exposed rocks: Common plants are beech, Re... Red-yellow feralit soil develops on shale, sandstone, mica schist and sedimentary rocks, distributed in slopes and low hills at altitudes below 500m, the soil layer is still thick but the humus ratio is low. Common plants are cogon grass, reed grass, tea, shrubs... as a result of slash-and-burn farming.

3.1.1.4. Climate characteristics 2

The general characteristics of Ba Vi's climate are determined by the following factors: Latitude, monsoon mechanism, terrain. Ba Vi area is located at latitude 21 0 North, affected by the monsoon mechanism. The combined effects of latitude and monsoon create a humid tropical climate with 2 distinct seasons. Winter is cold and dry, summer is hot and humid, heavy rain until March of the following year, from 400m and above there is no dry season.

The average annual temperature is 23.39 0 C, the coldest month is January (16.52 0 C), the coldest month is December (16.52 0 C).

The hottest month is July (28.69 0 C). The hot season is from April to November, the average temperature of the hottest season is 26.1 0 C, the hottest day of the season can reach 38.2 0 C. The cold season is from December to March of the following year, the average temperature of the cold season is 17.9 0 C, the lowest temperature can drop to 6.5 0 C.

Average annual humidity is 86.1 0 C. Average annual rainfall is 2587.2 mm.

The average annual evaporation is 759.5 mm, approximately 30% of the rainfall.

2 Quoted from Wikipedia.org website

Notable weather phenomena:

- Dry and hot westerly winds: every year in May, June and July, dry and hot westerly winds often occur, greatly affecting crops. On average, for all 3 months, there are about 15 to 18 hot and dry days with high temperatures exceeding 35 0 C and relative humidity falling below 50%.

- Frost: On cold winter nights, air temperature can drop to 0 0 C while surface temperature often drops below 0 0 C, frost appears, reducing crop productivity, especially seedlings in nurseries are susceptible to mass death.

3.1.2. Socio-economic characteristics

3.1.2.1. Social and population characteristics

The population in the study area is mainly Dao people and a small part is Kinh people. Ethnic groups do not live separately in each village, so there is cultural exchange and learning between ethnic groups. However, there are still typical customs of each ethnic group. Detailed data on ethnic composition in the commune are detailed in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Population of Ba Vi commune in 2010

Nation

Number of households	%	Population	%
Knife	438	97.33	1948	97.4
Terrible	12	2.67	52	2.6
Total	450	100	2000	100

Maybe you are interested!

(Source: Socio-economic summary report of Ba Vi commune, 2010)

According to Table 3.1 above, the population in the study area is mainly Dao (97.4%) and a small part is Kinh (2.6%).

The Dao people living in the buffer zone of Ba Vi National Park are the Dao people wearing short pants. Nowadays, they have settled down and no longer cultivate upland rice. Although the customs of funerals, festivals, and weddings have changed, they still retain their traditional features. Traditional clothing is only used on holidays, especially weddings. Most Dao people can speak Mandarin. Their houses are usually ground-level houses built or made of wood. The Dao people here have a traditional profession of producing traditional medicine. Their medicine has been sold in many places throughout the country.

In fact, in the past 20 years, income from herbal medicine has accounted for 70% of the total income of the whole commune. According to the probability calculation of the Service Cooperative

According to the Ba Vi Commune Traditional Medicine Association and the Oriental Medicine Association, from 1986 to 2008, the people of Ba Vi Commune earned over 50 billion VND from selling traditional medicine. In 2011 alone, according to statistics from the Commune People's Committee, the total income from selling traditional medicine was 4.5 billion VND, accounting for 82% of the total income of the whole commune. Many households earned from 15 million to nearly 70 million VND/year.

In general, the economy in the whole region is not developed, people's lives are still difficult. People here live mainly on income from traditional medicine and farming, however, the agricultural land area is very small and rice productivity is low. In the region, up to 30% of households are poor and have low education. In the condition of no side jobs and surplus labor, in the months of food shortage, local people have to exploit forest products from Ba Vi National Park to live.

3.1.2.2. Current production status

(1). Current status of land use (Source: Socio-economic summary report of Ba Vi commune,

2010)

The total natural area of the commune is 2,032 hectares (not including land owned by agencies,

State-owned enterprises manage), in which: Agricultural land is 21.01 ha, accounting for 1.03%; Forestry land (managed by the National Park - land area with an altitude of 100m or more - forest land) is 1796.81 ha, accounting for 88.41%; Residential land is 153.59 ha, accounting for 7.56%, the rest is specialized land and other land. Agricultural land accounts for a small proportion and forest land accounts for the largest proportion in the total land area of the region, which shows the dependence of people's cultivated land on the land resources of the National Park. Land data of Ba Vi commune is detailed in table 3.2 and chart 3.1.

Table 3.2: Current land use status of Ba Vi commune in 2010

Unit: ha

Total natural area

Agricultural land

industry (rice)

Forestry land (National Park)

manage)

Residential land (household garden)

Special land

use + other land

Acreage

2032.46

21.01

1796.81

153.59

88.05

100

1.03

88.41

7.56

4.33

((Source: Socio-economic summary report of Ba Vi commune, 2010)

Chart 3.1: Land structure of Ba Vi commune in 2010

Table 3.3: Average cultivated land area per capita in Ba Vi commune in 2010

Unit: m2 / person

Soil type

Average area per head People	%
Rice	117.31	1.1
Forestry land	9881.69	91.0
Household garden	857.69	7.9
Total	10,856.56	100

Chart 3.2: Average cultivated land area in Ba Vi commune in 2010

In general, the agricultural land area in the study area is small, an average of 117 m 2 / person, of which half is single-crop rice fields, the forest land area accounts for a large proportion compared to other types of land. The results of Table 3.3 and Chart 3.2 show that the average land area per capita of the community in the study area is very large (10,856.56 m 2 ), however, 91% of the total land is forest land managed by the National Park. Thus, the cultivated land area of the communities in the study area tends to be proportional to the forest land area, proving that their dependence on forest land exists.

(2) Productivity and yield of crops

The productivity of crops in Ba Vi commune is low. The average rice yield is 2.8 tons/ha/year, the cassava yield is 1.1 tons/ha....(Table 3.4)

Table 3.4: Productivity of food crops in Ba Vi.

Unit: tons/ha

Plants

Output
Rice all year round	280
Corn all year round	15
Potato	40
Cassava	110
Soybeans	5.5
Lost	8
Vegetables	53
Beans	6
Dong bien	60

Source: People's Committee of Ba Vi commune

The average annual food production is 57.75 tons/ha. Annual food production in the study area is very limited due to lack of water for cultivation and lack of appropriate investment.

The proportion of flower crops accounts for 22.94% of total food production. The industry of processing flower products is not yet developed, only processing cassava flour and arrowroot flour by manual methods, on a household scale.

Fruit trees and short-term and long-term industrial trees are still few, there is no orientation for commodity production, mainly serving the local market. Fruit trees grown in home gardens have low productivity, the products are mainly used in the family.

Forestry trees are not given much attention by the local people. Very few households invest their own money to grow these trees, most of them grow trees with support from outside. Because food production is the immediate essential need of the local people.

(3) Animal husbandry

Currently, livestock farming is not developed in the area. The types of livestock raised by people are buffalo, cows, goats, and pigs. In addition to the main purpose of using buffalo and cows for traction, people also raise dairy cows and beef cattle. Livestock farming cannot be developed in the area because there is no grazing area.

Pig farming is developed in households that produce a lot of cassava flour, and cassava residue is used to feed pigs. Poultry production in the region is low compared to other regions, not meeting the local needs of the people.

3.1.2.3. Infrastructure

The commune has a 10KV power station and power lines to each hamlet. Currently, all families in the commune have electricity. Thanks to electricity, people's lives are changing, especially in terms of culture and spirit. With electricity, people will have access to the Party's policies, cultural information, and technology through radio and television. However, the commune's power system is still limited, that is, the power lines to the commune are small, so there are still power outages during peak hours.

Ba Vi commune has National Highway 87 running through it, connecting with National Highway 32 and National Highway 21A, so it is very convenient for exchanging goods with neighboring areas.

However, because it is a highland commune, the traffic system in the commune is all dirt roads, the roads are long and bumpy, making travel difficult, especially during the rainy season. The drainage system is not solidly built, so when it rains, it often causes erosion and landslides on the road surface.

Currently, the commune government is calling on organizations as well as state policies to support capital so that people in the commune can concrete the roads.

Regarding the irrigation system: The rice fields of the people in the villages are mainly located in low-lying areas, the irrigation water source mainly depends on the water flowing from the streams in the mountains. Besides, the commune does not have a system of canals and dams to retain water, so the activities in agricultural and forestry production of the people face many difficulties, especially in the dry season.

This is a problem that needs to be solved by the commune, so we need to research to propose solutions to help people more conveniently cultivate and increase crop productivity, contributing to economic development for local people.

Health situation: Currently, the commune has rebuilt the health station and put it into use to serve the people in the commune. Besides, most of the people here know about medicinal plants, so the health care of the people here is quite good.

Education situation: in the commune there is a primary and secondary school with 3 rows of level 4 houses with 10 classrooms and a team of quite young teachers from other places working here. The school in the commune has attracted many students in the commune and also students from other communes to study. Currently, Ba Vi commune is also planning to build a new school in the villages to serve the teaching and learning of the children here.

Thus, we can see that the infrastructure in the research area is still lacking, the facilities are not good. Therefore, there is a need for investment programs and projects, capital support for people to consolidate the infrastructure, thereby creating a foundation for local economic development according to the state's policy. That is to shorten the gap between rural and urban areas, mountainous areas and plains, bringing people's lives up day by day.

3.2. Current status of medicinal plant genetic resources conservation in Ba Vi National Park area

3.2.1. Key stakeholders in medicinal plant genetic resource conservation activities in Ba Vi National Park area

Through investigation and research, the project has identified the main stakeholders in conservation activities in the study area, including Ba Vi National Park and the local community in the study area. According to the results shown in Tables 3.2 and 3.3, most of the land area in Ba Vi is forestry land managed by Ba Vi National Park, and the local people are allocated land by the National Park for protection and cultivation.

3.2.2. Current status of management and conservation of medicinal plant genetic resources in Ba Vi National Park area

3.2.2.1. Current status of using medicinal plants and experience in using medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune

According to data provided by the Traditional Medicine Service Cooperative in Ba Vi, currently 283 medicinal plant species with many different life forms and distribution areas are used locally (Appendix 2). Each species has different uses and some plants can cure many diseases. A medicine often combines many medicinal herbs.

Table 3.5: Summary of life forms of medicinal plants used in Ba Vi commune

State of existence	Number of species	%
1	Large wood	1	0.71
2	Small wood	51	18.09
3	Shrub	74	26.24
4	Vine	49	17.38
5	Semi-parasitic grass	3	1.06
6	Grass	103	36.52

Thus, the life forms of medicinal plants here are very diverse from: large trees, small trees, shrubs, vines, semi-parasitic grasses, grasses, they are in almost all different life forms from many to few. Medicinal plants have the largest number of life forms, usually herbaceous plants are mostly annuals or several years old, so it will be convenient for people to grow them to meet the demand for medicinal materials.

Table 3.6: Summary of parts used as medicine

Parts used	Number of species
1	Leaf	159
2	Body, branch	136
3	Roots	42
4	Root	20
5	Other parts	15

The parts used as medicine of each plant species are also different, but it can be seen that in general, depending on the species and the purpose of treatment, people can take the leaves, stems, roots, tubers, and even some species take the whole plant to make medicine. This is also the reason that affects the medicinal plant resources in Ba Vi in particular and medicinal plants in other provinces in general. Low awareness of people combined with pressure from market demand makes people exploit medicinal plants unsustainably, they only care about the parts that need to be used, not caring about continued regeneration, leading to many medicinal plant species being threatened and extinct in the wild. Currently, in the locality, there are

Comment