to develop the system of crops, livestock and land exploitation in a complete and reasonable manner, at the same time creating favorable conditions for intensive investment and carrying out centralization, specialization and modernization to improve the efficiency of agricultural land use and develop commodity production.
Forms of production organization: forms of production organization have a direct impact on the exploitation and improvement of the efficiency of agricultural land use. Therefore, it is necessary to diversify forms of cooperation in agriculture, establish a suitable production and business organization system and properly resolve the relationship between production - services and consumption of agricultural products. The organization that has a great impact on the goods of farmers is the input and output service organization.
Technical services: the production of goods by farmers cannot be separated from technical advances and the application of scientific and technological advances in production, because the development of agricultural production requires continuous improvement of quality and reduction of prices of agricultural products.
1.1.2.4. Group of socio-economic factors
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Developing agriculture in the direction of commodity production is similar to other material production sectors of society. It is governed by the law of supply and demand and is influenced by many input factors and the scale of resources such as land, labor, production capital, market, knowledge and experience in the production and consumption of agricultural products [1].
The market is an important factor, based on market demand, farmers choose goods to produce. According to Nguyen Duy Tinh (1995), the three main factors affecting the efficiency of agricultural land use are: crop productivity, land turnover ratio and input supply and output consumption markets. In the market mechanism, farmers are completely free to choose the goods they are capable of producing, at the same time they tend to cooperate, joint venture, and associate to produce agricultural products that the market demands with high quality to meet the tastes of customers. To expand the market, we must first develop
infrastructure system, information system, forecasting, expanding consulting services..., planning key areas for commodity production so that producers know what to produce, where to sell, buy production materials and apply science and technology. Vietnamese commodities will also be very diverse, rich in high quality and cheap types and are circulating in the market, trade is in the process of integration, which is a favorable condition for agricultural development in the direction of effective commodity production [24].
1.1.3. Characteristics of evaluating the efficiency of using cultivated land
In the process of exploiting and using agricultural land, people always want to get the most products per unit area with the lowest cost. That affirms that when evaluating the efficiency of agricultural land use, it must first be determined by the results obtained per specific unit area, usually one hectare, calculated per unit cost, one invested labor. Thus, one of the characteristics to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use is economic efficiency.
Agricultural production activities have a very profound social significance [1]. Therefore, when evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural land use, it is necessary to pay attention to the impacts of agricultural production on social issues including job creation, income increase, improving people's intellectual level, preserving and promoting cultural and religious factors in rural areas. This essentially refers to social efficiency when evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural land use.
In addition, according to the author, agricultural development can only be appropriate when people know how to develop the environment, which means that evaluating the efficiency of agricultural land use must pay attention to the impacts of agricultural production on the surrounding environment. Therefore, to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use, it is necessary to mention economic efficiency, social efficiency and environmental efficiency.
1.1.4. Standards for evaluating the efficiency of land use in cultivation
Land use efficiency affects agricultural and forestry production efficiency, the ecological environment, and farmers' living environment. Therefore, evaluating land use efficiency must follow the perspective of sustainable land use, focusing on three general criteria: economic, social, and environmental sustainability [29]. On that basis, the criteria for evaluating agricultural land use efficiency can be considered on the following aspects:
1.1.4.1. Economic sustainability
Land use must ensure minimizing the cost of input factors according to the principle of saving when it is necessary to produce a certain amount of agricultural products and other input factors, crops with high economic efficiency, accepted by the market. The system and model of land use must have a high biological productivity level above the regional average with the same land conditions. Biological productivity includes main and secondary products (for crops such as wood, seeds, tubers, fruits... and residues left behind). A sustainable system must have a productivity above the regional average, otherwise it will not be competitive in the market mechanism.
1.1.4.2. Social sustainability
Attracting labor, ensuring life and developing society. Meeting the needs of farmers is the first concern, if we want them to care about long-term benefits (protecting land, environment, etc.). The products obtained need to satisfy the needs of food, clothing, and other daily living needs of farmers. Internal strength and local resources must be promoted. Regarding land, the land use model system must be organized on land that farmers have long-term rights to enjoy, land that has been allocated and forests that have been contracted with specific interests of the parties. Land use will be sustainable if it is consistent with the national culture and local customs, otherwise it will not be supported by the community.
1.1.4.3. Environmental sustainability
Land use must protect soil fertility, prevent soil degradation, soil poisoning and protect the ecological environment. Soil conservation is demonstrated by minimizing annual soil loss below the allowable level. Increasing soil fertility is
mandatory requirement for sustainable management. Minimum coverage must reach ecological safety threshold (>35%). Biodiversity is expressed through species composition (polyculture is more sustainable than monoculture, perennial plants have better soil protection ability than annual plants ...).
1.1.5. System of indicators for evaluating the efficiency of land use in cultivation
According to Pham Van Dinh et al. (2009), the basis for selecting a system of indicators to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use includes: One is the objective and scope of research to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use, and two is the local need to develop or change the type of agricultural land use [2].
In principle, when selecting indicators to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use, it includes: First, the indicator system must be unified, comprehensive and systematic. The indicators must have an organic relationship with each other, and must ensure a scale of comparison; second, to make an accurate and comprehensive assessment, it is necessary to determine the basic indicators that express efficiency in an objective, truthful and correct manner according to the selected viewpoint and standards, and additional indicators to correct the basic indicators, making the economic content more fully and specifically expressed; third, the indicators must be suitable to the characteristics and level of agricultural development in our country, and at the same time have the ability to compare internationally in foreign relations, especially products with the potential to be exported; and finally, the indicator system must ensure practicality and scientificity and must have the effect of stimulating production development [21]. Therefore, the specific indicators to evaluate the efficiency of cultivated land are as follows:
1.1.5.1. Indicators for evaluating economic efficiency
Calculated on 1 hectare of agricultural land:
- Mixed income = Total income – Total expenses
- Efficiency of 1 dong of cost = Mixed income/ Total cost. In which:
+ Total income / 1ha = Output / 1ha x selling price.
+ Total cost/1ha: Is the total cost of materials and labor converted into money directly used for the land use process (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, tools, labor...).
The analytical indicators are evaluated quantitatively (absolute value) in money at current prices, and qualitatively (relative value) are calculated by high and low levels. The higher the indicators, the greater the economic efficiency.
1.1.5.2. Social efficiency assessment indicators
+ Level of education, level of social, scientific and technical understanding: the results of the land use process must bring benefits such as improving the level of education and social understanding. Farmers' knowledge and experience can be cultivated through activities such as applying new scientific and technical advances to production or being sensitive to the market when commodity production develops... In addition, when achieving economic efficiency, people have the opportunity to study or invest in knowledge for themselves and their children.
+ Ensuring food security, increasing farmers' benefits: effective land use must first ensure the needs of food and safe food for the people. For agricultural production in developing countries, ensuring food is a top priority. This is important both in terms of satisfying essential needs in life for survival and in terms of socio-political stability for the region and locality.
+ Meet the strategic economic development goals of the region: each region has different natural and social conditions, and has different roles in the overall development. For the economy to develop, sectors and regions need to take the right and appropriate steps. Land use in general and agricultural land in particular should follow strategic directions.
+ Attracting many workers, solving jobs for farmers: an agricultural system that attracts many workers, brings benefits to workers will solve the employment problem, reduce unemployment, reduce negative aspects in society, contributing to the stability and development of the country.
+ Contribute to sedentary farming and settlement: reality shows that shifting cultivation and settlement not only make life unstable but also cause degradation of soil and water environment... Effective land use must contribute to helping people settle down and invest in production with peace of mind.
1.1.5.3. Environmental performance indicators
In land use, there is always a conflict between immediate material and personal interests and long-term social interests. People exploiting more land, providing less organic fertilizer to the land and increasing the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. are all causes of environmental damage. Land use is truly effective when it does not have the above conflicts. Therefore, some criteria are given when evaluating environmental efficiency in land use:
+ Increase soil fertility;
+ Nature conservation and improvement;
+ Suitability to the soil environment when changing land use type.
1.2. In the world
Research on improving the efficiency of agricultural land use to meet immediate and long-term needs is an important issue that attracts the attention of many scientists around the world. Scientists have focused on evaluating the efficiency of each type of crop and each variety of crop on each type of land, so that they can rearrange and re-arrange the crop structure appropriately to better exploit the comparative advantages of each region.
Agricultural research institutes in countries around the world also introduce many new crop varieties, new crop rotation formulas, and new farming techniques every year. In particular, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has also contributed many achievements in rice varieties and farming systems on rice land. The general trend in the world is to focus all research efforts on improving cropping systems on land by adding some crops to the system.
farming to increase food production per unit area in a year [28].
In Europe, the 4-year, 4-area crop rotation system with the crop system including potatoes, spring cereals, clover and winter cereals has been introduced to replace the 3-year, 3-area crop rotation system with the main crop system being cereals and fallow land, which has doubled the grain yield and quadrupled the food production per hectare [24].
In Asia in the early 1970s, many regions introduced upland crops into the cropping system on rice land to increase land use efficiency [24]. Indian farmers made the shift from traditional inefficient crops to highly efficient crops by growing sugarcane instead of rice and wheat, soybean instead of sorghum in black soil areas, and rice in areas with high groundwater levels instead of oilseeds, cotton and beans (Nguyen Van Luat, 2005).
In Japan, the monthly magazine “Farming Japan” introduces works from countries around the world on land use forms, especially from Japan. Japanese scientists have systematized standards for land use efficiency through the crop system on cultivated land: that is, the combination of crops and livestock, cultivation and husbandry methods, labor intensity, investment capital, production organization, products made, and commodity nature of the products [24].
Countries in the region have policies and research on agricultural development in general and commodity agriculture in particular. China has considered land exploitation and use as a decisive factor for rural socio-economic development. The Chinese government has introduced a policy of stable land management and use, allocating land to farmers for use, establishing a system of responsibility and initiative of farmers in production. Local governments in China have implemented the policy of "Leaving agriculture but not leaving home"
promote agricultural production as well as comprehensive rural economic development. Thailand has a policy of long-term land lease or prohibiting the planting of inappropriate crops on certain types of land, which has promoted more effective land management and use.
According to the FAO report, thanks to modern breeding methods such as experimental mutation, biotechnology including anther culture, embryo rescue, protoplast fusion, genetic engineering, etc., rice-growing countries in the world have created many mutant varieties, including countries such as China, Japan, India, and the United States, which are the leading countries. Using anther culture techniques, China has created many different pure rice varieties, and using genetic engineering, it has also transferred some genes resistant to viruses, rice blast, and stem borers[29].
Some countries have applied information technology to determine nutritional content based on leaf analysis, soil analysis to fertilize fruit trees such as in Israel, Philippines, Netherlands, USA, Japan ..., combining soil fertilization, foliar spraying, micronutrients, stimulants, growth regulators has brought about very high efficiency in production such as in the US, Israel, China, Taiwan, Australia, Japan [28]. In addition, the exploitation of hilly land has achieved remarkable achievements in some countries in the world. The main direction of exploitation on hilly land is to diversify crops, combine annual crops with perennial crops, and plant forests with agricultural crops on the same sloping land [24].
According to China's experience, land exploitation and use are decisive factors for comprehensive rural socio-economic development. The Chinese government has introduced policies on land management and use, stabilized the ownership system, allocated land to farmers for use, established a system of responsibility and proactive creativity of farmers in production [20].
On the other hand, the preservation of agricultural products after harvest has been studied by scientists around the world and practical technical advances have been made to