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Chart of Land Area Changes in the Period 1995-2000 in the Huu Lung Area



Special Use Land

2658.94



+383.52



Residential land

711.56




+82.01


Unused land

43798.99





-10534.59

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Chart of Land Area Changes in the Period 1995-2000 in the Huu Lung Area

(Source: [48])

Thus, compared to 1995, the forestry land area increased by 8,770.06 ha, bringing the total forestry land area to 3,0108.67 ha (37.42% of the natural area), the agricultural land area increased by 1,299 ha, reaching 13,256.9 ha (16.47% of the total natural area). Specialized land has an area of ​​3,042.46 ha, mainly focusing on traffic land type 1,366.58 ha (accounting for 44.91% of the specialized land area), construction land 335.88 ha (accounting for 11.04% of the specialized land), specialized irrigation and water surface land is 399.14 ha (13.11% of the specialized land). Residential land increased rapidly and reached 793.57 ha (0.98% of natural land area), of which 22.74 ha is urban residential land under Met town (see table 4.3 and figures 4.1, 4.2).



Area (ha)


45000


40000


35000


30000


25000


20000


15000


10000


5000


0

Agricultural land Forestry land Specialized land Residential land Unused land

Soil type


1995 2000


Figure 4.1. Chart of land area changes in the period 1995-2000 in Huu Lung area


Although the unused land has decreased rapidly in recent times, there is still a very large area, about 33,264.4 hectares (41.26% of the total natural area),


In which, unused flat land is 152.56 ha (accounting for 0.19% of the total natural area), unused hilly land is 11,425.83 ha (accounting for 14.64% of the total natural area), unused land with water surface is 47.96 ha (0.06% of the total natural area), rocky mountain land without forests is about 20,380.91 ha (accounting for 25.32% of the total natural area).

The agricultural land area increased, mainly focusing on the type of land used for perennial crops. To meet the needs of society and the purpose of increasing income, many households converted mixed garden land, swidden land, reclaimed land, and wasteland with a slope of less than 200 into land for growing fruit trees. The total area of ​​land for growing fruit trees in 2000 reached 5435.23 hectares, an increase of 4680.27 hectares compared to 1996. Until 2001, the area of ​​land for growing fruit trees continued to increase and reached 6704 hectares.

Current status of agricultural production. Along with the transformation of land use structures is the transformation of crop structures. From 1995 to 2000, the average rice yield reached 36 quintals/ha, an increase of 11.6% over the same period in 1994. Corn yield fluctuated within the range of 10 - 25.44 quintals/ha and cassava yield, which was previously 100 quintals/ha, has now decreased to 58 quintals/ha. Soybean and peanut yields fluctuated on average from 10 - 12.2 quintals/ha, tobacco 12 - 14 quintals/ha, sugarcane from 33.6 - 45 tons/ha. The average total food grain reached 34,520 tons, fluctuating within the limit of 5%, of which rice output was relatively stable, about 22,169 tons, with annual fluctuations of no more than 3.4%. Currently, the area of ​​tobacco, sugarcane and peanut cultivation is rapidly decreasing. Thus, with a population of 101,232 people in the area, the average annual food per capita reaches 341 kg/person, ensuring local food security. For perennial crops, by 2000, the area and output have both increased compared to the same period in 1995. The area of ​​perennial crops in 1995 was 757.08 ha, by 2000 it was 5448.34 ha, an increase of 4691.26 ha, in which the increase was mainly concentrated in the area of ​​litchi cultivation. In 2000, the lychee growing area reached 4,491.71 hectares - average yield of 1.195 tons/ha, the custard apple growing area was 593.19 hectares - yield of 3.52 tons/ha, the longan growing area was 267.68 hectares - yield of 4.19 tons/ha, the coffee growing area decreased by 25.2 hectares and remained at 13.11 hectares.

In terms of production, currently agricultural production in Huu Lung area mainly relies on natural conditions with two main industries: crop cultivation and livestock breeding.


Production is popular on a household scale with the basic household economic structure being: Garden - Pond.

- Barn - Field - Forest.

In summary, analysis of the current agricultural production situation shows that the current short-term crop system has ensured Huu Lung food security. However, in the long-term strategy, to improve the material and spiritual living conditions of the people, Huu Lung needs to focus on developing land use types for perennial crops, especially fruit trees, in the direction of commodity production for exchange with outside regions based on available potential.

4.1.4.2 Research results on the current status and changes in area of ​​coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees in the research territory

a. Current distribution status of coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees according to the research territory:

The region's available potential in terms of natural conditions and market demand for long-term industrial crops and fruit trees has affected the development of coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan in the Huu Lung area, creating trends of fluctuations in the area of ​​each crop in the period 1995 - 2000 (see table 4.4 and figure 4.3).


Table 4.4. Changes in area of ​​coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees in the period 1995 - 2000 in Huu Lung area.


Area (ha)

Year 2000

Coffee and tea

Fabric

Na

Label

13.11

4491.71

593.19

267.68

1995

Coffee and tea

38.31

-25.2




Fabric

137.0


+4354.71



Na

202.0



+391.19


Label

95.0




+172.68

(Source: [45])

The area of ​​Arabica coffee cultivation tends to decrease, the area in 1995 was 38.31 ha, by 2000 it had decreased to 13.11 ha. The situation up to 2001, the area of ​​Arabica coffee cultivation continued to decrease and was only 11.8 ha; the area of ​​fruit trees such as lychee, custard apple and longan tended to increase, in which the area of ​​lychee trees increased the fastest (increased by 4354.71 ha in 5 years).


The area and scale of coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan cultivation (year 2000) are distributed as follows:

- Arabica coffee trees are grown in very fragmented areas among households in 7 communes: Minh Hoa, Nhat Tien, Dong Tan, Hoa Thang, Hoa Lac, Hoa Son, Minh Son and the town in the south of the area, of which the largest planting area is in Nhat Tien commune.

- Minh Son and Thi Tran (accounting for 68.6% of the total coffee-tea area of ​​the region) are places with relatively favorable farming conditions with proactive irrigation water sources in the dry season and investment in nutrition during the coffee development process.


a)

Area (h)


4500


4000


3500


3000


2500


2000


1500


1000


500


0

Coffee and Tea Lychee and Longan


Plants


1995 2000


Figure 4.3. Changes in area of ​​coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees in the period 1995 - 2000 in Huu Lung area


Research on the current distribution status shows that Arabica coffee is not grown in the communes in the northern part of the region. According to the people, this is an area with many disadvantages for Arabica coffee growing such as frost and drought conditions. In the southern part of the region, although Arabica coffee is grown, it also faces many difficulties in soil quality as well as drought conditions leading to low productivity.


Low productivity and output (average 1.4 tons/ha). The decline in coffee prices in the domestic and international markets during this period affected people's production psychology, causing low investment in cultivation. These are the basic causes of the decline in both area and productivity and output of coffee trees in the Huu Lung area. By 2001, the total coffee area in the whole region continued to decrease to only 11.8 ha.

For fruit trees in the Huu Lung area, the main crops are lychee, custard apple and longan, development is relatively concentrated on a household scale, but has not really become specialized areas for commodity production.

- Lychee trees grow mainly in the communes of Nhat Tien, Minh Hoa, Minh Tien, Dong Tan, Tan Thanh, Hoa Son, Minh Son, Hoa Thang, Dong Tien, Do Luong, Thi Tran, Ho Son, Son Ha, Thien Ky, Thanh Son (accounting for 86.55% of the total lychee growing area). As of 2000, the total lychee growing area in the region was 4491.71 hectares, mainly on gentle hilly terrain belonging to two main soil types, Fs and Fq, with an average thickness of 50 - 100 cm. In many places, the soil layer is very thin (under 50 cm) and is still being improved by local people in the form of leveling for planting.

- Custard apple trees: by 2000, custard apple trees had been planted and developed on an area of ​​593.2 hectares, mainly concentrated on the terrain of limestone accumulation slopes, landslides and limestone accumulation slopes with soil types Fv and Dv in Cai Kinh, Hoa Lac communes and Tu Yen cluster (accounting for 65.2% of the custard apple growing area of ​​the region).

- Longan trees: on the gentle hilly terrain, local people have used to develop longan cultivation. By 2000, the total longan growing area in the whole region had reached 267.68 hectares, but it was not yet concentrated and specialized. Communes with an average longan growing area of ​​over 10 hectares are Tan Thanh, Minh Son, Hoa Thang, Dong Tan, Yen Binh, Yen Vuong, Nhat Tien, Hoa Son, Hoa Lac, and Thi Tran, accounting for 63.9% of the total longan growing area in the whole region.

The current use of land for fruit tree development shows that the Huu Lung area has a direction suitable for the market economy and the increase in area here is spontaneous and there is not enough scientific evidence for the area scale. Thus, to successfully implement the plan in the long-term development strategy, it is necessary to


Conduct an ecological economic assessment of landscape types for fruit growing land uses throughout the region.

b. Current distribution status of coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees on different landscape types and ecological adaptation levels

Conduct comparison and analysis between the results of ecological adaptation assessment and the current land use status for developing types of land use for growing coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple, and longan to determine the ecological potential to serve the planning orientation of long-term industrial crops and fruit trees in the study area (see table 4.5).


The results summarized from Table 4.5 show:

- The landscape types that are evaluated and classified as suitable for long-term industrial crops and fruit trees, and are currently being exploited for production, are landscape types that are geographically favorable. These landscape types are distributed in areas near residential areas, with convenient traffic, mainly in the communes along National Highway 1A, Road 16, Quyet Thang commune cluster and Tu Yen commune cluster.

- The current distribution of crops has partly reflected quantitatively the ecological adaptation level of coffee, lychee, custard apple and longan trees on the landscape types in the research area. The landscape types in the unsuitable class for coffee, lychee, custard apple and longan trees due to limited ecological factors, in fact, local people have not used them for the purpose of developing the above crops (current distribution area is 0). With the landscape types in the adaptive class (very adaptive, adaptive, less adaptive) the current distribution area varies between the adaptation levels, partly reflecting the level of exploitation and use of ecological potential of the landscape types in the research area.

Compared with the assessed potential, the actual exploitation and use of the territory for the purpose of growing coffee, tea, lychee, custard-apple and longan is as follows:

- For Arabica coffee: currently grown on 4 landscape types (4,11, 12, 37) in which landscape type 37 is at the average adaptability level and the remaining 3 landscape types are at the less adaptable level:


+ Landscape type No. 37 has an area of ​​96.95 ha, currently only 3.3 ha is exploited by people to grow tea coffee, landscape types 4, 11, 12 only have 9.8 ha currently exploited and used out of a total of 2154.37 ha. Thus, the current status of tea coffee production in Huu Lung area is still very fragmented, not suitable for commodity production.

+ The current status of land use for the purpose of developing Arabica coffee compared to the assessed potential is still very low: only 0.57% is at the average adaptation level and 0.054% is at the low adaptation level, while the types of landscape at the non-adaptive level are not currently exploited. The current status of land use for growing Arabica coffee reflects the suitability between the classification assessment results and the current production status.

- For lychee, custard apple and longan trees: currently being grown in 10 landscape types (4, 11, 12, 19, 22, 26, 37, 55, 58, 62) at all 3 adaptation levels (S1, S2, S3). Of which, the current exploited area of ​​lychee trees is mainly concentrated on landscape types at the average adaptation level with an area of ​​4,297.76 ha, accounting for 18.13% of the assessed potential. Custard apple trees are currently grown at adaptation levels (S1, S2, S3) of 153.23 ha; 229.58 ha; 210.39 ha. Thus, the custard apple growing area only reached 37.37% of the potential assessed at level S1, while above levels S2 and S3, only 0.94% and 4.79% of the ecological potential were used, which confirmed the reasonableness of the current production status. For longan, the total newly planted area only reached 267.68 ha, but it also reflected the reasonable exploitation and use of potential in production (the planting area at S1, S2, S3 was 35 ha; 214.88 ha; 17.8 ha).

c. Some models of current fruit tree cultivation in Huu Lung area

1. Lychee growing model: on a landscape of washed slopes on shale, slope 8 - 15 0 , soil layer thickness 50 - 70 cm, heavy mechanical composition, low fertility, in Tan Huong village, Nhat Tien commune.

- Hilltop: high terrain, steep slope, poor humus soil designed by local people to plant acacia auriculiformis, 30% coverage, 5 - 7 years old, 15 - 25 cm diameter, with the purpose of keeping moisture and protecting the soil, while collecting commercial forestry products.


- Hillside: smaller slope, designed to plant lychee by leveling along contour lines, on which holes are dug with dimensions of 80 60 cm, the hole is composted with manure mixed with loose soil and pond mud before placing the lychee roots, the lychee is planted with a distance between trees and rows of 8 8m. This design ensures that the trees are spaced evenly, facilitating fertilization, light reception and nutrition for the trees.

- On the designed ice-level edges, planting barbed wire creates a protective belt to keep the soil from being eroded and washed away effectively, which is effective in terms of environmental protection.

- Foothills: the low-lying terrain is designed as a fish pond to collect products and provide water for plants. However, in the driest months of the year (December, January), the water supply must be pumped from the Thuong River through a self-made canal system. Next to the fish pond is a system of livestock barns that provide a large amount of manure.

Throughout the model above, we see that the plants are grown in a favorable ecological environment, which proves that the ecological adaptability of litchi trees has basically been met. This is an RVAC-style agroforestry model with the main crop being litchi trees on a typical household scale in the research area, characterized by high economic efficiency, good environmental maintenance, and at the same time ensuring the adaptability of litchi trees.

2. Custard apple growing model: on a limestone landslide landscape with soil type Fv, slope 8 - 15 0 , soil layer over 100 cm thick, Dong Ngau village, Cai Kinh commune.

Local people design custard apple planting on this type of landscape by creating 60  sized holes.50 cm, tree to tree, row to row 3 3 m. Custard apple has good resistance, requires little fertilization, mainly spraying pesticides when the tree has young leaves and bears fruit. Growing custard apple requires little watering, so the care is also easier than lychee. This is a typical garden model on a household scale with custard apple as the main tree, bringing high economic efficiency, receiving response from local people and expanding cultivation.

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