Applied Geographic Landscape Part 2

a. Single system model: Limited to include the components that make up the overall geography and the components that are closely related to each other. It is a vertical structure consisting of rock, terrain, climate, hydrology, soil, and biological components.

b. Multisystem model: Shows the relationship between the overall geographical levels.

Figure 4.3. Multi-system model ( According to VX . Preobrajenxki)

Global locations of order n+1 Global locations of order n+2

Relation of populations of degree n+1 Relation of populations of degree n+2 Relation of populations of degree n

Based on the relationship of the structural system, to study the synthesis of territory, we must study the system structure:

- Vertical structure: Determines the uniqueness, which is the characteristic of each overall location, indicating its level of uniformity, which is a single-system model.

- Horizontal structure: Studying the complexity of nature. Due to the relative homogeneity of a geosystem and the heterogeneity of each component, there is differentiation within a hierarchical level. Therefore, the horizontal structure studies the relationship between geosystems, which is a multi-system model.

When studying the horizontal structure, we must also find the main level, the main overall location is the overall location that plays an important role in the appearance of the levels under consideration in the exchange of materials within the level under consideration. That is the overall location that occupies the largest volume or the overall location that stands at the beginning of the material movement chain, the high position or the source position, the node position in the history of development.

4.1.5.2. Building a morphological model

Determine the spatial structure of the system, determine the component structure of the object, quantitative correlation between components, part structure and relationships between systems.

Methods used: Quantitative comparison, maps, diagrams, graphs, models.

Maps not only show spatial distribution but also show contour lines, or by graphs to reflect the dependence and evolution of geographical components. In the modeling method, it is possible to divide into single-system models (showing functional structure) and multi-system models (less complex, showing the relationship between systems).

4.1.5.3. Building a mental model

The mental model represents the system's operating functions; reflects each process, function, and state of the system and analyzes it into 3 types: Energy, matter, and information.

Functional models have analytical properties, each model represents a function of the system. Functional models are developed on the basis of morphological structural models, supplemented by symbols representing forces and directions of relationships (lines, arrows, numbers of material-energy-information flows).

One manifestation of the mental model is the dynamic model - a higher development of the functional model, representing the changing states of the system because each state represents a characteristic of the system.

This dynamic model is also very diverse, it is possible to present the dynamics of the geosystem in the form of graphs representing natural processes (flow, development of vegetation cover, formation and decomposition of biomass).

Thus, to analyze the system and approach the system function, it is necessary to build a general model that reflects the structure of the relationships of the geosystem processes. The method capable of building a general model is the method of building a mathematical model, which must determine the variables in the model and choose the function.

According to Preobrazenski, the most difficult part of mathematical modeling is the transition from verbal explanatory models to mathematical models and from mathematical models to real models because to transition to mathematical models, it is necessary to determine the necessary parameters, which requires accurate initial documentation; mathematical models themselves cannot explain geographical phenomena that require experienced specialists. Mathematical methods must inherit the research results of other methods.

Table 4.1. Systems approach

Signs of recognition

Improve the system			System design
System working conditions	Inherit the accepted system diagram			New schematic design
Research object	Nature, cause	internal	content,	Structure, process, method, purpose and function
Paradiagram variation	(sample)	system	System and subsystem analysis methods	Whole system design, systems approach
Argumentative method	Analyze to interpret and eliminate			Induction and synthesis
Results achieved	Improve existing systems			New system design, system optimization

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Find out the reason why the system's actual operation deviates from the previous one.	Identify the difference between the real and optimal system
Points to note (basic)	System analysis to explain fundamental differences from the standard	Predictable future results
Starting point	Go from outside to system	From the system out
The role of the planner	Passive, continuing the development direction of the system	Proactive, influencing the development direction of the system

Method

4.1.6. Application of systems theory in territorial planning

4.1.6.1. System Improvement

Approaching standard operating conditions, the basic issues that need to be addressed are:

- The system is not fit for purpose.

- The system does not guarantee the predicted results.

- The system does not guarantee the original project.

4.1.6.2. New system design

Includes the issue of reform and change but is distinct from the process of system improvement in terms of purpose, scope, methods, arguments and results.

The methods of using and improving systems form a scientific method called systems analysis, and the methods used to design new systems are called systems approach.

4.2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

4.2.1. Concept of development and sustainable development

4.2.1.1. Concept of development

More complete is socio-economic development.

- Development is a process of improving people's material and spiritual living conditions by developing production, improving social relations, and enhancing the quality of cultural activities.

- Economic development is the growth of GNP/person, GDP/person; plus the fundamental changes in the process of creating the above changes, significant changes in consumption levels, medical conditions, health care, education and welfare.

Development is a natural trend of individuals and communities. For a country, the development process in a specific period aims to achieve certain goals regarding the material and spiritual living standards of the people, as well as the economic, political and military strength of the country.

These goals are specified by economic indicators (GNP, GDP/person), food, housing, education, culture, health, social equality, science, technology...

The above goals are achieved through development activities.

- At the macro level (national level), activities are policies, strategies, programs, and long-term plans for socio-economic development.

- At the micro (local) level are specific development projects on resource exploitation, goods production, infrastructure construction, and providing necessary services for people.

These development activities are often the cause of irrational use, waste of resources and environmental degradation, changing the landscape; creating conflicts between the environment and development. This is the problem that environmental science and landscape studies have the task of researching and solving.

Figure 4.4. Strategic model for sustainable development

4.2.1.2. Concept of sustainable development

The concept of sustainable development was first introduced by the WB in 1987. In the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) titled “Our Common Future”, the concept of sustainable development was officially used on an international scale and was defined as “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, but does not hinder the meeting of the needs of future generations”.

Sustainable development is the harmonious development of economy, culture, society, environment and natural resources to meet the material and spiritual needs of the current generation without harming or hindering the ability to provide resources for future socio-economic development goals, and without reducing the quality of life of future generations.

Sustainable development is a natural trend of each individual and human community, a dream and a direction of all humanity in the future. The current viewpoint is to develop sustainably.

4.2.2. Sustainable development criteria

Sustainable development includes the following criteria: Environmental and resource sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. To achieve sustainable development goals, each subsystem has specific criteria:

a. Economic sustainability:

- Gradually reduce the consumption of energy and other resources through energy-saving technology and lifestyle changes.

- Changing consumption needs does not harm resources and the environment.

- Generational equality in access to resources, living standards, health services and education.

- Poverty reduction.

- Clean technology and industrial ecology (recycling, reusing, reducing waste, regenerating used energy).

b. Social and human sustainability:

- Population stability.

- Rural development to reduce pressure on urban migration.

- Minimize the negative environmental impacts of urbanization.

- Improve education, eliminate illiteracy; protect cultural diversity.

- Gender equality, attention to gender needs and interests.

- Increase community participation in decision-making processes.

c. Sustainability of natural resources and environment:

- Efficient use of resources, especially non-renewable resources.

- Development does not exceed the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

- Protect biodiversity.

- Protect the ozone layer.

- Control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

- Protect sensitive ecosystems (forests, land, water).

- Minimize waste discharge, overcome pollution (water, air, soil, food), improve and restore the environment of polluted areas.

4.2.3. Applying sustainable development theory in applied landscape research

The content of sustainable development can be assessed by certain criteria of economy, social status, use of natural resources and environmental quality.

- Economic sustainability

+ Determining economic efficiency is determining the maximum profit obtained on the basis of minimum investment costs in a natural and socio-economic condition. Improving production efficiency not only increases economic growth but also solves related problems such as arranging production forces in accordance with potential, shifting production structure, solving employment, etc.

+ Economic sustainability requires countries to ensure a harmonious combination between economic growth goals and socio-cultural development requirements, balancing economic growth rates with resource conditions, natural resources, science and technology, the use of non-renewable natural resources and the development of clean technology.

- Sustainable natural resources and environmental quality

+ Non-renewable resources must be used within the scope of being restored in quantity and quality by natural and artificial means;

+ Natural environment (air, land, water, natural landscape) and social environment (health, working life and study)