Applied Geographic Landscapes Part 1

Landscape type reflects the ecological status of the landscape “characterized by the mutual relationship between plant communities and soil types in the microbiological cycle, determining the material balance of the landscape through climatic and soil conditions combined with the impacts of human activities”.

Landscape type is used as the basic unit of assessment to serve the direction of use and landscape improvement measures.

This landscape classification system is used to plan land use on medium scale maps: 1/100,000 - 1/250,000 applied to a province, a region and scale maps: 1/500,000 - 1/1000,000 for regions, the whole country.

Table 3.3. Vietnam landscape classification system

Percentile level

Classification mark	Some examples
Landscape system	The characteristics of the natural zonal scale are determined by the position of the territory relative to the Sun and the rotation of the Earth around itself.	Tropical monsoon landscape system.
Subsystem	Quantitative characteristics of the	- Landscape subsystem
landscape	climate conditions are specified	affected by the season
	determined by the operation of the regime	frozen, moist by flora
	atmospheric circulation	Himalayan plant - Dipterocarpaceae.
	interaction between things	- Landscape subsystem
	temperature and humidity conditions on a regional scale	cold, dry, characteristic climate
	zone. It determines the existence and	by two Himalayan floras
	development of populations	dry, moist Indo-Burmese.
	Plants related to the flora ecosystem.	- Hot and humid climate landscape subsystem with 2 systems
		typical plants
		Malay-Indonesian display.

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Morphological characteristics of emergence	- Special mountain landscape class
mandarin	of the great territorial terrain, decided	characterized by migration processes
	determine the processes of formation and	move the ditch, jungle
	material component	evergreen
	non-zonal characterized by	- High landscape layer
	quantitative expression of balance	characterized by the
	material, process of movement	surface migration process
	matter, biomass,	+ accumulation.
	The intensity of the biological cycle of populations is consistent with ecological conditions determined by a combination of topographic and climatic factors.	- Hilly landscape layer characterized by surface movement processes + gullies. - Plain landscape layer - material accumulation.
		- Coastal island landscape layer
		shore - the process of accumulation and migration
		transfer mixture
Subclass	Morphometric characteristics	- Landscape subclass above
landscape	terrain within the classroom,	alpine.
	represents the material balance between the morphometric characteristics of the terrain, the climatic characteristics and the characteristics of the plant community: biomass, growth rate, biological circulation according to the altitude thresholds.	- Medium mountain landscape subclass. - Low mountain landscape subclass. - Landscape layer on high plateau. - Landscape layer
		coastal
Landscape type	General bioclimatic characteristics determine the formation of vegetation types, the adaptive nature of plant population characteristics according to the fluctuating characteristics of the moisture-temperature balance.	- Tropical evergreen forest landscape, low mountain monsoon. - Tropical semi-deciduous forest landscape, low mountain monsoon.

Scene class

Extreme bioclimatic characteristics determine the species composition of vegetation types, and define critical thresholds for the development of plant species that make up vegetation types according to their origin.

- Tropical evergreen forest landscape subtype, monsoon with a long cold season, short humid dry season.

- Tropical semi-deciduous forest landscape subtype, monsoon with a long dry season, no cold winter.

Landscape type (group of types)

Characterized by the mutual relationship between plant communities and soil types in a microbiological cycle, determining the physical balance of the landscape through climatic and soil conditions, plus the effects of anthropogenic activities.

- Landscape type of evergreen broadleaf forest on red-yellow ferali soil on medium mountain shale.

- Poor grassland shrub landscape on eroded, rocky hilly soil.

Landscape subtype

(Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh, 1997)

b. Landscape classification system of the authors of the Department of Natural Geography, Center for Geography and Natural Resources

In 1992, the authors of the Department of Natural Geography of the Center for Geography and Natural Resources proposed a landscape classification system for map scales in the work " Research on building landscape maps of scales on the territory of Vietnam" .

Classification system: Landscape system → landscape subsystem → landscape class → landscape subclass → landscape type → landscape subtype → landscape class → landscape type → landscape form →. landscape area.

In detailed territorial use planning (map scale 1/50,000 - 1/25,000), the selected basic landscape unit is the landscape type according to the above classification system.

“ Landscape form is a landscape morphological unit, characterized by a trend and intensity of material transformation through the properties of terrain forms and soil variations ” .

Landscape form is the secondary unit of landscape morphology.

On the basis of the uniformity of vegetation types, characteristics of bioclimatic conditions, soil types, terrain types arising from morphology and exogenous processes, geomorphological and geological signs, landscape types are distinguished according to factors such as slope, soil mechanical composition, and soil layer thickness.

Landscape form is the basic unit for assessing plant ecological adaptation, selecting plant species and applying land use and cultivation measures.

Table 3.4. Landscape classification system of the Department of Physical Geography (1992)

Percentile level

Classification mark
Landscape system	The dominant radiation background determines the zonality. The temperature-humidity regime determines the intensity of the matter and energy cycle.
Landscape patrilineage	The monsoon circulation regime determines the redistribution of heat. - Humidity greatly affects the material cycle.
Landscape class	The characteristics of large terrain blocks determine the uniformity of two major processes in the material cycle of erosion and accumulation.
Landscape subclass	Internal stratification of the class.
Landscape type	Bioclimatic characteristics (vegetation type - soil type).
Landscape subtype	Extreme climate characteristics.
Landscape class	Terrain type and current dynamics.
Landscape type	Relative similarity of the geographical forms constituting the landscape (the combination of modern phylogenetic plant communities with soil type).
Morphological structural units.
Landscape type (plant complex, soil complex).
Landscape area.

According to the applied landscape research direction, the ecological landscape classification system commonly applied today is:

+ Order of levels of thermo-humidity foundation: Ecological landscape system

→ Landscape ecology subsystem → Landscape ecology type → Landscape ecology subtype.

+ Order of levels of solid foundation: Ecological landscape layer →

Ecological landscape subclass → Ecological landscape class.

The matrix linking the two classification systems is Level → Ecolandscape Type → Ecolandscape Form.

Illustrative example

Applying the applied landscape research direction, the landscape classification system is applied in the doctoral thesis topic "Analysis of landscape structure and function to serve the orientation of rational use of the Ma River basin (Thanh Hoa province)" (Vu Van Duan, 2020):

a. The landscape classification system of the Ma River basin includes the following levels: Landscape system  landscape subsystem  landscape type  landscape class  landscape subclass  landscape rank  landscape type . This is the basis for establishing a 1:100,000 scale map of the research territory.

Landscape type is used as the basic unit of assessment to serve the orientation of rational use of the Ma River basin territory.

b. Classification signs of levels in the system

- Landscape system: The characteristics of this system are determined by the correlation between the geographical location and the solar radiation energy source that the territory receives. Because it is located within the Northern Hemisphere's tropical belt, the research territory belongs to the Southeast Asian tropical monsoon landscape system.

- Landscape subsystem: Located in the transitional zone between the tropical monsoon climate without cold winters in the South and

Tropical monsoon climate with cold winter in the North, Ma River basin territory is located in the interaction between terrain and Northeast monsoon, Southwest monsoon determines the redistribution of heat and humidity. With the characteristics of mountain structure, Ma River basin territory is determined to belong to the tropical monsoon landscape subsystem with the rhythm of summer-autumn rainy season, cold winter.

- Landscape type: Due to its high sensitivity to external conditions and the ability to preserve the properties of vegetation, there is a very close relationship between temperature and humidity conditions, the type of vegetation that arises, and the type of soil, and at the same time it is the basis for dividing landscape types. The research territory has 13 landscape types.

- Landscape layer: Is a level of territorial differentiation based on the difference in material balance due to the combination of terrain and climate factors, creating different intensities of biological circulation. Originating from the characteristics of morphological structure and topographic morphology, which determines the uniformity of two major processes in the material cycle of erosion and accumulation of plain, hill and mountain terrain types, it has influenced the non-zonal nature of the landscape layers in the study area. The territory of the Ma River basin belongs to 3 landscape layers: Plain landscape layer, hill landscape layer and mountain landscape layer.

- Landscape sub-layers: The stratification of natural conditions and processes in the high-altitude belt system has contributed to the formation of landscape sub-layers in the Ma River basin:

- Medium mountain CQ class.

- Low mountain CQ subclass.

- Subclass CQ valley, low-lying area.

- High hill CQ class assistant.

- Low hill CQ class.

- High plain CQ subclass.

- Lowland CQ subclass.

- Landscape class: Divided according to soil geomorphology and surface sediment geomorphology. Regarding geomorphology, these are landforms divided according to the principle of morphology and origin, the surface is composed of a type or combination of soil types, a combination of sedimentary materials. The research territory has 34 landscape classes.

- Landscape type: Is the result of the interaction between the thermal foundation

- moisture and solid ground; in which the factors: Terrain elevation, climate characteristics, soil type, soil layer thickness, terrain slope and current plant community are used as indicators when classifying landscapes. This is the basic level of importance in comprehensively assessing natural conditions as well as proposing rational use of the territory. Within the scope of the research territory, there are 348 landscape type units.

Table 3.5. Landscape classification system of Ma River basin

Classification level

Characteristic signs	CQ classification results
System	The dominant radiation background determines	- Tropical humid landscape system
CQ	zonal. Humidity and temperature regime	monsoon
	determine the intensity of the cycle
	matter and energy
Patriarchy	Correlation between terrain and wind	- The landscape patrilineal system has a rhythm of rainy summer-autumn season and cold winter.
CQ system	Northeast monsoon
	South decides redistribution
	heat and humidity
Type	General bioclimatic characteristics	- The research territory has 13
CQ	determine vegetation type	landscape type
	emergence and adaptation of
	plant populations due to variation
	movement of heat and moisture balance.
Class	Morphological characteristics of emergence	- Mountain landscape class
CQ	of the great terrain, determining the	- Hill landscape class
	identity of two major processes in the cycle of material erosion	- Plains scene class
	and accumulation.

Characteristics of geometrical measurements	- Medium mountain CQ class
CQ	internal stratification	- Low mountain CQ sub-class
	of the landscape layer. Shows balance	- Valley CQ class,
	by material between characteristics	depression
	topographic survey,	- High hill CQ class
	climate and characteristics	- Low hill CQ sub-class
	characteristic of plant populations	- High plain CQ sub-class
		- Lowland CQ sub-class
Class	Divided by geographical indicators	The study area has 34 landscape categories.
CQ	soil, geomorphology
	surface area. In terms of topography it is
	terrain types are classified
	divided according to morphological principles-
	origin, on the surface is structured
	made up of a type or combination of
	soil, a combination of materials
	sediment
CQ Type	The association of plant communities (groups) with soil types (groups) through human impacts.	The research territory has 348 landscape types (including 2 common types: water surface and residential).

Subclass

(Vu Van Duan, 2020)

3.5. LANDSCAPE MAP ESTABLISHMENT

A new approach that has been widely used in recent years is to use landscape classification results in creating landscape maps in applied research projects.

Landscape maps are a product of comprehensive research, objectively reflecting the characteristics of nature, the relationships and interactions between natural components. This is an important basis for proposing plans for rational use of the territory.

Applied Geographic Landscapes Part 1 - 14

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