Tourist Routes Under Operation: The entire region is initially forming about 16 main tourist routes, specifically including:

Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gs zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter. EF PHBs can be implemented if the output port's bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the router's service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port. This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation. PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values. Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ. Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets. 2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels. Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance. PHB Class PHB Subclass Package type DSCP AF4 AF41 Short 100010 AF42 Medium 100100 AF43 High 100110 AF3 AF31 Short 011010 AF32 Medium 011100 AF33 High 011110 AF2 AF21 Short 010010 AF22 Medium 010100 AF23 High 010110 AF1 AF11 Short 001010 AF12 Medium 001100 AF13 High 001110 Table 2.8 AF DSCPs The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped. When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels. In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards. 2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions: Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped. Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a router's per-hop behavior is based only on the packet's marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability. Chapter Conclusion Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model. DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy. Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc. In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being "frozen", or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality. Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion. 3.1. DropTail method DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped. Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages: − Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially. − Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended, Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed. − Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the router's buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective. − No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy. The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers. In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management. 3.2. Random elimination method – RED 3.2.1 Overview RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet. The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router. Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways: − Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes. − Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet). Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols. To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following: − The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to. − The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network. − An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connection's shared bandwidth at the gateway. − Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows). 3.2.2 Algorithm This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5] For each packet arrival Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:Wingdings; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 15pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 6pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-d
Tourist Routes Are Routes Connecting Tourist Areas, Tourist Attractions, Tourist Service Providers, Associated With Road and Rail Traffic Routes

In general, the chart above shows quite clearly the development pace of the DHCNTB region in terms of tourist and revenue indicators: from 2001-2005 the development pace was quite steady and relatively strong, from 2006-2010 the growth rate was rapid and seemed to be breakthrough, very positive, especially for the tourism revenue indicator (see details in Appendix C).

b/ Regarding the situation of domestic tourists : thanks to the advantage of being close to Ho Chi Minh City, Da Lat and Nha Trang, and having many famous tourism resources, especially sea tourism, the Central Highlands region annually attracts a large number of domestic tourists. Especially, Binh Thuan attracts over 1.6 million domestic tourists/year. From 2001-2009, the average annual growth rate of domestic tourists was quite high, about 22.41%, the highest year was 31% (2006). Domestic tourists to Ninh Thuan are fewer because the area is far away and it is a new destination, only known in recent years.

Table 2.7 : Situation of domestic tourists to the Central Highlands region from 2001-2010

Year

Total number of domestic tourists to the Central Highlands region (number of visitors)	In there
	Ninh Thuan	Binh Thuan
2001	620,688	75,824	544,864
2002	743,580	97,005	646,575
2003	906,653	136,325	770,328
2004	1,069,781	165,935	903,846
2005	1,329,339	206,432	1,122,907
2006	1,747,907	346,317	1,401,590
2007	2,088,125	465,000	1,623,125
2008	2,256,705	474,205	1,782,500
2009	2,505,365	505.365	2,000,000
2010	2,868,072	613.302	2,254,770

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(Source: Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Department of Planning and Investment, Department of Statistics of Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan)

c/ Activities to attract eco-tourism visitors:

With the advantage of being adjacent to 2 provinces with relatively developed ecotourism activities, Lam Dong and Ba Ria-Vung Tau, with 3 large and famous national parks and nature reserves in the country: Cat Tien National Park, Bidup-Nui Ba National Park, Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve. Especially since 2005, thanks to the investment and expansion of the road network to the border areas, in addition to the coastal and island ecotourism routes, the wild mountainous areas

Initially, the national parks were connected to major ecotourism spots in neighboring provinces, thereby opening up inter-regional and inter-provincial ecotourism tours that increasingly attract domestic and foreign ecotourists.

Table 2.8: Situation of eco-tourism visitors to the Central Highlands region in the period 2005-2010

2005

2007

Year 2008

Year 2009

2010

BQ growth rate (%)

Whole DHCNTB region

+ International DLST guests

+ Domestic tourism visitors Divided into:

- Ninh Thuan area

+ International Tourist Guests

+ Tourists

- Binh Thuan area

+ International Tourist Guests

+ Tourists

275,986

22,091

253,895

81,746

3.166

78,580

194,240

18,925

175,315

435,470

38,505

396,965

101,170

5.020

96,150

334,300

33,485

300,815

531,859

48,074

483,785

121,164

6.409

114,755

410,695

41,665

369,030

670,423

57,226

568,197

158,438

6,691

151,747

511,985

50,535

416,450

835.191

69,327

765,864

186,271

8,197

178,074

648,920

61,130

587,790

31.89

33.10

31.79

32.14

44.19

31.74

27.83

26.43

27.37

(Source: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Binh Thuan, Management Board of Ong Mountain and Ta Kou Nature Reserves, People's Committee of Vinh Hao Commune, Forestry Department and Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Binh Thuan, Binh Thuan Statistics Office, Management Board of Nui Chua National Park, Phuoc Binh National Park and Phan Rang Travel Company, Professional Department of Ninh Thuan Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism )

Although the number of ecotourism visitors has increased rapidly in recent years, the scale only accounts for about ¼ of the total number of visitors. Domestic ecotourism visitors increase more slowly than international ecotourism visitors, especially in Ninh Thuan, thanks to the unique ecotourism resources, the annual growth rate of ecotourism visitors is very high.

d/ Tourism routes and points are being formed associated with tourism types being exploited in the Central Highlands region:

The whole region currently has over 85 eco-tourism sites being exploited, associated with over 20 intra-regional and inter-regional eco-tourism tours. Specifically as follows:

i/ DLST points being exploited :

*Ninh Thuan area: associated with eco-tourism routes, Ninh Thuan area has eco-tourism destinations formed including:

- Nui Chua National Park - Vinh Hy Bay (Ninh Hai); Phuoc Binh National Park (Bac Ai); Lam Son garden - Sakai Waterfall and Ngoan Muc Pass (Ninh Son); Tien Waterfall (Hoa Son), My A Hot Spring (My Son); Thuong Stream (Tan Son), Tra Co Ethnic Village Area and Pinang Tac Rock Trap, Ba Chi - Ma Trai Tourist Area and Trau River Lake; Ninh Chu beaches, Ca Tien beach, Thung beach, Hoi beach, Ca Na beach, Tuan Tu beach, Tu Thien beach, Dam Nai and Phuong Cuu areas; Hon Do area (My Hai), Nam Cuong sand dunes, Ba Moi grape orchards, vineyards in Phuoc My, Phuoc Dinh red sand dunes; Nha Trinh - Lam Cam Dam; Song Pha railway station and D'rain railway bridge, PoKlong-Gia Rai Cham tower relic site (Nhon Son), Po Ro Me tower (Phuoc Huu); Hoa Lai tower (Ba Thap); Bau Truc pottery village; My Nghiep brocade weaving village, Hau Sanh Cham village, Van Lam Cham village, Chung My Cham village. ...

Among the above mentioned ecotourism destinations, currently in Ninh Thuan area there are about 12 ecotourism destinations with the highest frequency of ecotourism visitors, mainly coastal locations such as: Nui Chua National Park, Vinh Hy Bay, Tien Waterfall, Lam Son Garden - Sakai Waterfall, Phuoc Dinh Sand Dunes, Nam Cuong, Poklong Garai Cham Tower Cluster, Bau Truc Pottery Village, My Nghiep Brocade Village, etc. The remaining ecotourism destinations, including Phuoc Binh National Park, have an insignificant number of visitors.

*Binh Thuan area: due to its proximity to major eco-tourism spots in neighboring provinces, and the fact that travel companies are continuously exploiting eco-tourism, the following eco-tourism spots have been quickly formed in Binh Thuan area, known to tourists, as follows:

- Ba Waterfall (Tanh Linh), Reo Waterfall, Tien Waterfall (Duc Linh), Truot Waterfall, Dau Trau Waterfall, Mua Bay Waterfall (Tanh Linh), Da Mi Lake - Ham Thuan (Ham Thuan Bac); Song Quao Lake (Ham Thuan Bac), Bien Lac Lake (Tanh Linh); Ca Giay Lake, Luy River Lake (Bac Binh), Da Bac Lake, Long Song River Lake (Tuy Phong), Tien Stream (Ham Tien), Hong Hill (Mui Ne), Trinh Nu Sand Hill (Hoa Thang), Bau Trang (Hoa Thang), Ke Ga Lighthouse, Bung Thi Hot Spring (Ham Thuan Nam), Ta Kou Mountain (Ham Thuan Nam); Vinh Hao Mineral Spring Area, Cau Island (Tuy Phong)

Phong); Ham Tien sea sports area and Hong Phong beach, Hoa Thang beach, Hon Tranh-Phu Quy island.

- Cultural tourism spots: Po Shainu tower, Duc Thanh relic, Nui Ta Kou pagoda, Thay Thim palace, Hang pagoda, Cham-Phan Hiep museum (Bac Binh), Cham ethnic craft villages such as Phan Hiep brocade weaving and Tri Duc pottery village...

Among the above mentioned ecotourism spots, the important ones are Bau Trang Lake - Trinh Nu Sand Hill, Ba Waterfall, Da Mi Lake - Ham Thuan, Bien Lac Lake, Tien Stream, Hong Hill, Ke Ga Lighthouse, Takou Nature Reserve, Vinh Hao Mineral Water, Phan Hiep Cham Museum, Poshainu Tower - Ong Hoang Tower. These spots have a large number of visitors every year, contributing to the formation of clear ecotourism activities.

ii/ Ecotourism routes being exploited: the whole region is initially forming about 16 main ecotourism routes, specifically including:

*Ninh Thuan area: currently, with the cooperation of Ninh Thuan Tourism Company, travel agencies in Ho Chi Minh City, Da Lat, Phan Thiet, Khanh Hoa have organized the initial exploitation of 9 eco-tourism routes belonging to two main clusters as follows:

+ DLST route cluster to the Northern region:

- Phan Rang-Lam Son Ngoan Muc pass route: mixed eco-tourism type

- Phan Rang – Thap Cham – Nhon Son route: Festival tourism, agricultural ecology

- Phan Rang- My Son – Hoa Son - Ma Noi route: mixed eco-tourism type

- Phan Rang–Tra Co-Phuoc Dai-Phuoc Binh National Park route: mixed ecotourism type

- Phan Rang – Phuoc Thuan – Phuoc Ha - Nhi Ha route: Agricultural eco-tourism

- Phan Rang – Ba Thap – Ba Chi – Ma Trai route: mixed eco-tourism type

+ DLST route cluster to the South and Northeast:

- Phan Rang – Bau Truc – My Nghiep - Van Lam – Phuoc Huu route: Craft village tourism, Agriculture

- Phan Rang – Phuoc Dinh – Phuoc Diem – Ca Na route: Sea – island ecotourism

- Phan Rang – Ninh Chu – Dam Nai – Phuong Cuu-Vinh Hy-Nui Chua National Park route: Sea and National Park Ecotourism

Among the routes in Ninh Thuan with high frequency of exploitation, the Phan Rang - Thap Cham - Nhon Son route must be mentioned, followed by the Phan Rang - Lam Son - Ngoan Muc Pass route, visiting the Poklong Giarai tower cluster, and visiting Ngoan Muc Pass. The extended route Phan Rang-Ninh Chu-Dam Nai- Phuong Cuu-Vinh Hy-Nui Chua National Park is the key route, accounting for over 50% of ecotourism visitors to Ninh Thuan thanks to its diverse, unique and attractive natural resources, followed by the Phan Rang-Bau Truc-My Nghiep route, which is quite famous but has a lower number of visitors and a shorter visit time. In general, the limitations of these ecotourism routes are weak infrastructure, primitive services, unprofessional organization, small and monotonous products, spontaneous exploitation and lack of synchronization.

* Binh Thuan area: mainly departing from Phan Thiet center, specifically including:

- Phan Thiet – Ta Kou – Ham Tan route: marine ecotourism, exploring the nature reserve and cultural tourism

- Phan Thiet – Mui Ne – Hoa Thang route: ecotourism of the sea, sand dunes, lakes, savanna forest

- Route Phan Thiet - Ham Thuan Bac - Da Mi Ham Thuan - Bao Loc: Ecotourism to explore nature, lakes, cultural tourism

- Phan Thiet – Ham Tan – Ong Mountain – Lac Beach – Da Mi route: Mixed tourism

- Ca Na – Vinh Hao – Cu Lao Cau route: Sea and island ecotourism, agricultural garden tourism, cultural tourism.

- Phan Thiet - Phu Quy Island route: Sea and island ecotourism, cultural tourism.

- Phan Thiet- Luong Son-Dai Ninh-Bao Loc route: Ecotourism to explore nature, lakes, cultural tourism

Among the 7 eco-tourism routes mentioned above, the 3 main routes that attract a large number of domestic and foreign tourists are: Phan Thiet-Mui Ne-Hoa Thang; Phan Thiet-

Takou-Ham Tan, Phan Thiet-Ca Na-Vinh Hao-Cu Lao Cau, the remaining routes are not regular and the number of passengers is scattered.

iii/ Types of ecotourism currently exploited:

Thanks to the experience of organizing and exploiting ecotourism spots of domestic and foreign travel agencies. Associated with tours and ecotourism spots are types of ecotourism activities being exploited to meet the needs of tourists including:

*Ninh Thuan area:

- Exploration tourism : In Ninh Thuan, this is a type of ecotourism that has developed in just the last 3 years. Exploration tourism, both conquering the mountain peaks and visiting the beautiful natural scenery, and learning about the wonders of the destination, is currently being chosen by domestic and foreign tourists. The contents of this type of tour include: the tour "conquering the pristine beaches from Vinh Hy to Ca Tien Cape by boat combined with walking and rowing basket boats" organized at beaches such as Binh Tien beach, Ba Dien beach, Thung beach, Da Vach beach, Hoi beach, ... tour "discovering Nui Chua forest and Lo O stream"; tour "discovering Vinh Hy coral reef and conquering Da Vach cape"; tour "hiking through the forest and camping, night fishing at Ba Dien beach"; tour "trying your hand at basket boats to explore Da Vach cape"; Tour "rowing a boat on Vinh Hy Bay and exploring the lagoon where nets are spread to catch schools of mackerel"; tour "Visiting Sakai waterfall combined with visiting the fruit garden in Lam Son and conquering Ngoan Muc pass"; tour "exploring Phuoc Binh National Park and visiting Pinang Tac stone trap relic"; tour "visiting Tien waterfall and exploring Ma Noi primeval forest"; tour "visiting Mui Dinh lighthouse and Ca Na beach"; tour "rowing a boat on Nai lagoon and visiting Hon Thieng mountain and Dao stone mountain"; tour "visiting Nam Cuong golden sand hill and Phuoc Dinh red sand hill to participate in sand sliding and kite flying games"; ... Ecotours to explore nature are really attracting visitors to Ninh Thuan in recent years, this type of tourism has a fairly high growth rate of over 20%/year.

- Cultural - festival - spiritual tourism : in ecotourism tours associated with Cham Pa culture and Raglay ethnic community such as the tour "visiting the Poklong Cham tower cluster"

– Gia Rai and attend the Kate festival”; tour “visiting the Nha Trinh dam project combined with the water source blocking festival to bring water to the fields”,… tour “to the Bac Ai region of the Raglay and Co Ho people, an old battlefield”; tour “visiting Raglay ethnic villages combined with attending festivals celebrating a good harvest, celebrating new rice,..”

- Tours to visit specialty fruit gardens such as "visiting the Ba Moi grape garden and grape processing factory in Phuoc Thuan"; "visiting the specialty fruit garden in Song Pha", Ba Chi-Ma Trai ecological garden,...

In general, in Ninh Thuan, ecotourism types are currently attracting tourists and the scale of tour organization is increasingly developing, including types such as: resort tourism combined with sightseeing of natural landscapes, ecotourism exploring the sea and forest.

- mountain climbing and exploring coral reefs, ecotourism to explore Nui Chua National Park, ecotourism to visit fruit gardens and agricultural ecosystems, followed by cultural and festival ecotourism - visiting historical sites, ecotourism to visit craft villages, etc. Other types of ecotourism are also organized but in small numbers and not regularly.

*Binh Thuan area :

- Exploration tourism : this is a type of ecotourism that is developing quite strongly in Binh Thuan today, tourism combined with exploration, both conquering beautiful natural landscapes and discovering the wonders of the destination is currently being chosen by domestic and foreign tourists. The contents of this type of tour include: "conquering the sea - hills and Team Building" tour organized at Khe Ga lighthouse ecotourism site; at Hong Hill (Phan Thiet); tour to explore Tien stream and the wild red sand dunes in Phan Thiet; tour "conquering the 9-storey waterfall on the Da Mi - Ham Thuan route"; tour "destination of records" to learn and conquer the most of Binh Thuan such as the highest mountain pagoda and the largest Buddha statue, Dinh Van with the largest whale skeleton and a collection of many

Ong fish, or the tour "discovering Hon Lao - Phan Thiet". Regarding the sea discovery tour, there is also a tour to dive to explore coral reefs and watch fish in Cau islet (organized by the international travel company Scuba-Diving); a tour to explore coral reefs in Ganh Hang, Lach Du beach - Phu Quy; a tour to explore semi-arid dipterocarp forests and Dai Ninh lake combined with visiting K'ho ethnic villages; a tour "following the footsteps of Dr. Yersin to explore Lang Biang plateau", Phan Thiet-Tuy Phong tour "a journey along the Cham cultural heritage"...

- Tours to visit wild and amazing natural areas : this type of tourism has existed for a long time, but travel companies in Ho Chi Minh City have restructured the content to serve international tourists and a part of domestic tourists with requests, typically including: tours to visit the primeval forest of Ong Mountain - Thac Ba - 9-storey waterfall; Dau Trau waterfall, Truot waterfall; tours to Thac Ba - Mua Bay waterfall - Da Mi lake - Ham Thuan; tours to Reo waterfall - Suong Mu waterfall - DaMi; tours to Song Quao lake - Da Mi lake - Ham Thuan; tours to visit Bau Trang and Trinh Nu hill, visit the savanna forest on the sand dunes in Hoa Thang - Bac Binh...

- Cultural-spiritual-festival tourism : among the oldest cultural-based ecotourism tours, we must mention the tour: Phan Thiet - Takou Mountain Pagoda (organized in the first lunar month): the main source of tourists is domestic tourists from Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai, pilgrims to Linh Son Truong Tho Pagoda; Phan Thiet - Hang Pagoda (Tuy Phong) tour is organized on the big full moon days of the lunar calendar, the main source of tourists is in Ho Chi Minh City; Phan Thiet – Dinh Thay Thim (Ham Tan) tour, the cultural festival tours mainly participate in festivals organized by the Chinese: Nghinh Ong festival, Via Ba Thien Hau festival, ... of the Cham people: such as Ka Te festival held at Po Shainu tower, Thanh Mau Thien Y Ana festival, ... of the Raglay and Co Ho people: there are festivals to celebrate a good harvest, celebrate new rice, open water to bring water to the fields... Nowadays, many Vietnamese festivals have been restored and organized on a large scale, attracting many domestic and foreign visitors to participate such as: Lunar New Year with boat racing festival on Ca Ty river; Mid-Autumn festival, fishing festival held at Van Thuy Tu - Phan Thiet, ...

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