The traditional troupe, in the cultural space of the village, has now come the time to step out into the “province”, into the Western-style city. Therefore, the art of Cheo in the communal house yard must change and adapt in all aspects of the stage, in the new space – the urban space.
When the Western wind blew from France, Western-style cities and Western-style theaters were built one after another from Saigon, Hanoi, and Hai Phong, the ancient Cheo stage was forced to move from the countryside to the provinces, to enter the box stages of Western-style theaters and theaters, and was forced to transform into "civilized Cheo" and "reformed Cheo". From here, Cheo troupes in festivals and celebrations had to start with a modern model in Western-style cities such as Hanoi and Hai Phong. The appearance of civilized Cheo and reformed Cheo, advocated by Nguyen Dinh Nghi, transformed to adapt to the city, with dozens of plays that truly reflected life in a new way, is proof of the process of movement and transformation to adapt and survive of Cheo in this historical period. However, although the founders and Cheo artists spent a lot of heart, money and effort, due to limitations of history and art, the success of civilized Cheo and Cai Luong Cheo only really shone brightly in a period of about ten years (from 1923 to 1933). Although not satisfying themselves and the needs of society, the legacy that the creators of civilized Cheo and Cai Luong Cheo left for posterity is truly valuable, because of the innovations in Cheo art, which adapted to the changes of cultural circumstances, and are also invaluable lessons for future generations of Cheo artists.
The August Revolution succeeded, turning a new page in the history of the Vietnamese nation. After 1950, the art of Cheo accompanied the nation through the resistance wars against foreign invaders, contributing to the cause of building, protecting and developing the country.
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However, during the period from 1950 to the end of the 20th century, although considered a period of brilliant development in terms of the number of art units and plays, Cheo art also suffered many ups and downs due to competition with other traditional theater genres such as: Tuong, water puppetry... Especially when Cheo was forced to compete with modern drama genres, which followed the exchange with French culture introduced to Vietnam and were Vietnamized from the first half of the 20th century. The audience was isolated and the audience watching drama performances always accounted for an overwhelming proportion compared to Tuong and Cheo. In addition, there were debates about academia and orientations for preserving, promoting and developing Cheo art... Many questions surrounding the issue of preserving Cheo theater such as: what to preserve, how to preserve and promote, how to organize and manage Cheo theater to attract Cheo viewers in large cities... still have no satisfactory answers.
Obviously, in every historical period, by all means, Cheo always tries to preserve and promote artistic values to accompany contemporary audiences with the traditional nature of traditional Cheo theater. However, due to the impact of the socio-cultural environment that is always changing with the times, the cause of preserving, promoting and developing Cheo art always leaves a research gap for the next generation. Because Cheo is not only a traditional theater form of the Vietnamese people but it also contains many unique values of stage performance art. Therefore, doing a good job of organizing, managing, preserving and promoting the artistic value of Cheo is also a practical contribution to preserving the cultural identity of the nation.
Nowadays, in the environment of globalization and market economy, like some other traditional art forms, Cheo is facing the risk of fading away, "depreciation", "loss of value" in the crisis of the public, especially the young public in urban areas. The absence of a separate development strategy for Cheo in the general strategy of developing modern Vietnamese theater,
It is a fact. Then there is the lack of talented authors, directors and actors in Cheo. Especially the lack of Cheo audiences makes Cheo performers and cultural managers of Cheo art more worried and troubled. It is known that in the context of cultural exchange today, especially in the 21st century, before the development of science and technology and the diversity of culture and art, the audience crisis, especially for Cheo theater and modern Vietnamese theater in general, is inevitable. However, it must be admitted that, besides objective reasons, there are also subjective causes, including inadequacies from the subsidy management mechanism, shortcomings in the orientation and implementation of state management agencies and the responsibility of artists.
Over the years, the issue of preserving and promoting the value of traditional stage art has been raised and identified by the Party and the State as an important cultural goal. There have been scientific seminars discussing this issue, but a scientifically valuable solution has not yet been found to influence and adjust the practical life of art.
Therefore, the organization and management of performance activities to preserve and promote the unique values of traditional art forms are still confused and deadlocked. Many places do not know how to do it. The organization and management of the preservation, promotion and development of Cheo has reached a dead end and has not found a feasible solution. On the other hand, the negative impact of the market mechanism has also caused Cheo art to increasingly lose its market share in modern cultural life... Faced with the above situation, as an official who has worked for nearly 30 years in
In the field of performing, managing and researching Cheo art, I am always concerned with the question: "How to organize, manage and operate Cheo art activities, in order to preserve and promote the value of Cheo art, especially in the first decades of the 21st century and in the urban context of the market economy, in a bustling port city like Hai Phong?". Especially, as a person working in management at
Hai Phong Department of Culture and Sports, I wish to better manage the organization, implementation and development of Cheo art activities for Hai Phong. Because Hai Phong today is the land of one of the four famous Cheo arts of the past and present.
- the Eastern Cheo. And now, the Hai Phong public still loves Cheo and does not want to leave this art.
From his own awareness and work experience, and also from the perspective of cultural and artistic management, the PhD student decided to choose the topic of Managing Cheo art activities in Hai Phong city in the current period as the topic of his doctoral thesis.
Hopefully, the topic will contribute to both theory and practice in the activities of preserving and promoting the values of Cheo art in social life in Hai Phong in particular and in current urban areas, in the Northern cultural region.
2. Research purpose and tasks
2.1. Research purpose
Based on theory and specific research perspectives, the thesis evaluates the current status of management of Cheo art activities in Hai Phong city, aiming to propose appropriate solutions to effectively implement this work.
2.2. Research tasks
(1). Systematize theoretical basis and overview of research situation related to management of Cheo art activities.
(2). Assess the current status of management of professional and non-professional Cheo art activities in Hai Phong.
(3). Identify solutions to manage Cheo art activities in Hai Phong city.
3. Research object and scope
3.1. Research subjects
The research object of the thesis is management, organization and operation activities.
Performing activities, enjoying Cheo art in Hai Phong city.
3.2. Scope of research
- Research space: Cheo art in Hai Phong city and located in the cultural space of the Northern cultural region (Cheo was born in the Northern cultural region).
- Research period: From 1998 (year of issuance of Central Resolution 5, term VIII) to 2021.
4. Research questions
(1). What is the current management content of Cheo art activities in Hai Phong city?
(2). What is the current status of management of Cheo art activities in Hai Phong city?
(3). What are the most feasible solutions to manage Cheo art activities to preserve and promote Cheo art in Hai Phong city at the present stage?
The above three questions are the fulcrum for forming the thesis topic and are also the three fundamental research problems that the thesis needs to solve.
5. Research hypothesis
Currently, some localities, including Hai Phong city, have managed quite well the activities of traditional art forms, including Cheo art. However, despite certain results, due to the lack of synchronous, thorough and scientific implementation, Cheo art activities (both professional and amateur) still face many difficulties and have not achieved the desired results. The preservation and promotion of Cheo art values in Hai Phong have not received due attention and have not been satisfactorily resolved.
In order to preserve the art of Cheo and promote its good values in today's modern urban life, there needs to be an organizational method.
appropriate management of culture and arts, along with fundamental and strategic solutions, to preserve, promote and develop the art of Cheo, to serve the public's need to enjoy the stage in the modern development of the port city of Hai Phong, currently moving towards the third decade of the 21st century.
To do so, first of all, there needs to be synchronous implementation measures from the city's leadership and management agencies at all levels to gradually turn Cheo art into an annual activity in the community's cultural life, regaining audiences for modern theater in general and Cheo theater in particular, while at the same time connecting and developing in parallel with other educational, economic, and social activities...
6. Research approach and methods
6.1. Interdisciplinary approach
Cheo is a traditional theatrical art form, preserved and promoted, developed in the history of the entire Vietnamese theatrical scene, from traditional to modern. The nature of the stage in general is multifaceted and diverse, closely related to all aspects of social life, so it must be the object of research of many scientific fields such as: society, economics, history, culture, art. Therefore, the researcher has chosen the interdisciplinary research method of culture - art as the basic research method. Using this research method, the researcher places the art of Cheo in the Northern cultural region, where Cheo originated and perfected from folk performances in agricultural festivals to the Cheo stage type, with the performances and roles of the Cheo play, with the character models Dao - Kep - Lao - Mu - He, on the basis of the conventional principle - the characteristics of the ancient Cheo stage in the communal house yard. This interdisciplinary method has helped PhD students to fully and deeply identify the art of Cheo, analyze the cultural value and theatrical value of Cheo art for Vietnamese social life from the tradition.
to modernity, while placing it in the context and culture of modern Vietnamese society - the market economy of the early 21st century... From there, solutions are proposed to preserve, promote and develop the typical values of Cheo art, in order to serve the cultural and artistic enjoyment needs of the general public in modern Vietnamese society.
6.2. Research methods
Besides the basic interdisciplinary research method, the thesis also uses supporting methods:
- Sociological investigation method (through questionnaires, questionnaires, in-depth interviews): This is the method that the researcher used a lot in this thesis. Through the questionnaires, the researcher has collected authentic and updated documents on the current state of Cheo art and the work of preserving and promoting its value in the current period. From there, the researcher has more practical basis to carry out the thesis. The advantage when implementing this method is receiving the active cooperation of those who work in managing the Theaters, who have always been dedicated and devoted to Cheo art performance activities but have also always been concerned with the work of preserving and developing this art in modern life, and have not found an effective solution to carry out this work. Because the researcher has received active cooperation, he hopes that the thesis will provide feasible solutions that can be applied to art troupes. The difficulty of this method is that conducting surveys and questionnaires for many subjects in many different locations requires time and active help from the respondents.
Using in-depth interview questionnaires with artists, authors, directors, critics, theorists of Cheo art, and some managers, audiences... to exploit information, opinions, and personal solutions of those working in research, theory, state management of cultural heritage, direct management of Cheo art troupes... Thereby helping graduate students
comprehensively assess the difficulties, advantages, and issues that need to be raised in the organization and management of Cheo art, in order to preserve, promote, and develop the value of Cheo art in the modern development stage of Vietnam in the 21st century. This method requires the synthesis and generalization of the PhD student to put the interview responses into appropriate thesis content groups, ensuring that the interviewee's answers are correctly and fully understood.
- Analysis and synthesis method:
In carrying out the thesis, the PhD student analyzed specific cases of Cheo art activities, such as: the needs and psychology of the audience at each performance venue; factors affecting the conservation and development of Cheo art, thereby drawing scientific arguments. At the same time, he studied documents related to Cheo art, documents and policies of the State and localities on the conservation and promotion of cultural heritage values. The effectiveness of this method is to perceive the viewpoints of the Party and the State, of researchers on the conservation of Cheo art, synthesize, analyze and forecast the factors affecting this work in chronological order.
- Statistical methods and data processing using mathematical statistics :
Used by the PhD student in his thesis when conducting statistical activities on population, tourist destinations, number of performances and audiences... to serve the research. Based on data processing by mathematical statistics, the PhD student makes comments, assessments, explains the causes, and at the same time proposes measures to improve the quality and effectiveness of Cheo art conservation activities. However, the method of data processing by mathematical statistics is not the strength of social science researchers in general.
- Fieldwork method : By observing the performance, practice, staging, preservation and promotion of Cheo art values at a number of Cheo Theaters across the country. Using this method, the researcher has penetrated reality in many art troupes in many different localities. From there, there are ways to