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Conditions for Ecotourism Development


From a management perspective: capacity is the maximum number of visitors that the tourist area can serve. If it exceeds the limit, the management capacity (staff, qualifications and management facilities of the tourist area) will not be able to meet the needs of visitors [11].

1.1.2.3. Conditions for developing ecotourism

Ecotourism resources

- TNDLST has the following characteristics:

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+ TNDLST is rich and diverse, including many unique resources with great appeal.

+ TNDLST is often very sensitive to impacts.

Conditions for Ecotourism Development

+ TNDLST has different exploitation time.

+ TNDLST is often located far from residential areas and is exploited on site to create SPDL.

+ TNDLST has the ability to regenerate and be used for a long time.

- Types of TNDLST:

+ Typical HST types and biodiversity:

▪ Tropical forest ecosystem: Tropical monsoon evergreen forest ecosystem (tropical humid forest ecosystem); Tropical monsoon evergreen forest ecosystem on limestone mountains,...

▪ High mountain ecosystem

▪ Wetland ecosystem: Coastal mangrove ecosystem; Inland swamp ecosystem

land; river and lake ecosystems; lagoon ecosystems;

▪ Coral and seagrass ecosystems.

▪ Coastal sand ecosystem.

▪ Sea and island ecosystems.

▪ Agricultural ecosystem.


These specific ecosystems are often concentrated in national parks and nature reserves. Therefore, the exploitation of ecotourism potential to serve tourism development is often associated with these areas.

+ Specific TNDLSTs: Garden, Bird Sanctuary, Natural Landscape. In which, natural landscape is the overall combination of natural components in which terrain, vegetation cover and rivers play an important role in creating attractive factors to attract tourists [11].

+ Indigenous cultural values: in each biological region (unit), ethnic minorities have also adapted - existed - developed associated with biological regions, creating indigenous cultural values ​​typical of each biological region.

Indigenous cultural values ​​often exploited as TNDLST include:

▪ Knowledge of cultivation, exploitation, conservation and use of biological species and serving the life of the community.

▪ Cultural activities with traditional festivals.

▪ Folk architecture, works associated with community legends.

▪ Handicraft products are closely associated with community life.

▪ Historical, cultural and archaeological relics are closely linked to the development history and beliefs of the community.

- TNDLST assessment:

There are many criteria to evaluate TNDLST such as: attractiveness, safety, sustainability, tourist capacity, connectivity, infrastructure and facilities - technology, etc.

+ Attractiveness: is the most important criterion to evaluate ecotourism because it determines the attraction of tourists. For ecotourism, the attractiveness of ecotourism is determined by the uniqueness of ecological values, biodiversity, landscape values ​​and indigenous culture.

The attractiveness of TNDLST is often divided into 4 levels:


▪ Very attractive: there are about 3 rare and endemic species; over 5 recognized beautiful landscapes; there are at least 5 unique natural relics and other natural resources to develop at least 5 types of ecotourism.

▪ Quite attractive: there are about 2 rare and endemic species; there are at least 3 - 5 recognized beautiful landscapes; there are at least 2 unique natural relics and other natural resources that can develop 3 - 5 types of ecotourism.

▪ Attractive: has about 1 rare and endemic species; has at least 1 - 2 recognized beautiful landscapes, has at least 1 unique natural relic and other natural resources that can develop 1 - 2 types of ecotourism.

▪ Less attractive: no rare or endemic species; monotonous natural landscape and can only develop one type of ecotourism.

+ Safety: is an indicator to attract tourists, ensuring ecological and social safety determined by security, politics, social order, and environmental sanitation.

Safety is also divided into the following 4 levels:

▪ Very safe: no cases of ecological insecurity or natural disasters

▪ Quite safe: no cases of ecological insecurity or natural disasters, but there are more street vendors.

▪ Medium: there is begging and street vending.

▪ Poor: there are robberies and threats to the lives of tourists. Drinking water is also not hygienic and does not meet the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO).

+ Sustainability : the sustainability of TNDLST reflects the ability to exist and self-recover of the natural components of the tourist destination against the pressure of tourism activities or other natural, economic and social impacts.

The sustainability of ecotourism is divided into 4 levels:


▪ Very sustainable: no natural components are destroyed, if any, they are at a negligible level and are restored after a short time. DL activities are not affected and can take place continuously for over 100 years.

▪ Quite sustainable: 1 - 2 natural components are slightly destroyed and have the ability to self-recover. DL activities occur regularly from 20 - 100 years.

▪ Medium sustainability: 1 - 2 natural components are significantly damaged and require human assistance to recover. Tourism activities last from 10 - 20 years and may be limited.

▪ Unsustainable: 1 - 2 natural components are severely damaged and require human assistance, but the ability to self-recover is limited and prolonged. Tourism activities are interrupted.

The sustainability of an ecotourism site depends largely on the sensitivity and vulnerability of the ecosystem. For example, coral ecosystems are susceptible to destruction and take a long time to recover naturally, while dry forest or melaleuca forest ecosystems are less susceptible to impacts and recover more quickly when destroyed.

+ Seasonality :

The operating time of ecotourism depends closely on the climate, living habits, and festivals of the local community where ecotourism is developed.

The operating time of the ecotourism site is determined by the appropriate time period of climate and weather conditions for the health and safety of ecotourism visitors as well as the convenient time to take visitors on tours according to the ecotourism program.

The evaluation of the operating time of a DLST point can be divided into 4 levels:

▪ Very long: there are over 200 days a year when tourism activities can be carried out well and there are at least over 180 days when the climate conditions are suitable for human health.


▪ Quite long: there are 150 - 200 days a year that can be used to carry out tourism activities well and 120 - 180 days with climate conditions suitable for human health.

▪ Average: there are 100 - 150 days a year that can be used for tourism activities and 90 - 120 days with climate conditions suitable for human health.

▪ Short: less than 100 days a year can carry out tourism activities well and less than 90 days have climate conditions suitable for human health.

+ Connectivity : is an indicator to evaluate TNDL that helps to connect the

DL points into lines, DL clusters. Connectivity is divided into the following levels:

▪ Very good: there are 5 or more surrounding DL points that can be linked.

▪ Pretty good: there are 3 - 5 surrounding DL points that can be linked.

▪ Average: there are 2 - 3 surrounding DL points that can be linked.

▪ Poor: only 5 DL points or no points, which TNDL can link

Okay.

+ Tourist capacity : refers to the ability to receive visitors of the tourist destination.

reflects the ability and scale of implementing tourism activities without causing negative impacts on resources, environment and society.

In reality, determining the "carrying capacity" of a tourist spot in general and a tourist attraction in particular is very difficult because it requires experimental monitoring. According to many studies, the DL carrying capacity of a tourist spot in general and a tourist attraction in particular is often divided into 4 levels:

▪ Very large: over 1,000 visitors/day

▪ Quite large: from 500 - 1,000 visitors/day

▪ Average: from 100 - 500 visitors/day

▪ Small: less than 100 visitors/day [14].


In addition to the above criteria, tourism exploitation efficiency is also considered an important criterion to consider and evaluate in order to have appropriate exploitation and adjustment measures for each tourism point.

Infrastructure system and technical facilities serving tourism:

- Infrastructure system:

+ Traffic system :

Transportation plays an important role in the development of the tourism industry. The more the transportation industry develops, the more favorable conditions the tourism industry has to develop.

▪ The development of the transportation industry is reflected in the following aspects:

▪ Growth in quantity: the formation of many types of transport and the rapid increase in the number of means of transport.

▪ Development in quality: increase in transportation speed, ensure safety in transportation, ensure convenience in transportation, cheap transportation prices.

+ Communication system:

Communication is responsible for the rapid and timely transmission of news, contributing to the exchange between regions within the country and internationally. A diverse communication system with modern technology is the best way to reach a large number of customers in the fastest time with the lowest cost and the highest efficiency while the world economy is moving towards a knowledge economy.

+ Electricity and water supply system:

When leaving their regular residence to another location, in addition to the needs of food, drink, accommodation, travel, etc., tourists also need to ensure electricity and water for normal living activities. Therefore, electricity and water are also important factors that directly serve the rest and entertainment of visitors. At the same time, the stability of the electricity system creates conditions for


allows the application of modern technologies in management and business, diversifying ecotourism products and services. Moreover, the modern water supply and drainage system also allows for good treatment of wastewater to ensure environmental hygiene at ecotourism sites. Therefore, it can be said that the supply of electricity and water is also one of the important and indispensable factors in tourism development, especially ecotourism.


- DL infrastructure and technical system:

Tourism infrastructure and technical means are all the technical means mobilized to participate in the exploitation of tourism resources to create and implement services and goods to satisfy the service needs of tourists during their journeys. The tourism infrastructure and technical system includes: hotels, restaurants, entertainment areas, means of transportation, ... and also supporting architectural works.

The tourism infrastructure system is a factor that ensures the conditions for tourism production and business activities to be carried out. At the same time, the tourism infrastructure system is also an important factor affecting the level of satisfaction of tourists due to its capacity (meeting the requirements of aesthetics, hygiene, safety) and its convenience. The diversity, richness, modernity, and attractiveness of tourism infrastructure also create the diversity, richness, and attractiveness of tourism services. It can be said that the level of development of tourism infrastructure is a condition and a measure of the level of tourism development of a country.

Other conditions:

- Tourism development policy and strategy :

The tourism development strategy and policy of a country or region is of great significance.

Especially important, it creates the driving force to promote DL development.

The tourism development strategy determines the long-term tourism development directions, referring to the overall issues of tourism development such as tourism product strategy, strategy to improve the quality of tourist services, strategy to preserve, restore and develop natural resources and environment, tourism investment strategy, tourism education and training strategy, tourism market strategy.


- DL human resources :

Tourism in general and ecotourism in particular are industries that employ a lot of workers. The tourism industry is a non-material production industry that provides services to satisfy the needs of tourists. Whether the service is provided well or not is determined by the quantity and quality of tourism staff. For ecotourism, to ensure education and improve understanding for tourists, tour guides, in addition to good foreign language knowledge (including the languages ​​of indigenous peoples), must also be knowledgeable about the natural and cultural characteristics of the local community. Ecotourism operators must cooperate with managers of protected areas and local communities in order to contribute to the long-term protection of the natural and cultural values ​​of the area, improve life, and enhance common understanding between local people and tourists.

- Economic development level and investment capital for tourism :

The tourism industry of a country or region develops in direct proportion to the economic development level of that country or region. The economic development level of a country is high, the activities of the material production sectors have satisfied the needs of society, then that country has the conditions to invest capital in non-material production sectors, including the tourism industry.

1.1.2.4. Impacts of ecotourism activities

Because most of the SPDL and tourism services in general and DLST in particular cannot be stored and are greatly affected by the tourism season, there are months when there is a lot of activity and months when there is little tourism activity. Therefore, tourism businesses are under pressure to earn enough money during the tourism season to cover business expenses outside the tourism season. This is the special characteristic of tourism that makes tourism have a strong impact on the economy, society, environment and even politics.

Impact of tourism on the economy:

- Positive impact :

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