The Role and Development Trends of International Integration in the Field of Science and Technology

How? This is an issue with many different opinions. The research work of Dr. Pham Quoc Tru has introduced and analyzed these different views: The first opinion is that international integration is a product rather than a process. That product is a federal state like the United States or Switzerland [Carl J. Friedrich (1968), Trends of Federalism in Theory and Practice , Praeger, New York] [Theodore A. Couloumbis & James H. Wolfe (1986), Introduction International relations: Power & Justice , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]. The second opinion holds that integration is both a process and a final product, which is the connection of countries through the development of exchange flows such as trade, investment, information, tourism, culture... from which a security community (security community) like the United States or Western Europe is gradually formed [Karl W. Deutsch and all, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area , Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ]. The third opinion holds that integration is the process of countries expanding and deepening new cooperative relations on the basis of a purposeful international division of labor, based on the advantages of each country. Dr. Pham Quoc Tru believes that all three of the above understandings are flawed and unacceptable, and at the same time suggests considering "International integration as the process by which countries carry out activities to strengthen their cohesion with each other based on the sharing of interests, goals, values, resources, power (policy-making authority) and compliance with common rules of the game within the framework of international integration".

international institutions or organizations”. This is a scientifically based, comprehensive, correct understanding, reflecting the true nature of the phenomenon. 3

Currently, the concept of international integration is widely used by countries in all fields, including the field of science and technology. The concept of international integration is also widely used in Vietnam in Party and State documents with the connotation as proposed by Dr. Pham Quoc Tru. This concept is used in all fields, all forums, all mass media to the point of becoming a familiar term, a catchphrase of cadres, civil servants and people. Our Party and State even affirm the consistent policy

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3 Journal of International Studies, Diplomatic Academy, No. 2/2011, (pp. 77-99).

is active and proactive international integration. 4

In the most general way, international integration in science and technology is the deeper and broader development of international cooperation relations in conducting science and technology activities, in which each country attaches itself to the international science and technology community as an inseparable part, cooperating, assigning and coordinating actions in the process of research and development of science and technology, with the common goal of enriching and deepening the knowledge base of humanity, while national interests in science and technology development, economy and society are also resolved much more effectively than the efforts of each individual country [8].

In other words, international integration is international cooperation at a high level, deep, closely connected, sharing benefits, operating equally according to common rules and is a common trend of the world to acquire the treasure of human knowledge and meet the socio-economic development goals of countries.

Since its establishment, especially since the implementation of the comprehensive national renovation policy initiated by our Party, our State has always had a policy of expanding international exchanges and integration in science and technology; creating conditions for Vietnamese organizations and individuals to cooperate in science and technology with foreign organizations and individuals, international organizations; seeking assistance from countries and international organizations according to the principles of respect for independence, national sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit.

The State also has mechanisms and policies to attract Vietnamese intellectuals residing abroad and talented experts from around the world to participate in the development of science and technology in Vietnam.

Vietnamese S&T organizations and individuals engaged in S&T activities are allowed to receive funding, participate in S&T organizations, S&T associations, participate in research, training, consulting, and S&T conferences of international organizations, organizations, and individuals.

4 Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Science and Technology (2013), Summary report of scientific research topic "Research on theoretical and practical basis of proposing amendments and supplements to regulations on international cooperation in the field of science and technology" (page 16) , Hanoi.

foreign personnel; cooperation in implementing Vietnam's science and technology tasks abroad.

Overseas Vietnamese, international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals are allowed to establish Science and Technology Development Funds in Vietnam according to Government regulations; and are allowed to contribute to the establishment of Vietnam's Science and Technology Development Funds according to Vietnamese law.

Vietnamese people residing abroad, international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals cooperating in science and technology development in Vietnam are encouraged and have their legitimate rights and interests protected by the State.

Overseas Vietnamese, international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals establishing or cooperating with Vietnamese organizations and individuals to establish science and technology organizations in Vietnam are entitled to tax incentives, land use incentives and other incentives according to the provisions of law. The State has issued policies and measures to effectively use foreign loans and aid to invest in science and technology development. 5

Thus, it can be said that the forms and contents of Vietnam's international integration in science and technology are very rich and diverse. The forms and contents of this integration in practice can be specified as follows:

- Foreign countries provide capital, machinery, equipment, and research facilities to the Vietnamese State, Vietnamese organizations, and individuals to research and solve Vietnam's scientific and technological problems.

- Vietnamese organizations and individuals participating in foreign science and technology organizations and science and technology associations. Foreign organizations and individuals participating in Vietnamese science and technology organizations and science and technology associations.

- Both sides participate in implementing science and technology tasks in and outside Vietnam.

5 Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Science and Technology (2013), Summary report of scientific research topic "Research on theoretical and practical basis of proposing amendments and supplements to regulations on international cooperation in the field of science and technology" (Page 8) , Hanoi.

- Foreign parties support training and improving the qualifications of science and technology human resources, and provide science and technology consulting to the Vietnamese side.

- Vietnamese organizations and individuals participating in scientific and technological conferences and seminars of international organizations and foreign organizations and individuals; organizing international scientific and technological conferences and seminars in Vietnam with the participation of foreign organizations and individuals.

- Vietnamese people residing abroad, foreign experts participating in science and technology activities in Vietnam.

- Establishment of foreign-invested science and technology organizations, representative offices and branches of foreign organizations in Vietnam.

- Direct forms of academic exchange outside of conferences and seminars between Vietnamese scientists and foreign scientists, etc.

1.1.2. The role and development trends of international integration in the field of science and technology

1.1.2.1. The role of international integration in the field of science and technology

International integration in science and technology is one of the fields of international integration that is developing quite rapidly, widely and popularly in the world today. International integration in science and technology is also given special attention by Vietnam to promote strong development. The reason is that international integration in science and technology plays a huge role in the development of science and technology of each country, especially for underdeveloped or developing countries.

In the era of building a knowledge-based economy, globalization, trade liberalization and increasingly deep and irreversible international integration, developed countries have, are and will continue to rely on science and technology, using science and technology as a tool to ensure their economic, military and competitive strength. They consider intellectual property created from new science and technology activities as the greatest and most important asset to ensure their position and competitiveness. International integration in science and technology is also very important for developed countries, the so-called science and technology powers. It is international integration in science and technology that helps

These countries cooperate to solve common scientific and technological issues more quickly.

central or global, shorten time, save energy.

Underdeveloped and developing countries need to rely on science and technology to make breakthroughs, to carry out the mission of industrialization and modernization of the country in order to stand firm and survive. International integration in science and technology has created opportunities for these countries to develop science and technology to serve socio-economic development, ensuring national defense and security [5, 18].

International integration in science and technology brings to developing countries, including Vietnam, the following specific favorable opportunities:

- Help mobilize human resources, material resources, financial resources, and information resources from outside to develop domestic science and technology;

- Create opportunities to take advantage of advanced S&T knowledge/operational experience and S&T management organization of foreign partners to help solve domestic challenges in S&T;

- Create favorable conditions for each country to access, search for, master, exploit and promote the transfer of advanced and high technology from foreign partners into its country;

- Help quickly train, foster and improve the capacity of science and technology human resources to be on par with the level and capacity of science and technology human resources of advanced countries in the region and the world [5, 19].

Realizing the role of international cooperation and integration in science and technology, our State has taken many measures to promote this field of activity. The main success of Vietnam's international cooperation and integration in science and technology in recent years has been to transform our country from a passive recipient of aid and cooperation to an equal partner in cooperation and gradually proactively integrating internationally in economics and science and technology. As mentioned above, to date, Vietnam has had cooperative relations in science and technology with nearly 70 countries, international organizations and territories. More than 80 science and technology cooperation agreements and a series of international agreements have been signed and are being implemented. Vietnam has become a member of nearly 100 international and regional organizations in science and technology.

As presented in the above sections, the specific results of international integration in science and technology have contributed to improving the country's capacity in applying atomic energy for peaceful purposes, serving Vietnam's nuclear power program; establishing joint laboratories and scientific centers in Vietnam or other countries; joint research cooperation within the framework of protocols (implemented since 2003) with many results applied in practice, contributing to improving the national science and technology capacity. Academic exchanges and collaborations on science and technology within the region and internationally have been promoted more than before. Vietnam has proactively hosted and successfully organized many international conferences and seminars on science and technology, attracting the participation of many prestigious scientists and scholars in the world. A network of Vietnamese science and technology representatives has been established in a number of key areas, initially opening up many channels of cooperation in science and technology with foreign countries, supporting activities of searching for and transferring technology from abroad to Vietnam.

International cooperation and integration activities in science and technology have been and are being widely deployed at the national scale and in each ministry, branch, and science and technology organization.

During the period 2001-2008, 27 ministries, branches and localities were assigned to carry out 336 international cooperation tasks according to the protocols signed with other countries and Vietnam allocated a total counterpart fund of 296 billion VND. Results obtained from the implementation of cooperation tasks according to the protocol [12, 12]:

- Mobilizing funding from foreign partners: Through the tasks of the Protocol, the funding spent by partners to jointly implement with us reached 128 million USD, compared to the counterpart funding provided from the science career budget of nearly 365 billion VND (about 19.2 million USD). According to this ratio, for every 1 dong of funding we spend, we mobilize 6.6 dong from partners; Vietnam's funding accounts for about 13%, foreign partners account for 87% of the total funding invested to carry out the tasks. This funding does not include other "non-monetary" amounts that Vietnam benefits from: training Vietnamese PhDs and Masters abroad (estimated at about 7 million USD) and research and measurement equipment left for units.

Vietnam at the end of the project (estimated at 7.5 million USD).

- Improving the capacity of Vietnamese science and technology staff: Through programs/projects in this period, 105 PhDs were trained (of which 62 PhDs were trained abroad, 43 were trained domestically through research projects); 121 masters (of which 47 were trained abroad, 74 were trained domestically). In addition, 409 staff were sent to foreign countries for long-term internship/exchange (from 1 month or more: mainly in-depth research, sample analysis at laboratories, research facilities of partners); and 775 staff were sent for short-term exchange abroad (less than 1 month). 752 conferences/seminars were organized, of which 334 were international conferences/seminars (with the participation of international scientists and printed proceedings in English and Vietnamese). According to incomplete statistics, this period had 147 international articles and 301 domestic articles.

- Science and Technology products: There are 158 models, products created, tested, demonstrated and developed. These are products with commercial value that can be brought to the market; there are products being consumed in the market. There are 302 materials, equipment, machinery, demonstration models, plant and animal varieties created. There are 216 new software, technological processes, technical standards established and developed. There are 08 patents licensed and protected domestically.

- Equipment Vietnam benefits from: Through the implementation of the Protocol tasks, the foreign partner has presented the Vietnamese implementing agency with a number of valuable research equipment and software, estimated at about 7.5 million USD, including a number of important equipment such as: Mobile laser measuring equipment to control biological water quality; 1 set of modern, highly accurate geophysical measuring equipment and machinery in the field of science and technology, including: 1 high-precision geoelectric meter -4P LHp 031; 2 boxes of 100 automatic measurement control chips in multi-pole geoelectric technology; automatic control software; a sensor system that automatically records changes in temperature and air pressure in the soil (Tensiometer) in the dike body, 1 set of equipment that automatically records changes in groundwater levels in hydrological boreholes at the dike monitoring station; equipment system of 1 station

meteorological monitoring, including data loggers for soil temperature and soil moisture, on-site water analysis equipment, dust monitoring equipment, 1 3D laser scanner (geodesic), 1 water flow velocity measuring device, 1 GPS device, 1 precision scale; 4 tons of equipment for 17 water level and sediment monitoring stations installed in the typical study area of Dong Thap Muoi and 3 buoy stations operated by GPS receivers to monitor water level and water quality. In addition, the Vietnamese side also benefited from software for research and teaching such as MIKE 11, SWAT [12, 12],...

Thus, all countries, whether highly developed or underdeveloped or developing, are clearly aware of the role of international integration in science and technology, and all focus on promoting international integration in science and technology to take advantage of opportunities and external resources to promote the development of science and technology in their countries, serving to gain advantages in the competition of economic, commercial, military power, etc. globally.

1.1.2.2. Development trends of international integration in the field of science and technology

Currently, the process of international integration is taking place in many areas of social life, including the field of science and technology. The process of international integration takes place differently in different areas and in different countries. The level, scope, and form of integration in each area and in each country depends on many factors, including the ability to promote the advantages of the integrating country, the level of readiness and benefits brought by integration, and the ability and measures to limit negative impacts arising in the integration process, etc. [6, 20]

International economic integration is taking place in the context of increasing globalization. This is the process of seeking benefits within the framework of cooperation and competition. In that process, besides the advantages gained from expanding relations, gaining experience, finding partners, and seeking support from advanced countries and international organizations, developing countries also face many difficulties and challenges in terms of market, capital, management level, science and technology level, forcing them to quickly and comprehensively innovate in terms of leadership, management,

Building orientations and strategies for socio-economic development to shorten the gap

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