LESSON 15. DRUGS USED IN MEDICINE
EYE – EAR – NOSE – THROAT, DERMATOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
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TARGET:
1. Present the uses, instructions for use, and dosage of the drugs in the lesson content.
CONTENT:
I. EAR - NOSE - THROAT MEDICINE.
1. General:
- Ears, nose and throat are organs of the body that are constantly exposed to the outside environment. In particular, the nose and throat are the gateway to the respiratory and digestive tracts, so they are easily infected by bacteria or many other causes.
- Medicines used to treat ear, nose and throat are divided into 2 types:
+ Systemic drugs: antibiotics, antibacterial sulfonamides, anti-allergy, anti-bleeding, hormones, vitamins...
+ Local drugs: vasoconstrictors, antispasmodics, anti-inflammatory, antiseptics, essential oils...
2. Commonly used drugs:
1. Chloramphenicol (other names: Clorocid, Cloromycetin…)
- Properties: 0.4% eye drops, clear, colorless, odorless, bitter taste.
- Effect: Antibacterial.
- Uses: Used to treat trachoma, pink eye, mild eye infections. How to use - dosage: 0.4%, 2 - 3 times a day, 1 - 2 drops each time.
2. Argyrol (Silver vitelinate)
- Properties: 1% - 3% solution, dark brown, exposed to light Silver precipitate (Ag) (finished product contains 19 - 20%).
- Effect: Antiseptic, conjunctivitis caused by gonococcus, corneal ulcer caused by blue cap bacillus -
Uses: Used as eye and nose drops to treat eye and nose inflammation.
- How to use - dosage:
+ Treating eye discharge, disinfecting eyes for newborns: Adults use 3% - 5% solution, Children use 1% solution.
+ Treatment of gonococcal keratitis, corneal ulcers caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cleaning before surgery: 10 - 20% solution.
+ Drop 2-3 times a day x 1-2 drops/time or 5-6 times/day.
* Note: Store in a cool, dry place, away from light.
3. Zinc Sulfate
- Properties: 0.1% - 0.5% solution is transparent, colorless, odorless, tasteless.
- Effect: Firms mucous membranes, antiseptic.
- Uses: Treatment of conjunctivitis.
Vaginal douching for inflammation: 0.1% solution.
- How to use - dosage: 2 - 3 times a day, 1 - 2 drops each time.
-Storage: Store pure zinc sulfate in a cool, heat-resistant place. Store eye drops in a cool place.
4. Sulfacylum
- Properties: Sulfamide has antibacterial effect, 10 - 20% solution is transparent, colorless, odorless.
- Effect: Antibacterial.
- Uses: Anti-corneal ulcers, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, gonococcal eye pain, trachoma.
- How to use - dosage: Eye drops 2 - 3 times a day, 1 - 2 drops each time.
5. Sulfarin
- Solution ingredients include:
+ Sulfacylum
+ Ephedrine
- Effect: Antibacterial, vasoconstrictor.
- Uses: Treats nasal congestion, disinfects respiratory tract, prevents infectious respiratory infections: measles, flu.
- How to use - dosage: Drop into nose 1 - 3 times a day, 1 - 2 drops each time.
6. Naphazoline
- Properties: 0.1% solution, transparent, colorless.
- Effect: Vasoconstriction, hemolysis anti-congestion of the eye mucosa, anti-inflammatory in the eye mucosa, ear, nose, throat.
- Uses: Treats nasal congestion, acute and chronic rhinitis, acute or chronic laryngitis, post-operative conjunctivitis, and ear canal congestion.
- How to use - dosage:
Drop 1-2 drops into nose 2-3 times.
- Contraindications:
+ children under 8 months.
+ High blood pressure.
+ rapid pulse, arteriosclerosis.
7. Polydexa
- Properties: Clear, colorless, odorless, bitter solution. Ingredients:
+ Dexamethasone 0.10g
+ Chloramphenicol 0.50g
+ Naphazoline 0.05g
+ Polysorbate 1.00g
+ Excipients just enough 100ml
- Effects: Antibacterial, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, vasoconstrictor.
- Uses: Treats infections of the eyes, nose, and ears.
+ Red, swollen, itchy, watery eyes, eye surgery.
+ Nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, rhinitis, sinusitis, used during nasal surgery.
+ Ear diseases: ear rot, ear discharge, pus discharge, ear swelling, tinnitus, ear itching, ear surgery
8. Boric Acid .
- Properties: Flaky crystals, slightly shiny or white crystalline powder, highly soluble in hot water, slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in ethanol and glycerin.
- Effect: mild antiseptic, non-irritating, non-stinging.
- Uses: antiseptic for ears, nose, throat.
+ Mouthwash: 3% boric acid solution; 1-2 times/day.
+ Ear wash: 3% boric alcohol; 1-2 times/day.
- Storage: cool place. 9. Sodium borate .
- Properties: odorless, colorless crystals, slightly hot taste, soluble in water, glycerin, insoluble in ethanol.
- Effect: mild antiseptic.
- Uses:
+ glossitis, stomatitis: gargle with 6% solution, 1-2 times/day
+ Treat sore throat, thrush: apply 1-2 times/day, 20% glycerin borate solution
- Storage: cool place.
10. Hydrogen Peroxide ( H 2 0 2 Hydrogen peroxide)
- Properties: transparent, colorless, corrosive liquid, special odor, has a mild acid reaction
, unstable (especially the liquid type), gradually decomposes under the effects of air, light, temperature, impact, dust, and alkalis.
H 2 0 2 H 2 O + O 2 .
- Effect:
+ Antibacterial.
+ Stop bleeding on the spot.
- Uses:
+ 3% solution (10V): wash wounds, ulcers, sinuses in the ear, nose and throat; gargle (dilute 10 times)
+ Hemostasis: when applied to bleeding mucosa.
- Preserve :
+ Concentrated H202 , diluted H202 : keep in a cool place, away from light.
+ Both of the above types contain preservatives. If there are no preservatives, they must be kept at a temperature not exceeding 15 degrees.
II. MEDICINE FOR TREATING SKIN DISEASES.
1. Principles of use:
- Only use medicine when correctly diagnosed.
- Choose the right medicine for each type of disease.
- If it is a systemic disease, combine with internal medicine (oral, injection).
- Clean skin before applying medicine.
- Do not use the same medicine for a long time in the same place on the skin (take a few days off or change to another medicine to avoid dermatitis and allergies).
2. Commonly used drugs.
1. Salicylic Acid:
- Properties: white needle-shaped crystals or light white crystalline powder, odorless, sweet and sour taste, slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in boiling water, ethanol, ether, slightly soluble in chloroform
- Effect
+ Strong antibacterial and antifungal
+ Antipyretic, pain reliever, anti-inflammatory but causes irritation
- Uses:
+ Eczema, skin fungus, psoriasis, calluses, warts
+ Preparation of Aspirin, Sodium salicylate
- Store in colored glass bottles, away from light.
2. Nystatin (Mycostatin)
- Properties: yellow powder, special smell, hygroscopic, unstable under the effects of temperature, humidity and light. Very difficult to dissolve in water, practically insoluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform. Decomposes quickly in the presence of water or plasma.
- Effect
+ Broad spectrum antifungal
+ Highly toxic, do not use systemically
+ Not absorbed through skin, mucous membranes, intestines
- Uses:
+ Treatment of candida in the skin, mucous membranes, digestive tract, vagina...
- Side effects: drinking may cause nausea, mild diarrhea
- Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the drug, pregnant women
- Attention:
+ Avoid using soaps with acidic pH
+ Acidic pH favors the growth of candida
3. Griseofulvin
- Properties: white powder, odorless, very difficult to dissolve in water, soluble in ethanol and non-polar solvents. Very stable in solid state.
- Effect:
+ Inhibits the growth of fungi (hair, skin, nails).
+ Has no effect on Candida, the fungus that causes pityriasis versicolor.
+ Has affinity for keratin.
- Uses:
+ Treat skin, hair and nail diseases.
- Side effects:
+ Skin allergies & photosensitivity.
+ Digestive disorders when the area is prolonged
+ Dizziness, headache, drowsiness
+ Anemia, leukopenia (rare)
- Contraindications
+ Allergic to drugs
+ Pregnant and breastfeeding women
4. Ketoconazole (nizoral)
- Properties: white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water
- Effect:
+ Ketoconazole has broad spectrum antifungal activity.
+ Antifungal, anti-yeast, and some other internal fungi
- Uses
+ Treats skin fungi: skin, hair, nails
+ Treats yeast infections: skin, nail and around-nail fungus caused by candida, tinea versicolor, dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis
- Side effects
+ Nausea, vomiting, anorexia (20%), skin allergies (2-4%), hair loss
+ Causes breast enlargement in men, impotence in men, menstrual disorders in women (depending on dosage and gradually decreasing when stopping the drug)
+ Hepatitis is rare but very serious and can be fatal.
- Contraindications:
+ Pregnancy and breastfeeding
+ Do not combine with Amphotericin
5. Fluocinolone Acetonide: (Flucinar, Synalar)
- Effect: is a synthetic corticoid with stronger anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-itching effects than Hydrocortisone. Toxic, for external use only.
- Uses:
+ Treatment of inflammatory and allergic conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis due to contact with chemicals, drugs, etc.
- Side effects:
+ Applying over a large area for a long time on thin skin and children can cause ulcers, skin atrophy, acne and systemic complications due to the drug being absorbed through the skin.
- Contraindications:
+ Syphilis
+ Skin
+ Skin diseases caused by viral fungi
+ Skin cancer
+ Fish eggs
+ Children are still breastfeeding.
PRICE .
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS .
1. Effects of Chloraphrnicol:……………………………
2. Effects of Zinc sulfate: makes ………………………. , ……………………..
3. Effects of Sulfacylum: ……………………………
4. Effects of Sulfarin: ………………………. . , …………………………….
5. Effects of Naphazolin: …………………………….. anti-congestive. 6. Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide: ………………………., ……………………………
7. The composition of Sulfarin solution includes:
8. Contraindications of Naphazolin:
……………………………………….
……………………………………….
9. List 3 ear drops in the article:………………….., ………………….., Boric Acid. 10. Uses of Nystatin: Treating fungus …………………….., ………………, digestive tract
, vagina …..
11. Uses of Griseofulvin: Treatment of diseases ………… , ………… , …………
12. Effects of Griseofulvin: Has no effect on ………………. ,…………. …..,
…………………..
TRUE OR FALSE ANSWER.
1. Chloramphenicol treats eye diseases and 2 nasal surgery.
2. Argyrol 1% eye and nose drops treat eye and nose inflammation.
3. Naphazolin 0.1% nasal drops for children under 5 months.
4. Chloraphrnicol 0.4% solution for eye drops in adults.
5. Argyrol 1% solution for eye and nose drops for adults and infants.
6. Polydexa medicine can be used for newborns as eye, nose, ear drops, and anti-inflammatory.
7. Polydexa medicine can be used for adults in the eyes, nose, ears, and as an anti-inflammatory.
8. Polydexa medicine can be used to treat pink eye and long-term treatment.
9. Argyrol 3% solution for newborn eyes and nose.
10. Naphazolin 0.1% solution is used as eye drops to reduce congestion. CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER
1. Nasal drops are prohibited for TE .
A. 1% Epherin solution.
B. 0.1% Naphazolin solution.
C. Sunfarin nasal drops.
D. Argyrol 1% nasal drops.
2. Eye drops are used for infants.
A. 0.4% Chlorampheniol solution.
B. 1% Argyrol solution.
C. Naphazolin solution 0.1%
D. Polydexa solution.
3. Nasal drops used for children under 5 years old are .
A. Sunfarin solution.
B. 3% Argyrol solution.
C. Naphazolin solution 0.1%
D. Polydexa solution.
4. Sunfacylum solution has the following uses:
A. Anti-corneal ulcers.
B. Conjunctivitis.
C. Blepharitis.
D. All correct.
5. Chloramphenicol 0.4% eye drops can be used in the following cases :
A. Pink eye.
B. Mild eye infection.
C. Trachoma.
D. All correct.