Quang Uyen, Trieu An, Vi Hong, Ma Truong Nguyen, Ha Thu Binh... especially Lam Tien (Nung ethnic group). Up to now, authors focusing on researching modern literature of ethnic minorities have unanimously affirmed the vitality and growing development of this still unfinished literature. Some works can be mentioned such as: Literature of ethnic groups - from a forum (1999) of the Vietnam Association of Literature and Arts of Ethnic Minorities; Literature of modern Vietnamese ethnic minorities (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1995), Literature of Vietnamese ethnic minorities (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1997), About a section of ethnic literature (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999), Literature and mountainous areas (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2002) by Lam Tien, Brocade patterns (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999), Poetry of ethnic minority poets (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2001), Issues with ethnic minority poets (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2002) by Lo Ngan Sun, Ethnic minority writers - Life and literature (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2003) by the Vietnam Association of Literature and Arts of Ethnic Minorities, Culture of Ethnic Minorities Number - From a perspective (National Culture Publishing House, H, 2004) by Vi Hong Nhan...
Regarding the issue of the team : The team of ethnic minority poets is increasing in number, present in many ethnic regions and supplemented from many different sources. Discussing the issue of the ethnic minority team, we can mention the articles of Hoang Tuan Cu with Ethnic Minority Literature and the Issue of the Team of Ethnic Authors , Cham Huong Viet with the Key Program for Ethnic Minority Literature and Art , Duong Thuan with the Need to Improve the Quality of Literature Written About Ethnic and Mountainous Areas, K. Dich with the Development of the Team of Ethnic Minority Writers in the Southern Central Highlands ... [68]. After 1986, the country entered a new period. The literary and artistic creation of ethnic minorities was therefore given more attention and created more favorable conditions. At this time, critical research on ethnic minority literature began to have more appropriate investments. The first work of the period after 1986 can be mentioned as 40 years of culture and art of ethnic minorities in Vietnam 1945-1985 (Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1985), Phong Le and Dinh Van Dinh wrote about the achievements of 40 years of ethnic minority literature. From this period onwards, many researchers have paid more attention to ethnic minority literature.
Although it has received a certain amount of investment, due to many objective and subjective factors, the study of ethnic minority poetry is still in a rudimentary state. Many works tend to generalize ethnic minority literature, presenting common characteristics, sketching the appearance and pointing out the successes and limitations in terms of content and art: Literature of Vietnamese ethnic minorities before the August Revolution in 1945 (Phan Dang Nhat, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1981); Literature of ethnic minorities - from a forum, (Many authors, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999); Literature and art of ethnic minorities in the renovation period (Many authors, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2007). Among the works published since 1986, Literature of Modern Vietnamese Ethnic Minorities (National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1995) by researcher and literary critic Lam Tien can be considered the most extensive research work on the literature of modern Vietnamese ethnic minorities before the August Revolution in 1945 in all three fields: poetry, prose and drama. However, this work only researches and evaluates a number of typical authors and works of ethnic minorities in each historical period, but has not outlined the appearance nor delved into the characteristics of literature in general and poetry in particular of each ethnic group. In 2010 and 2011, two works by authors from Thai Nguyen University provided rich materials: National identity in the poetry of modern Vietnamese ethnic minorities - Northern Vietnam (Tran Thi Viet Trung, Lam Tien, Nguyen Thuy Quynh, Thai Nguyen University Publishing House, 2010) introduced national identity in the literature and art of ethnic minorities, the movement and development of poetry of modern Vietnamese ethnic minorities, introduced modern poetry of some ethnic groups such as Tay, Thai, H'mong, Dao; Vietnamese ethnic minority literature in modern times - some characteristics (Tran Thi Viet Trung, Cao Thi Hao co-editors, Thai Nguyen University Publishing House, 2011) summarized the basic characteristics of modern Vietnamese ethnic minority poetry such as stages of development, content and artistic characteristics. The success of these literary criticism research works can be seen in the fact that the authors have pointed out some basic characteristics of the content and art of the literature of ethnic minorities; at the same time, they have affirmed some distinctive features of the ethnic and mountainous identity of each genre in the process of movement and development.
Maybe you are interested!
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Tay ethnic poetry from 1945 to present - 5 -
Tay ethnic poetry from 1945 to present - 10 -
Two Stages of Development of Tay Ethnic Poetry After 1945 -
Symbolic System in Tay Poetry from 1945 to Present -
Images of Artistic Space in Tay Poetry
Agreeing with the viewpoint of poet Lo Ngan Sun when he said: "What remains in life and time is not how many poems have been written, how much time has passed, but the poems, verses, and words that have been planted in people's hearts, and are remembered by people" [77, p.19], many works tend to identify typical faces of ethnic minority poetry, and comments point out the good and bad of specific works. The direction of many works on ethnic minority poetry after the August Revolution seems to be the most optimal way when research on each ethnic group and region has not received appropriate investment to move towards a systematic, thorough work on the full appearance of ethnic minority literature/poetry. In this approach, many works have been implemented relatively well and made accurate comments: Hoa van brocade (3 volumes, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1998, 1999, 2002) by Lo Ngan Sun collects articles, criticisms, and introductions about typical faces of ethnic minority poetry, some essays on the issue of national identity in ethnic minority poetry, reflections on the team of poets and writers who are ethnic minorities and some difficulties of writing in ethnic languages. However, it can be seen that the ambition is to sketch out a development process of more than half a century of modern literature of ethnic minorities, but many works fall into the state of "naming and naming", there is a richness and completeness of typical names but there is no evaluation in a whole. The Anthology of Literature of Ethnic Minorities in the Mountains (Nong Quoc Chan, editor-in-chief, Education Publishing House, Hanoi, 1998) also follows the old style, that is, the collection according to the movement: the first 3 volumes introduce the typical faces of poetry of ethnic minorities. It provides readers with brief biographies, good poems and brief comments... on the selected works. The Anthology of Poetry and Literature of Vietnamese Ethnic Minorities 1954-1980 (Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1980) gathers typical works of 44 poets and 11 writers and 5 authors on drama and theater; including three critical essays by Nong Quoc Chan, Vi Hong, Nong Phuc Tuoc on ethnic minority literature in general. In addition, we can also mention Literature of Ethnic Minorities - Works and Teams (1983)...
It can be affirmed that from the anthology of Ethnic Minority Literature published by the Literature Publishing House in 1960, to the Anthology of Poetry and Literature of Vietnamese Ethnic Minority Authors 1954-1980 printed by the Culture Publishing House in 1980, with poems, stories,
Memoirs, plays, essays, criticisms... were selected, the names of some authors were widely and centrally introduced to readers nationwide. Here, the role of researchers was given due attention in providing comments and guidance. This aspect can be mentioned in the work edited by Professor Phong Le, Writers of Modern Vietnamese Ethnic Minorities (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1988) with the publication of 16 elaborate articles with high scientific content about 16 poets and writers of ethnic minorities. The most elaborate and complete work up to now is the two volumes of Ethnic Minority Writers in Life and Literature of the Vietnam Association of Literature and Arts of Ethnic Minorities with the introduction of 87 literary and poetic authors from all regions of modern ethnic minority literature.
In the context of research still having many limitations in many aspects, most of the above works combine introducing typical faces while discussing some issues of ethnic minority literature such as language and writing, tradition and modernity, national identity... Before 1986, only Nong Quoc Chan wrote a lot and was well known in both creative work and research, criticism, focusing on three essay criticism works: The Road We Walk (1970), A Garden of Many Fragrances and Colors (1977), New Road (1985). In his research works, Nong Quoc Chan paid attention to the issue of national identity in poetry, national character in poetry (two articles National Identity in Poetry and Reply to Muong Poet Friends - collection The Road We Walk , Viet Bac Publishing House, 1970). In the later period, he turned his attention to the responsibility of writers in the face of current events ( Independence, Peace and the Responsibility of Writers in the essay collection New Road , Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1985). The period after 1986 recorded Lam Tien's outstanding successes. After the success of Modern Vietnamese Ethnic Minority Literature , Lam Tien continued to publish the work On a Section of Ethnic Literature (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999). In this book, he discussed a number of issues facing ethnic minority literature today such as: Literature written before the August Revolution of 1945, methods of approaching and researching ethnic minority literature, language and writing, issues of tradition and modernity, culture. Comments and analyses through specific literary works and authors such as the poetry of Ngan Van Hoan, Be Van Phung, Ban Tai Doan, Lo Ngan Sun, Y Phuong. Thus, the preferential treatment is still reserved for
some Tay ethnic authors. Here, researcher Lam Tien has made quite accurate assessments and provided many valuable documents. After the two works mentioned above, in 2002, he returned with the book Literature and the Mountains (Ethnic Culture Publishing House, Hanoi) introducing the literature of Vietnamese ethnic minorities and Southern ethnic minorities. The remarkable thing in this work is the analysis of some literary works on the mountain theme such as Thang Be Cu Mai (Ma A Lenh), Que Huong (Trieu Lam Chau); the unique nuances and limitations in the theory of literary criticism of Vietnamese ethnic minorities...
The Vietnam Association of Literature and Arts of Ethnic Minorities is also interested in organizing seminars on the background, life and career of accomplished ethnic minority poets such as the Seminar on Ban Tai Doan, Nong Minh Chau (2004), Hoang Trieu An (2007), Ma Truong Nguyen (2009)... Besides the Association's works, there are significant contributions from individual ethnic minority critics such as: Alone in the world of poetry (Hoang Quang Uyen, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2000); Poetry of ethnic minority poets (Lo Ngan Sun, National Culture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2001); Ma A Lenh with Tan ngan truoc van chuong (1998), Ha Lam Ky with Moi nich hoa van (2002), Mai Lieu with Huong sac mien rung (2008), Ma Truong Nguyen with Hien dai ma dan toc (2010)... Some authors, although not publishing their own works on research and criticism of ethnic minority literature, always devote their attention to specific issues: Vuong Anh writes about traditional and modern poetry of the Muong ethnic group, Trieu Kim Van writes about Dao literature, Inrasara writes a lot about Cham literature, Nong Viet Toai discusses the issue of using the mother tongue in writing poetry and literature... What can be clearly seen in some ethnic minority authors when writing criticism is the distinct difference in approach. Lo Ngan Sun has subtle comments but his articles often stop at the level of commentary and suggestion, there are no works or articles that have a deep orientation. Meanwhile, Nong Quoc Chan is interested in many issues of ethnic minority literature such as the issue of national identity, using ethnic languages to compose, encouraging artists to create and invest more in works... with many profound articles. The younger generation has Inrasara who is more interested in Cham literature, has the advantage of foreign languages, so he can approach theories and trends in the world and introduce to the team of Cham authors/young ethnic minority authors new, necessary and useful issues;
Duong Thuan is very interested in the young writers of the Tay ethnic group with many sophisticated articles. He also devoted a whole story to a rather elaborate discussion of Tay culture...
In published works, ethnic minority poetry is also considered to consider the main existing issues : Literature and art of ethnic minorities in the renovation period (National Culture Publishing House, H, 2007) collects more than 50 articles on literature and art of ethnic minorities. Besides some articles by authors on literature of each ethnic group, there are some articles discussing the general issues of ethnic minority literature; Hoang Van An with Cultural beauty in poetry and ethnic language, Vol. 2: Fragrance of mountains and forests (Writers' Association Publishing House, H, 2007) introduces and analyzes poetic works by ethnic authors such as Lo Ngan Sun, Ma The Vinh, Vi Thi Kim Binh... analyzing the identity of ethnic art created by the artists of the ethnic group. The work of the Institute of Literature with ethnic minority literature by Prof. Phan Dang Nhat in the Journal of Literary Research (No. 1-2009) wrote that writer Vu Ngoc Phan in his works of collecting fairy tales, folk songs, and folk songs often paid attention to ethnic minorities. However, the study of ethnic minority literature in the North really had an important change starting from the events that the Institute of Literature contributed to such as: History of Vietnamese Literature, Ethnic Minority Literature before the August Revolution, Epic De dat de nuoc. The Institute of Literature, together with poet Nong Quoc Chan, completed the 1980 manuscript on Ethnic Minority Literature with 6 chapters: Literature of ethnic minorities from the beginning of the country to 1945, myths and epics of ethnic minorities, folk tales, proverbs, folk songs and narrative poems, written literature of ethnic minority intellectuals before the August Revolution. This is the beginning, not yet complete, but with this work, the Institute of Literature has marked an important milestone in the research career of ethnic minority literature. From here, it opened up a number of other works following the Literature of Vietnamese Ethnic Minorities before the August Revolution (1981) by Phan Dang Nhat, and the Folklore of Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam (1983) by Vo Quang Nhon.
In the Literature Magazine, there are also not many articles devoted to ethnic minority literature. Some articles summarizing some general characteristics can be mentioned such as: Ha Van Thu with: Some features of ethnic minority literature
Vietnamese ethnic minorities from the August Revolution to the present (No. 1-1960) and Some comments on the literature of ethnic minorities from the August Revolution to the present (No. 6-1966), summarized and evaluated the achievements of ethnic minority literature from traditional to revolutionary literature; Nguyen Khanh Toan with On the literature of ethnic minorities in Vietnam (No. 3-1970); Nong Quoc Chan with Some issues on the literature of ethnic minorities (No. 10-1964)... After 1986, Lam Tien with The issue of tradition and modernity in the literature of ethnic minorities in Vietnam (No. 4-1991); Mac Phi with the 1992 Ethnic Minority Literature Award (No. 2-1993); Nguyen Duy Bac with On national identity in the works of ethnic minority poets (No. 9-1994); Hoang Van An with Poetry of Lang in the 90s (No. 11-1996); Nguyen Ngoc with Some thoughts on the current situation of ethnic minority literature (No. 9-1994); Lam Tien with Some thoughts on theory and criticism of ethnic minority literature (No. 5-2006); Do Thi Thu Huyen with Poetry of ethnic minorities in the first 10 years of the 21st century (No. 5-2012)...
Some ethnic groups with many poetic achievements such as the H'mong, Thai, Muong, Dao, and recently the Cham, the research situation has not received the proper attention as the writer Nguyen Ngoc commented: "many rich realities have not been summarized, or even gathered in a relatively systematic way; many theoretical and practical issues have not been dug up for consideration, researched closely and thoroughly". For example, with the H'mong ethnic group, the research situation on poetry has only begun since the 60s of the 20th century but only stopped at the level of mentioning a number of authors and works (the book Issues raised with ethnic minority poets by Lo Ngan Sun discusses in depth the poetry of ethnic minority authors, in which a few modern H'mong poets are also mentioned with assessments and comments on the characteristics of poetry). Up to now, the most systematic work is the master's thesis Some characteristics of H'mong ethnic poetry in the modern period by Nguyen Kien Tho, which has summarized the basic features of the content and art of modern H'mong ethnic poetry. There are also similarities, modern Thai ethnic poetry has only been collected and introduced in a general way through a few typical authors such as Cam Bieu, Lo Van Cay, Luong Quy Nhan, Vuong Trung, Lo Cao Nhum...; then marked the systematic research with the work Thai ethnic poetry in the modern period
by author Vu Thi Van. In addition, there are some regional research projects with Tuyen Quang Poetry from 1986 to present by Nong Thi Lan Huong... Among the authors researching Cham literature and culture, Inrasara is the one who has made many contributions. Most notably, the trilogy Cham Literature, Introduction - Anthology by Inrasara published in 1994-1995: Cham Literature - Introduction (National Culture Publishing House, H, 1994); Cham Folk Literature - Folk Songs, Proverbs, Riddles (National Culture Publishing House, H, 1995), Cham Literature - Epic, Collection - Research (National Culture Publishing House, H, 1995), the newly emerged Cham literature is relatively "complete and systematic in terms of the literary heritage of this nation that has never existed before (Bui Khanh The). Regarding Cham poetry, works such as Inrasara's Journey of Poetry Innovation by Le Thi Viet Ha, Inrasara - From Concept to Style by Tran Hoai Nam... From the research status as we have just analyzed, it can be affirmed that the existing studies are still not really significant compared to the team of authors and the increasingly large volume of works of ethnic minority poetry.
1.1.2. Situation of research on Tay ethnic poetry from 1945 to present
1.1.2.1. General and summary works
Among the existing works at home and abroad, we can mention the specific research works on Tay literature such as Tay - Nung Poetry Stories (1964) by Nong Quoc Chan; Tay Poetry Stories (1995) by Trieu An; Tay Poetry Stories: Origin, Development Process and Genre Poetics (2004) by Vu Anh Tuan,... However, because the above-mentioned Tay literature research works are mainly conducted from the perspective of folk literature, modern Tay ethnic poetry in the context of Vietnamese literature has not been mentioned much, especially there has not been a significant in-depth work.
Research on modern Tay poetry began with Nong Quoc Chan in 1957, “Tell a few stories about poetry” partly expressed Nong Quoc Chan’s personal experiences in his creative work and initially oriented important conditions for the writing of ethnic minority poets. In 1960, Xuan Dieu introduced the poetry collection Voice of the Northern Vietnamese by Nong Quoc Chan; in 1961, Nong Quoc Chan had the poem Hoang Duc Hau and Tay poetry - these were the first milestones in the research on Tay ethnic poetry in particular and minority poetry in general. In 1974, Trieu An introduced Hoang Duc Hau’s poetry in the book Some thoughts on literature.