Infrastructure and Facilities – Tourism Technology

long-term creation. Culture here includes material culture, social culture and spiritual culture.

In Vietnam, according to the Law on Cultural Heritage (2001), "Cultural heritage is construction works and relics, antiquities, and national treasures belonging to works and locations with historical, cultural, and scientific value."

Intangible cultural heritage is a spiritual product of historical, cultural and scientific value, preserved by memory, writing, transmitted orally, through craft, performance and other forms of preservation and transmission, including: language, writing, literary works, art, science, oral literature, folk performances, lifestyles, festivals, secrets of traditional crafts, knowledge of traditional medicine and pharmacy, culinary culture, traditional ethnic costumes and other folk knowledge.

Tangible cultural heritage is material products of historical, cultural and scientific value, including historical-cultural relics, scenic spots, relics, antiquities and national treasures.

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Scenic spots are natural landscapes or places that combine natural landscapes with architectural works of historical, aesthetic, and scientific value.

 Festival

Festivals are a very diverse and rich form of cultural activities, a type of collective activity of the people after a period of hard work, or an occasion for people to look back on an important historical event: to admire their ancestors, review traditions, or to resolve worries, desires, and dreams that real life has not yet resolved.

The festival consists of two parts: the ritual part and the festival part.

The ritual part is the opening part for festivals, whether big or small, long or short, with solemn and dignified rituals.

The opening ceremony of the festival always has a historical commemorative character, towards an important historical event, an outstanding national hero who had a great influence on the development of society.

The ceremony is to express respect to the saints and gods, praying for favorable weather, favorable terrain, harmony, prosperity and happiness.

The ritual forms a solid foundation with sacred cultural elements, full of aesthetic value for the entire community of festival-goers before moving on to the festival viewing part.

The festival features typical activities, typical of the psychology and culture of the community, containing the concepts of a nation about historical reality, society and nature. During the festival, there are often fun games, professional competitions, singing competitions, symbolizing gratitude and recognition of the ancestors. Everything that is typical of a land, a village is brought out to display, bringing joy to everyone.

Festivals often appear at the sacred time of seasonal change, or mark the end of a labor cycle and preparation for a new cycle.

 Traditional craft villages

According to the Vietnamese Encyclopedia, craft villages are villages that live by occupation or mainly by handicrafts in rural Vietnam.

Traditional craft village is a village with a traditional craft that was formed a long time ago, exists and develops to this day.

Traditional craft villages are a form of humanistic tourism resources, because craft village tourism products always include both tangible (souvenirs) and intangible (craft skills, cultural and artistic experiences, etc.) values.

 Tourism objects associated with ethnography

Each ethnic group has its own living conditions, cultural characteristics, customs, and production activities in a certain residential area. The characteristics of each ethnic group have their own appeal to tourists.

Valuable ethnographic tourism objects are strange customs of residence, social organization, eating and living habits, ancient architecture, traditional features in residential planning and construction, ethnic costumes, etc.

 Cultural, sports and other cognitive activities

Cultural objects also attract tourists for sightseeing and research purposes. These are scientific institutes and universities, famous libraries, cities where art exhibitions are held, centers that regularly organize music, theater, film festivals, international sports competitions (World Cup, Olympics), ballet performances, beauty contests, etc.

All cities with many cultural objects or cultural and sports activities are visited by many tourists and have become major cultural centers for cultural tourism.

Exhibitions and economic fairs also attract many different audiences. There are exhibition attendees who come to exchange production experiences or promote the products on display. Some others are traders who come to the exhibition to establish relationships with foreign companies and firms, to sign contracts to buy and sell products. In addition, there are ordinary visitors and tourists with large numbers and many different interests.

1.2.1.2. Infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism

Infrastructure

Infrastructure mainly includes: transportation system, communication system, power supply system, water supply and drainage system.

Infrastructure in general has a special role in promoting tourism. In this respect, the network and means of transport are the most important factors associated with the movement of people over a certain distance. It depends on the road network and means of transport. The development of transport, especially the rapid increase in means of transport (public and private) allows the rapid exploitation of new tourism resources.

Communication is an important part of the infrastructure of tourism activities. It is a necessary condition to ensure information for domestic and international tourists. Thanks to the advances of science and technology, the means of communication are increasingly rich and modern. Undersea cable systems, information satellites, computer systems and telegraphs, telephones, and the Internet are increasingly used and become an indispensable part of life.

In tourism infrastructure, we must also mention the system of electricity and water supply works whose products directly serve the entertainment needs of guests.

Thus, infrastructure is the premise and becomes the lever of all economic activities, including tourism.

Infrastructure and technical services for tourism

Tourism services include: accommodation facilities, dining facilities, entertainment facilities, and other service facilities.

Tourism infrastructure plays a very important role in the process of creating tourism products, as well as deciding the level of exploitation of tourism potentials to satisfy tourists' needs.

- Tourist accommodation

According to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005), " Tourist accommodation establishments are establishments that rent rooms and beds and provide other services for guests, of which hotels are the main tourist accommodation establishments ."

There are many types of accommodation facilities, but in general, accommodation facilities include: hotels, tourist villages, tourist villas, tourist apartments, tourist campsites, tourist motels, houses with rooms for tourists to rent, and other tourist accommodation facilities.

- Network of restaurants and commercial services: to meet the needs of tourists (domestic and international) for food and shopping by selling typical tourist items, food and other goods.

Because there are many tourists coming from many places, their demand for food and goods is very rich and diverse, depending on consumption characteristics such as tradition, ethnicity, etc. Therefore, the infrastructure and services to meet the above needs are also diverse, from restaurants and bars, food and vegetable stores, souvenir shops to shops selling specialized goods for tourism, selling consumer goods (in foreign or local currency). The shops can be located in hotels, in tourist areas or at traffic hubs.

- Sports facilities include sports facilities, sports halls or sports centers of various types, specialized equipment for each type (swimming pools, water bikes, water slides, car rentals, etc.).

Nowadays, sports facilities are an inseparable part of the infrastructure and technology of tourist centers. They increase the efficiency of hotels and resorts and enrich the types of tourism activities.

- Medical facilities

Medical facilities are intended to serve medical tourism and provide additional services at tourist destinations. Facilities here include treatment centers (with mineral water, sunlight, mud, diet foods, etc.), medical rooms with equipment inside (sauna, massage, etc.).

Relaxation and treatment facilities are always associated with sports facilities and can be located within the hotel area.

- Entertainment facilities, cultural information activities

These facilities are intended to provide visitors with entertainment, recreation, to broaden their socio-cultural knowledge, to facilitate communication, and to promote the traditions and cultural achievements of ethnic groups. They include entertainment facilities, as well as ethnic cultural centers, as well as cultural and information centers, cinemas, theaters, clubs, exhibition halls, and can be located either in hotels or independently in tourist centers.

- Facilities providing other additional services

These facilities are additional conditions, helping tourists to use their travel time more effectively, creating more convenience when they stay at the tourist destination. Additional services include petrol stations, first aid stations (at the beach or in the mountains), sports equipment repair shops, hair salons, laundries, beauty salons, photo service shops, etc.

At tourist destinations, they contribute to increasing the synchronization of the tourism service system. These services in the infrastructure - economic system have important significance in creating and implementing the entire tourism product. They exist independently but at the same time have a close relationship with each other, contributing to increasing the synchronization and attractiveness of tourism.

1.2.1.3. Economic, political and social factors

Tourism development policy

Tourism development policy is the key to success in tourism development. It can be a hindrance if the policy is not in line with reality. Tourism development policy has two aspects: First is the general policy of the World Tourism Organization for member countries; second is the policy of the local authority, that country. The second aspect is more important because it mobilizes human resources, based on the actual capacity of each region, that country to make appropriate policies.

Population and labor resources

Population and labor are important resources of social production. Along with labor activities, the population also has the need for rest and tourism. The larger the population, the more people participate in tourism activities. The number of workers in production and services is increasingly directly linked to the tourism economy. Understanding the population, ethnic composition, demographic characteristics, distribution and population density is very important for tourism development.

Human tourism needs depend on many social characteristics of the population. It is necessary to study the population structure by occupation and age to determine the need for tourism because this is a factor that promotes tourism development.

Population concentration in cities, population growth rate and density, life expectancy, urbanization are also related to tourism development.

Development of economic sectors

One of the important factors that influence the emergence and development of tourism is the general economic condition. The general economic development is the premise for the emergence and development of the tourism industry. According to the economic experts of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, a

A country can develop tourism sustainably if it can produce most of the material wealth needed for tourism itself.

The development of social production gives rise to the need for rest and the development of tourism services. The more social production develops, the greater the demand for tourism of the population, and the quality of services becomes more and more diverse.

The development of agriculture and food industry is important for tourism development. This is the basis for supplying the most goods for tourism. Transportation affects tourism development in two aspects: Quantity and quality. The development in quantity makes the transportation network reach all parts of the earth. The quality of means of transportation affects tourism in the following aspects: speed, safety, comfort, price.

Tourism investment

For any economic sector, investment activities have a particularly important meaning. Tourism investment is an activity in which people use capital to carry out activities to build infrastructure, tourism services, train and foster tourism human resources, etc. Investment activities help to exploit available advantages to serve tourism, attract tourists, increase revenue and develop the socio-economy, and are also the main conditions to create jobs and improve people's lives.

Currently, tourism investment activities are widely participated by many economic sectors. In addition to the State and local budgets, investment from private enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises is increasingly playing an important role in tourism development.

1.2.2. Forms of organizing tourism territories

Along with the development of society, forms of tourism territorial organization have gradually appeared, including 3 main forms: tourism territorial system, tourism development mutual support cluster and tourism region.

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