Human Development Index Hdi Of Vietnam And Some Countries

education is 6.91 points; Singapore is second (6.81), but leads in English proficiency (8.33) and high-tech proficiency (7.83) (See table 2.6 on the previous page).

Foreign experts when studying the Vietnamese education system all have the same comment that " Vietnamese education is an education for the rich". Because in Switzerland, 70% of students after graduating from primary school go to vocational training, in China it is 60%, in Taiwan 66%, while in Vietnam it is only 10%.

Regarding the general development index, according to the 2009 Human Development Report of the United Nations, Vietnam's human development index (HDI) in 2009 was 0.742, ranking 116/182 countries. Table 2.7 below shows the increase in HDI index of Vietnam, some countries in the region and the world's leading countries.

Table 2.7 Human Development Index HDI of Vietnam and some countries

Nation

Year 1990	Year 1995	Year 2000	Year 2005	Year 2006	Year 2007
Norway	0.924	0.948	0.961	0.968	0.970	0.971
Japan	0.918	0.931	0.943	0.956	0.958	0.960
America	0.923	0.939	0.949	0.955	0.955	0.956
Singapore	0.851	0.884	-	-	0.942	0.944
Malaysia	0.737	0.767	0.797	0.821	0.825	0.829
Thailand	0.706	0.727	0.753	0.777	0.780	0.783
China	0.608	0.657	0.719	0.756	0.763	0.772
Philippines	0.697	0.713	0.726	0.744	0.747	0.751
Vietnam	0.599	0.647	0.690	0.715	0.720	0.735
Indonesia	0.624	0.658	0.673	0.729	0.729	0.734
India	0.489	0.511	0.556	0.596	0.604	0.612

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Source: Compiled from: Human Development Report 2000 - 2009

Assessing the training sector from the perspective and criteria of the knowledge economy, according to the World Bank's data in 2009, we ranked 99th out of 145 countries. Table 2.8 (next page) shows the correlation between the training assessment index of Vietnam and some countries in 2009.

Regarding the scientific staff , by the end of 2009, Vietnam had more than 1,800,000 people with university and college degrees, 40,000 masters, more than 16,500 doctors and doctors of science, more than 8,200 professors and associate professors. The number of people with college and university degrees added annually is about 235,000 people. The distribution of the number of doctors is not

evenly between regions in the country. The Red River Delta and the Southeast region account for about 90% of the total number of PhDs in the country. In these two regions, the number of PhDs is mainly concentrated in the two cities of Hanoi (63.82%) and Ho Chi Minh City (19.33%). [7],[31]

Table 2.8 Training rankings of Vietnam and some countries and territories - 2009

Rating

Nation	KEI		Train
Nation	2009	2000	2009	2000
x	G7	8.72	8.95	8.75	8.67
13	America	9.02	9.32	8.74	9.13
14	Japan	8.42	8.92	8.67	8.93
x	Western Europe	8.76	8.97	8.29	8.51
28	Korea	7.82	8.23	8.09	8.35
31	Taiwan	8.45	8.63	7.97	7.92
x	High income countries	8.23	8.23	7.47	7.52
64	Thailand	5.52	5.69	5.58	5.37
68	Hong Kong	8.32	8.08	5.37	5.84
70	Singapore	8.44	8.66	5.29	6.52
83	Philippines	4.12	4.62	4.69	5.47
93	Malaysia	6.07	6.17	4.21	4.58
94	China	4.47	3.92	4.20	3.71
99	Vietnam	3.51	2.90	3.66	3.73
101	Indonesia	3.29	3.22	3.59	3.59
x	Lower middle income group	3.78	3.85	3.32	3.56
113	India	3.09	3.17	2.21	2.41

Source: Compiled from World Bank data 2010

In the eleven years from 1998 to 2009, 312 universities and colleges were established and upgraded nationwide. By September 2009, the country had 412 universities and colleges, of which 77 were non-public. With more than 1.7 million students, the training scale in 2008-2009 increased 13 times compared to 1987. Currently, 40/63 provinces and cities have universities, 60 localities have colleges. This establishment and upgrading has helped attract students from disadvantaged areas. On average, in 5 years (2004-2008), the rate of candidates passing regular university and college entrance exams has

The number of registered households in mountainous and economically disadvantaged areas is 26%, the number of rural and mountainous students is nearly 65% and the number of female students is nearly 52% compared to the total number of admitted students. [75]

In the period 2008-2009, the Government spent 2% of the state budget (equivalent to about 0.5% of GDP) investing in science and technology development, about 2.5 times higher than in 2001. This is a great effort. State budget expenditure; expenses of the production and business sector for science and technology reached less than 0.3% of GDP. Thus, by the end of 2008, the total social investment in science and technology reached about 0.8% of GDP, equivalent to 8.4 USD/person. Compared to other countries, in 2002 (6 years earlier), this figure in Korea was 212 USD (25 times higher), in Germany was 511 USD (61 times higher), in the United States was 794 USD (95 times higher).

With the rapid development in quantity, the quality is still not high, there is still a gap compared to advanced countries in the region and the world level, we need to try harder, invest better to quickly increase both the quality and quantity of human resources, scientific and technical staff for the country in the conditions of international integration.

2.1.2.3 Information and communication technology (ICT)

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a bright spot in the development of the knowledge economy with a high contribution to the criteria for the development of the knowledge economy in Vietnam. The growth of Vietnam's ICT is reflected not only in its ranking but also in the scale of the industry and market as well as the growth rate. The total value of Vietnam's information technology industry (excluding the consumer electronics and telecommunications industry) in 2006 was 1.74 billion USD , an increase of 22.1% compared to 2005, of which the growth rate of the software and service industry was 32%, higher than the growth rate of the hardware industry, partly due to the contribution of the digital content industry and software outsourcing services for foreign countries.

Vietnam's software and service industry achieved a turnover of 360 million USD in 2006, of which 255 million USD came from the domestic market (accounting for 70.1%) and 105 million USD from export processing (accounting for 29.9%), up 44% over the previous year. Software export processing increased by 50%, the domestic software/service market increased by 41.6%. The software industry's turnover in 2007 exceeded the threshold of 500 million USD - the target we expected to achieve in 2005. 2 years behind schedule, however, we hope that the following years will grow even higher (Table 2.9 on the next page).

Table 2.9 Value of Vietnam's information technology industry 2002-2006

Unit: Million USD

Year

Software/Services			Hardware	Total
Serving the market local school	Processing export	Total	Hardware	Total
2002	65	20	85	550	635
2003	90	30	120	700	820
2004	125	45	170	760	930
2005	180	70	250	1150	1400
2006	255	105	360	1380	1740

Source: Compiled from [71]

By 2008, the total revenue of the information technology industry reached 5.22 billion USD, of which hardware reached 4.1 billion USD, software reached 680 million USD, and digital content industry reached 440 million USD. The total workforce in the information technology industry is estimated at over 200,000 people, of which 110,000 are in the hardware sector, 57,000 are in the software sector, and 33,000 are in the digital content sector. [65]. Figure 2.7 below and Figure 2.8 (next page) give us an idea of the level of development of the Internet, telephones, and computers to households.

Figure 2.7 Number of computers and color televisions per 100 people

Source: [65] - Vietnam Information and Communication Technology 2009

The Internet alone increased by 25%, ranking 17th in the world in terms of number of users, but 93rd in the world in terms of user rate. After 12 months (May 2006 to May 2007), the number of converted Internet subscribers increased by 27%, the number of Internet users increased by 25%. This is not a high growth rate, previous years usually maintained a growth rate of double each year. Last year also maintained a growth rate of over 80%.

Figure 2.8 Number of fixed telephone subscribers/100 people

Source: [65] - Vietnam Information and Communication Technology 2009

The current rate of Internet users in Vietnam is nearly 20%, an increase of 4% after 1 year. During the same period, the rate of Internet users in the world increased by only 1.5%. If this growth rate is maintained, in 2008, the target of 25% set out in the Vietnam Telecommunications and Internet Development Plan to 2010 will be achieved 2 years earlier. With over 16 million Internet users, Vietnam has become the country with the 17th highest number of Internet users in the world, and the 6th in Asia (after China, India, Japan, Korea and Indonesia). Data up to May 2009 on the situation of Internet usage in Vietnam is shown in Table 2.10 below.

Table 2.10 Internet usage situation in Vietnam as of May 2009

Source: [65] - Vietnam Information and Communication Technology 2009

However, if calculated by the rate of Internet access, Vietnam is currently at a rather modest ranking: 9th in Asia and 93rd in the world.

Regarding the state of piracy, in May 2008, as usual, the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and IDC released the 2008 software piracy report.

This is a year that is considered to have a significant decrease in the overall rate of infringement. Of the 108 countries on the list, 77 countries decreased and only 8 countries increased. However, due to the fact that in countries with high rates of copyright infringement, the number of computers used increased rapidly, so globally, the infringement rate increased by 3% to 38% (3 years ago this figure was at 35%), and the value of pirated software increased by 8 billion USD - to 48 billion USD. Russia is considered to have made remarkable progress when it reduced the copyright infringement rate from 80% to 73%. China remained at 82%. Vietnam's infringement rate last year was 85%, a decrease of 3% compared to the previous year. Thus, after 3 years, Vietnam has reduced by 7%, and from being the country at the top of the list, Vietnam is now out of the top 9 countries. Iraq and Vietnam are ranked 10th and 11th. BSA estimates that Vietnam’s violation rate would have dropped to 81% if the Vietnamese computer market had not grown as rapidly as last year. Although the violation rate has decreased, the value of Vietnam’s violations has reached 200 million USD, more than double the previous year.

Regarding the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), according to the definition of the World Economic Forum (WEF), NRI is "the level of preparation of a country or community to participate in and benefit from developments in information technology" . This index is published by WEF in the Global Information Technology Report annually (since 2001) and is calculated from three factors: the coordination and macroeconomic environment for information technology, the readiness of individuals, businesses and governments to use and benefit from information technology, and the level of information technology use. In 2002, there were only 75 countries in the ranking, in 2003 there were 82 countries, in 2004 there were 102 countries, in 2005 there were 104 countries, in 2006 there were 115 countries, in 2007 there were 122 countries and in 2008 there were up to 127 countries. The Global IT Report (2007-2008) was published in April 2008, Vietnam ranked 73rd with 3.67 points. Thus, compared to position 82/122, this year Vietnam increased its ranking by 9 places, the score increased from 3.40 to 3.67. This is a high achievement for Vietnam, after 2 years of falling. Topping the list is still Denmark. In the top 10, Korea is in 9th place - a full 10 places increase compared to 2007.

Regarding the E-Readiness Index (EIU), this is the annual ranking of the Economist Intelligence Unit (under The Economist magazine – UK) in collaboration with the IBM Institute for Business Value and published in a report called “EreadinessRanking 2008: Maintaining Momentum ”. In 2008, the index of all countries increased and the digital divide between countries continued to narrow. Vietnam ranked 65th - maintaining the same ranking as in 2007. out of 70 countries (4.03 points - increased compared to the score

3.73 of 2007). Vietnam's position in the list in 2003 and 2002 was 56/60, 2004 was 60/65, 2005 was 61/65, 2006 was 66/68 and 2007 was 65/69.

In terms of e-government, the e-Government index measures the capacity and readiness of each country in building e-Government based on ICT platform for national development. Capacity is assessed through the level of financial investment, infrastructure, human resources, policies, and management organization; while readiness is assessed through the ability to provide information and knowledge to the people and businesses. This index is calculated based on 3 basic factors: the presence of websites built by the government; ICT infrastructure and education and training; These factors are calculated and expressed through 3 indicators: Web Measure Index; Telecommunication Infrastructure Index; Human Capital Index.

The report of UNPAN - the United Nations' online network on public administration and finance - published in March 2008 (the most recent report published in December 2005) shows that Vietnam's e-Government Index has increased significantly: from 0.364 points in 2005 to 0.4558 points in 2008. Vietnam is ranked 91st, continuing to increase 16 places compared to previous years (2005: ranked 105th, 2004: ranked 112th).

The score for Vietnam's Web index in 2008 was 0.4448 (a large increase compared to 2005's 0.2231 and a large increase compared to 2004's 0.143), the telecommunications infrastructure index was 0.1081 (2005's 0.0489, 2004's 0.040), and the human resources index was 0.815 (2005's 0.82, 2004's 0.83). The e-Government index is calculated by the average value of these three indexes, and the 16-rank increase of Vietnam's e-Government is due to the increase in the Web index and the telecommunications infrastructure index, while the human resources index increased insignificantly. In the region, Vietnam ranked 6th after Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Brunei. Indonesia's ranking dropped behind Vietnam.

Overall, Vietnam's ICT picture is bright compared to other regions, however, Vietnam's overall ICT index remains at a weak average level, ranking 78/146 countries in 2009 (Table 2.11 on the next page).

In recent times, Vietnam's position on the world information technology map has become brighter, many rankings have been improved and the market has also been constantly developing. However, when the development of information technology is closely linked to the economic development of each country and many factors related to growth quality are added for evaluation, Vietnam is facing many challenges in its efforts to significantly improve the position of national information technology as well as expand the country's information technology market on the global map.

Table 2.11: ICT ranking of Vietnam and some countries and territories - 2009

Rating

Nation	KEI		ICT
Nation	2009	2000	2009	2000
7	Hong Kong	8.32	8.08	9.33	9.37
8	Singapore	8.44	8.66	9.22	9.29
10	Taiwan	8.45	8.63	9.13	9.11
14	America	9.02	9.32	8.83	9.52
x	G7	8.72	8.95	8.80	8.97
x	Western Europe	8.76	8.97	8.78	9.00
19	Korea	7.82	8.23	8.60	9.28
x	High income countries	8.23	8.23	8.42	8.35
28	Japan	8.42	8.92	8.00	8.72
41	Malaysia	6.07	6.17	7.14	7.33
64	Thailand	5.52	5.69	5.64	5.04
78	Vietnam	3.51	2.90	4.85	2.95
87	China	4.47	3.92	4.33	4.80
x	Lower middle income group	3.78	3.85	3.85	4.13
96	Philippines	4.12	4.62	3.60	4.41
110	Indonesia	3.29	3.22	2.72	3.55
115	India	3.09	3.17	2.49	2.87

Source: Compiled from World Bank data 2010

2.1.2.4 Innovation system

In terms of indicators related to the national innovation system, compared with the G7 countries, South Korea, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the growth quality of Vietnam's economy is still very low, and in general, is lagging far behind many other countries. Many statistics, Vietnam has not collected, some available data, such as the ratio of foreign investment/GDP; the structure of trade and processing industries in GDP; the number of R&D staff per 10,000 people; total spending on R&D in GDP..., show that these figures are lower than many countries in the region. Table 2.12 (next page) gives us the criteria for forming an assessment of Vietnam's innovation system compared with some countries in 2009, accordingly, the ranking of our country's innovation system is ranked 115/146 countries, lower than Indonesia, the Philippines and far below Thailand, Malaysia.

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