Table 2.6: GDP and GDP growth rate of Hanoi as of December 31, 2006, classified by economic sector - calculated at 1994 prices
[10, p.38]
Unit: billion VND
Year
GDP (Billion VND) | Divide | |||
Agriculture, forestry and fishery | Industry, construction | Service | ||
1995 | 12921 | 643 | 3704 | 7674 |
2000 | 19999 | 776 | 7178 | 12045 |
2001 | 22004 | 785 | 7841 | 13379 |
2002 | 24654 | 843 | 8894 | 14917 |
2003 | 27472 | 860 | 10423 | 16189 |
2004 | 30653 | 845 | 11867 | 17941 |
2005 | 34150 | 860 | 13124 | 20166 |
2006 | 38088 | 869 | 14830 | 22389 |
Year | GDP growth rate (%) | Divide | ||
Agriculture and forestry, seafood | Industrial, build | Service | ||
1995 | 14.96 | 5.76 | 16.62 | 15.02 |
2000 | 9.39 | 6.59 | 11.51 | 8.29 |
2001 | 10.03 | 1.16 | 9.23 | 11.07 |
2002 | 12.04 | 7.39 | 13.44 | 11.5 |
2003 | 11.43 | 2.02 | 17.19 | 8.53 |
2004 | 11.58 | - 1.74 | 13.85 | 10.82 |
2005 | 11.41 | 1.78 | 10.59 | 12.4 |
2006 | 11.53 | 1.05 | 13 | 11.02 |
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Besides the positive impacts from socio-economic characteristics, job creation in Hanoi still faces many difficulties due to the heavy influence of the old bureaucratic and subsidized mechanism that has lasted for many years, due to the unsynchronized urban development, especially infrastructure, due to the unreasonable economic structure (especially
is the structure within the industry and industry group, regional structure and economic component structure), the spontaneous nature in the process of market economic development, due to the rapid increase in scale and speed of labor resources, and the lack of comprehensive policies and measures of a strategic nature of the State in the use of labor in the Capital.
2.1.3 Labor resources in Hanoi.
2.1.3.1 Hanoi human resources capacity
Stature and physical strength are important biological characteristics, partly reflecting the actual condition of the body and especially closely related to the ability to work of people. Vietnamese workers in general and Hanoians in particular have a height and body weight that are on the low average level in the world. Hanoi's current human resources are still poor in both stature and physical strength, partly due to the general physical condition of Asians, and partly due to the poor health of children in previous years in Hanoi. Until the early 90s, in Hanoi, more than 50% of children under 5 years old were still malnourished, of which the rate of severe malnutrition was 14-16%. This is an important factor that negatively affects the stature and physical strength of Hanoi's current labor force.
In the whole city, in recent years the rate of malnourished children has improved significantly (in 1998 it was reduced by nearly half compared to 1994, the number of malnourished children in the womb - newborn babies weighing less than 2.5 kg - in 1998 was only 6.23%). Moreover, children in Hanoi now receive quite good health and medical care. This has a positive effect on the physical strength of the future workforce because they will be the ones who directly work to create wealth in the future.
The current average nutritional level of Hanoians is about 2,000 kCal/day. Compared to the world's nutritional standards, it is still low (the standard is 2,100 kCal/day for normal workers). This is also a factor that makes many workers unable to meet the quantity and intensity of work in the industrialization and modernization of the capital.
2.1.2.2 Cultural level of Hanoi's labor force
Hanoi is the economic - political - cultural - scientific and technical center, the economic exchange hub of the whole country, the place where leading scientific research and training organizations converge. Currently, Hanoi has 56 universities and colleges, 42 vocational high schools, 20 technical worker training schools, 112 specialized research institutes, in addition to international organizations, foreign companies operating in advanced and key industries... This is the material factor that greatly and directly affects the quality of labor resources, the allocation and use of labor in Hanoi, creating conditions for Hanoi to have the opportunity to integrate into the dynamic development process of countries in the region and become the driving force for the development of the whole country.
2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
1. Technical worker | |||||
Number of schools | 21 | 21 | 23 | 21 | 20 |
Teacher | - | 2095 | - | - | - |
Pupil | 13600 | 16400 | 15313 | 15785 | 13687 |
2. Vocational high school | |||||
Number of schools | 28 | 38 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
Teacher | 1343 | 1984 | 2793 | 1935 | 2142 |
Pupil | 24842 | 31856 | 51127 | 52908 | 53206 |
3. College, university | |||||
Number of schools | 43 | 49 | 49 | 54 | 56 |
Teacher | 11694 | 13124 | 14828 | 13556 | 13820 |
Student | 364180 | 373421 | 466281 | 497072 | 506015 |
Table 2.7: Schools, teachers, students of vocational schools, professional secondary schools, colleges and universities in Hanoi as of December 31, 2006 [10, pp.185-186]
The literacy rate of Hanoi's population is 99.6%. The number of illiterate people of working age is mainly concentrated in rural and suburban areas and among the elderly.
Hanoi is the first locality in the country to achieve universal primary education standards, and has universalized lower secondary education in inner-city areas.
Currently striving to complete universal lower secondary education in the whole city and move towards universal high school education in the inner city.
The cultural level of Hanoi's workers is relatively high, with 85.96% of them graduating from junior high school or higher, of which 45.3% graduated from high school (of which the rate in Thanh Xuan district is 61.61%). The number of people with low cultural level (ie from primary school or lower) in Hanoi is much less than the number of people with secondary school or higher, of which the rate of people graduating from high school is 50.8%, of which in the inner city is 64.2%. The highest grade of education completed per worker in Hanoi is 9.9 years, of which in the inner city is 10.6 years, and in the suburbs is 9.1 years. In short, the cultural level of Hanoi's workers is the highest compared to the Red River Delta and the whole country.
2.1.3.3 Professional qualifications of Hanoi's workforce
Although Hanoi's labor force is large, it lacks labor in key industries such as software technology, automation, etc. The rate of trained labor is still only 17.6%, and skilled labor is mainly concentrated in urban areas, while the proportion in rural areas is still small. However, the socialization of vocational training has been and is being promoted. Up to now, the total number of vocational training facilities in Hanoi is 222, recruiting and training 77,500 new people, of which 33,000 are long-term. Vocational training for rural laborers has been expanded, last year 1,515 people were trained in cooking, welding, civil electricity, sewing, information technology, etc.
In terms of quality, the workforce of the capital is still weak in terms of qualifications and skills compared to the increasingly high requirements of the industrialization - modernization of the capital and international integration. The output quality at the general education, vocational training, professional secondary school, college and university levels is still low. In addition, the distribution and use of technical human resources is still unreasonable (a large number of workers have to do jobs unrelated to their trained profession), further reducing the working efficiency of the technical workforce.
The structure of labor force according to technical expertise and training level is also a major issue that needs to be addressed. Currently, Hanoi lacks many technical workers, especially high-level technical workers, while the number of university graduates is relatively redundant, so it has not been effective. The ratio of college and university graduates / Vocational high school / Technical workers in Hanoi is about 100: 145: 391. Meanwhile, in the world, the reasonable ratio is: 100: 400: 1400.
2.2 Current status of employment in Hanoi in recent years.
With the difficulties and advantages from natural characteristics, socio-economic, human resources. The job creation work in Hanoi in recent years has achieved many results as well as many problems. In 2006, the whole city created jobs for 82,000 people, in 2007 it was 87,990 people. This is a great effort of Hanoi City, however, along with the expansion of industrial zones, the rapid urbanization in districts and towns on the outskirts of the city such as Tu Liem, Gia Lam, Tay Ho... makes Hanoi no longer have arable land and there are about 110,000 workers of working age needing jobs each year, including many people with technical expertise and high skills.
Table 2.8: Labor force and number of employed people in Hanoi [7, p.293]
Unit: person
year
1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | |
Labor force | 1276677 | 1269174 | 1389604 | 1376588 | 1378999 |
Number of people employed | 1201447 | 1197064 | 1316721 | 1304752 | 1303293 |
year | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
Labor force | 1474783 | 1512542 | 1535521 | 1575951 | - |
Number of people employed | 1409497 | 1443275 | 1459914 | 1511178 | 1593178 |
As a large city, Hanoi is facing a great pressure, which is the urban unemployment rate is high compared to other cities in the country. In addition to the working-age labor force accounting for 64% of the local population, there are also tens of thousands of workers from other provinces, students and graduates staying...
So the need to solve the city's employment problem is always a pressing issue.
Table 2.9: Unemployed and employed workers in urban areas
[10, p.28]
Unit: person
2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
I. Number of people with jobs | 33936 | 40599 | 46893 | 52485 | 51150 |
1. Stable job | 19713 | 18240 | 24010 | 26609 | 27621 |
In there | |||||
- Recruitment into the public sector | 4026 | 2860 | 2670 | 5777 | 5812 |
- Recruitment into non-state sector | 8403 | 11250 | 12890 | 15482 | 18353 |
- Admissions | 4984 | 4980 | 5830 | 4997 | 3621 |
2. Temporary employment | 14223 | 22359 | 22883 | 25876 | 23529 |
II. Number of people applying for jobs | 42296 | 25725 | 46260 | 50082 | 45270 |
In there | |||||
- Demobilized soldiers | 1918 | 2170 | 2881 | 2666 | 2108 |
- students drop out | 8762 | 2660 | - | - | - |
In recent times, Hanoi's job creation has made many breakthroughs. Hanoi is the place where many new and effective models have been formed in job creation, such as the job fair (organized by the City from 2002 to present), once a year, through each fair, thousands of workers have found jobs suitable to their qualifications and abilities, tens of thousands of workers (mainly students) have grasped important information of the labor market to orient their careers and find suitable jobs, at the same time many enterprises have directly recruited workers according to the requirements set forth... In 2007, Hanoi reduced the unemployment rate in urban areas to 5.8%. The goal set for 2008 is to create jobs for 90,000 people, reducing the unemployment rate in urban areas to 5.7%. Vocational training for 81,000 people, of which 36,000 are long-term and 45,000 are short-term, raising the rate of trained workers to 26%.
2.2.1 Current status of employment in economic sectors in Hanoi Table 2.10: Workers working in the state sector in the area
Hanoi classified by economic sector. [10, p.26]
Unit: person.
2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
Total | 416181 | 480034 | 550129 | 514406 | 511860 |
Agriculture and forestry | 2272 | 2950 | 2862 | 2993 | 2518 |
Seafood | 308 | 326 | 313 | 281 | 283 |
Mining industry | 4717 | 5906 | 5280 | 5189 | 4899 |
Processing industry | 101360 | 110028 | 113321 | 98304 | 90942 |
Production and distribution of electricity, gas, water | 4881 | 5627 | 5552 | 5889 | 6040 |
Build | 94500 | 129338 | 184141 | 175994 | 180054 |
Trade, repair of motor vehicles | 39250 | 46425 | 48246 | 36247 | 35664 |
Hotel, restaurant | 3694 | 4512 | 3989 | 3474 | 3450 |
Transportation, warehousing and communications | 21955 | 32628 | 35034 | 30569 | 22433 |
Finance, credit | 4109 | 4554 | 4644 | 5117 | 5301 |
Science and technology activities | 15683 | 15943 | 15935 | 15935 | 16075 |
Activities related to property trading, consulting services | 19252 | 16608 | 25066 | 25084 | 30461 |
State management and national security | 26606 | 26966 | 27218 | 27159 | 28608 |
Education - training | 45376 | 44982 | 44933 | 48203 | 50399 |
Health and social relief | 14588 | 14826 | 14857 | 14939 | 15417 |
Cultural and sports activities | 8910 | 9308 | 9248 | 9375 | 9461 |
Party, union and association activities | 4572 | 4707 | 4731 | 4836 | 5374 |
Personal and community service activities | 4148 | 4526 | 4759 | 4818 | 4931 |
Since our country shifted from a centralized - subsidized mechanism to a multi-sector market mechanism, the structure of human resource distribution in economic sectors has fundamentally changed in the direction of a gradual decrease in the proportion of labor in the state-owned economic sector, while the proportion of labor in the private sector has decreased.
in the non-state economic sector increased rapidly. In 1989, the labor force in the state economic sector accounted for about 52%, and in the non-state sector accounted for about 48%. In 1992, the corresponding rates were 36.8% and 63.2%, and in 1995, they were 35.5% and 64.5%. As of December 31, 2006, the state sector in Hanoi provided jobs for 511,860 people, accounting for 31.9% of the total number of people with regular economic activities (about 1.6 million people). The remaining economic sectors provided jobs for nearly 100,000 people.
1,100,000 people (68.1%).
The number of workers working in the agriculture - forestry - fishery sector in Hanoi remained almost unchanged during the 6 years from 2000 to 2006. During the same period, the number of workers in the industrial sector increased by 58.6%; the number of workers in the service sector increased by 151.2%. This reflects the great potential of industry and agriculture in creating jobs, associated with the rapid urbanization and economic restructuring towards industrialization and modernization of Hanoi.
2.2.1.1 Employment in the industry
Hanoi is one of the country's major industrial centers, industry plays a key role in the capital's economy. Hanoi's industrial production value has increased rapidly in recent times (in 2000 it was 17,746 billion VND, in 2003 it was 30,474 billion VND, in 2004 it was
36,598 billion VND, in 2005 it was 41,643 billion VND, in 2006 it was 48,472 billion VND - calculated at 1994 prices), followed by a large number of workers working in the industrial sector in Hanoi.
Labor force working in the state-owned industrial sector tends to decrease gradually, while the number of labor force working in non-state-owned industrial sectors increases rapidly in both quantity and proportion (this is completely consistent with the trend of equitization of state-owned enterprises that is taking place strongly), labor force in the foreign-invested industrial sector increases at the highest rate (in 2006, it was 4.6 times higher than in 2000). The rapid growth of industrial labor force in the non-state sector and the foreign-invested sector