Distribution of Ascaris Infection Intensity by Gender (N=261)

Table 3.18. Distribution of Ascaris infection intensity by gender (n=261)

Gender

Number of infections	Mild CDN		Average CDN		Severe CDN
Number of infections	SL	TL %	SL	TL %	SL	TL %
Male	131	101	77.1	24	18.3	6	4.6
Female	130	94	72.3	32	24.6	4	3.1
Total	261	195	74.7	56	21.5	10	3.8
p-value		p (1:2) = 0.668		p (1:2) =0.350		p (1:2) =0.754

Maybe you are interested!

Interview Questions on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Worm Infection Prevention.
HIV infection status and care and ARV treatment for children under 18 months of age born to infected mothers in Vietnam, 2010-2013 - 19
Chlamydia Infection Distribution by Age Group Before Intervention
Life Cycle of Ascaris Lumbricoides Worm
Current status of infection and effectiveness of treatment of soil-transmitted helminths with albendazole and mebendazole in children aged 12-23 months in 3 districts of Dien Bien, Yen Bai, Ha Giang provinces 2015-2016-17

Comment :

The rate of roundworm infection at different intensity levels in the two sexes did not have a statistically significant difference (p>0.05).

Table 3.19. Intensity of worm infection in 3 districts

Conscious

Type of worm	Number of infections	Intensity light		Intensity medium		Intensity heavy
Type of worm	Number of infections	SL	TL%	SL	TL%	SL	TL%
Week of Teaching	Roundworm	121	86	70.1	27	22.3	8	7.6
	whipworm	34	34	100	0	0	0	0
	Hookworm/Beakworm	3	3	100	0	0	0	0
Meo Vac	Roundworm	81	51	62.9	28	34.6	2	2.5
	whipworm	25	24	96	1	4	0	0
	Hookworm/Beakworm	4	4	100	0	0	0	0
Literature Yen	Roundworm	59	58	98.3	1	1.7	0	0
Literature Yen	whipworm	13	13	0	0	0	0	0
Total	Roundworm	261	195	74.7	56	21.4	10	3.9
	whipworm	72	71	98.6	1	1.4	0	0
	Hookworm/Beakworm	7	7	100	0	0	0	0

Comment:

- In Tuan Giao, 8/121 children were infected with severe roundworm, accounting for 7.6%;

- In Meo Vac, 2/81 children were infected with severe roundworm, accounting for 2.5%;

- Only 1 child infected with moderate intensity whipworm in Meo Vac

Table 3.20. Geometric mean worm egg intensity at study sites

District

Roundworm	whipworm	Hookworm/Beakworm
Week of Teaching	7.71  2.45	0.46  0.29	0.03
Meo Vac	4.08 ± 2.19	0.35  0.17	0.05
Van Yen	1.13  0.9	0.10  0.05	0

Comment:

The average intensity of Ascaris eggs in Tuan Giao was highest at 7.71 and lowest at Van Yen at 1.13.

The intensity of whipworm eggs is quite low (0.1-0.46), the intensity of hookworm eggs/beak is very low.

3.1.3. Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections after 3 and 6 months

We performed stool examinations of all children at 3 and 6 months after the baseline survey. Due to the long follow-up period, the number of children followed at each time point was lower than at the baseline survey. Of the 1240 children, 925 had stool samples retested at both 3 and 6 months.

Table 3.21. Worm infection rate before and after treatment in 3 districts

District

Initial investigation (n=1,240)			Investigation after 3 month (n=925)			Investigation after 6 month (n=925)
Number XN	Number (+)	TL %	Number XN	Number (+)	TL %	Number XN	Number (+)	TL %
Week of Teaching	419	134	32.0	349	62	17.8	349	88	25.2
Meo Vac	389	91	23.4	151	30	19.9	151	50	33.1
Van Yen	432	69	16.0	361	7	1.9	361	12	3.3
Total	1,240	294	23.7	925	99	12.1	925	150	18.0

Comment:

- After 3 months, the infection rate in Meo Vac was 19.9%; After 6 months, the infection rate was up to 33.1%, higher than the initial infection rate.

- After 3 months, the infection rate in Tuan Giao was 17.8%; After 6 months, the infection rate was 25.2%,

- In Van Yen, the infection rate after 3 months and 6 months was very low, 1.9% and 3.3% respectively.

Table 3.22. Intensity of worm infection before and after 3 and 6 months

Type of worm

Total infected			Mild CDN			Central College jar			Severe CDN
(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
Worms chopsticks	SL	261	65	93	195	40	57	56	23	34	10	2	2
Worms chopsticks	TL%	100	100	100	74.7	61.5	61.3	21.4	35.4	36.6	3.9	3.0	2.1
Worms hair	SL	72	34	47	71	34	46	1	0	1	0	0	0
Worms hair	TL%	100	100	100	98.6	100	97.9	1.4		2.1
Worms hook/beak	SL	7	4	7	7	4	7	0	0	0	0	0	0
Worms hook/beak	TL%	100	100	100	100	100	100	0

Comment:

After 3 months and 6 months, the rates of infection intensity levels of GTQD types at the research sites were equivalent to those before the investigation.

Table 3.23. Rates of mono- and poly-infection with worms before and after 3 and 6 months

Time

Number infected	Monoinfection		2 types of infection		3 types of infection
Number infected	SL	TL %	SL	TL %	SL	TL %
Before treatment	294	251	85.4	40	13.6	3	1.0
After 3 months	99	76	76.8	20	20.2	3	3.0
After 6 months	150	119	79.3	29	19.3	3	2.0

Comment:

- The rate of children infected with worms tends to decrease.

- The rate of infection with two and three types of worms increased compared to the initial survey.

Of the 925 children re-sampled at 3 and 6 months, 646 were free of soil-transmitted helminth infections at baseline and 189 were infected with at least one type of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Based on the infection rates of negative children, the incidence and cumulative incidence rates were calculated.

Table 3.24. Incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infections after 3 and 6 months (n=646)

Type

GTQD

After 3 months		From 3rd to 6th month		TLMMTL after 6 months
Number (+)	TL%	Number (+)	TL%	Number (+)	TL %
Chopsticks	27	4.2	23	3.6	50	7.7
Hair	11	1.7	13	2.0	24	3.7
Hook/beak	2	0.3	2	0.3	4	0.6

(Note: TLMMTL: Cumulative incidence rate)

Comment:

- The highest incidence of roundworm infection was 4.2% after 3 months and 7.7% after 6 months;

- The incidence of whipworm ranges from 1.7% to 3.7%;

- The incidence of hookworm/helminthiasis is very low.

3.1.4. Some factors related to soil-transmitted helminth infection in children 12-23 months old at the study site.

In this study, we conducted interviews with parents and caregivers to identify factors associated with STDs in children aged 12-23 months. 1,240 people participated in the interviews.

Table 3.25. Relationship between worm infection rate in children and age group (n=1240)

Age group

Have infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
From 12-17 months	117	480	597	1.55 [1.19-2.03]	0.01
From 18-23 months	177	466	643
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment: Children aged 18-23 months had a 1.55 times higher risk of worm infection than children aged 12-17 months (p<0.01).

Table 3.26. Association between worm infection rate in children and parental education (n=1240)

Education

Infected	Not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
Illiteracy + primary school	158	390	548	OR= 1.66 [1:28-2:16]	0.01
From junior high school onwards go up	177	466	692
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment: The risk of worm infection in children whose parents only attended primary school was 1.66 times higher than in the group of parents who attended junior high school or higher (p<0.01).

Table 3.27. Association between worm infection rate in children and parents' knowledge of soil-transmitted helminth infection prevention (n=1240)

Knowledge about

PC GTQD

Have infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
Not achieved	244	699	943	OR= 1.72 [1:23-2:41]	0.01
Obtain	50	247	297
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment: The risk of worm infection in children in the group of parents with inadequate knowledge of preventing STDs was 1.72 times higher than in the group of parents with adequate knowledge. The difference was statistically significant with p<0.01.

Table 3.28. Association between worm infection and number of children in the family (n=1240)

Number of children

Have infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
3 or more	77	124	201	OR= 2.35 [1.70-3.24]	0.00
1-2 children	217	822	946
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment:

Children living in families with 3 or more children have a 2.35 times higher risk of worm infection than children living in families with 1-2 children. The difference is statistically significant with p<0.01.

Table 3.29. Association between worm infection and hand washing with soap

for children (n=1,240)

Wash hands with soap

room

Have infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
Are not	155	438	593	OR= 1.29 [0.99-1.6]	0.054
Have	139	508	647
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment:

There was no difference in the rate of worm infection between the group whose parents washed their hands with soap and the group who did not wash their hands regularly. The difference was statistically significant with p>0.05.

Table 3.30. Association between worm infection and nail clipping in children

(n = 1,240)

Nail clipping

hands for children

Have infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
Are not	214	709	923	1.11 [0.83-1.50]	0.459
Have	80	237	317
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment:

There was no difference in infection rate between the group that did not have their nails trimmed regularly and the group that had their nails trimmed regularly (p>0.05).

Table 3.31. Association between worm infection and soil playing habits in children (n=1,240)

Dirt

Infected	Not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
Have	216	632	848	1.38 [1.03-1.84]	0.032
Are not	78	314	278
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment:

There is a correlation between the habit of playing in the soil and the rate of soil-transmitted helminth infection in children. The difference is statistically significant (p<0.05).

Table 3.32. Association between worm infection and use of unsanitary latrines (n=1,231)

Toilet

Infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p
No HVS	245	708	953	2.0 [1.39-2.87]	0.00
VS	41	237	278
Total	286	945	1,231

(Note: There were 1231 respondents to this question)

Comment: Households using unsanitary latrines have a 2.0 times higher risk of worm infection than households with hygienic latrines. The difference is statistically significant (p<0.01).

Table 3.33. Association between worm infection and family habit of using fresh manure to fertilize fields (n=1,240)

SD division

fresh

Infected	Are not infected	Total	OR [95%CI]	p-value
Have	188	599	787	1.03 [0.78-1.35]	>0.549
Are not	106	347	453
Total	294	946	1,240

Comment:

There was no difference in the rate of worm infection between children in families using fresh manure and children in families not using fresh manure (p>0.05).

In univariate analysis, we identified 6 factors related to soil-transmitted helminth infection. However, education and knowledge are two factors related to each other, so we chose knowledge to include in the model. Multivariate regression analysis to eliminate confounding factors.

Table 3.34. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with worm infection in children 12-23 months old

Related factors

Grouping	OR [95% CI]	p-value
Age group	18-23 months	1.65 [ 1.25-2.17]	0.01
	12-17 months
naughty habits land of children	Have	1.20 [0.88-1.65]	0.331
	Are not
Number of children	≥ 3 children	2.28 [ 1.64-3.18]	0.00
	1-2 children
Toilet	No HVS	1.71 [ 1.16-2.49]	0.015
	Hygienic
Parents' knowledge about PC worms	Not achieved	1.28 [0.89-1.86]	0.139
	Obtain