The Northeast region can affirm that this place has all the conditions to develop community-based tourism - a form of tourism that helps people have the opportunity to create more jobs, increase income, and contribute to the development of the material and spiritual life of the community.
2.6. Northeastern tourism business results
2.6.1. Tourists
According to statistics from 11 Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Northeast region, the number of visitors to the region in recent years has continued to increase with an average annual growth rate of 0.9%/year in the period 2010 - 2014 (Figure 2.6).
Unit: thousand guests
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
National Tourists
International visitors to the Northeast
Domestic visitors to the Northeast
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
(Source: Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism of provinces in the Region)
Figure 2.6. Chart comparing the growth of tourists in the Northeast region with the whole country (period 2010 - 2014)
In 2010, the number of tourists to the region was only 10,329,225, and by 2014, it had increased to 16,702,649. Of which, visitors mainly came to Quang Ninh, Lang Son and Lao Cai provinces. There are 02 provinces, Quang Ninh and Lang Son, which have a total number of tourists exceeding 1 million from 2013 onwards.
However, if we compare the number of tourists to the Northeast region with the whole country, we can see that this is a territory with limited ability to attract visitors (Figure 2.1).
The current international tourist market of the Region mainly includes: Northeast Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea), North America (USA), Western Europe (France, UK, Germany, Netherlands)... and ASEAN bloc with the main purposes being: visiting cultural relics, revolutionary historical relics; visiting natural landscapes; relaxation; trade; attending seminars, conferences and some groups of guests combined with visiting relatives.
Tourist destinations that attract many international tourists include: Cultural tourist destinations, especially unique ethnic cultures: Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Cao Bang and Bac Kan...; Tourist destinations to visit historical sites and national parks: Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Thai Nguyen...; Tourist destinations to visit natural landscapes: SaPa, Ba Be, Ha Long...; Tourist destinations associated with important borders: Lang Son, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh; Resort tourist destinations: Lang Son; Eco-tourism destinations: Hoang Lien, Ba Be, Ha Long...
Through each period, it can be seen that the number of international visitors to the Northeast Region has increased but is still low compared to the reality of the whole country (Figure 2.5) . The main reason is that the tourism products of the provinces in the Region are still less attractive and diverse; the system of service facilities has not met the increasing needs of tourists, so it has not attracted many international visitors.
Among the localities of the Region, Quang Ninh, Lang Son and Lao Cai are the three provinces with the largest number of international tourists, accounting for over 60% of the total number of international visitors to the Region. In particular, Lao Cai is currently emerging as a locality that attracts many international tourists due to its comparative advantages in terms of tourism resources and the Ha Khau international border gate, connecting to Yunnan province - China. If Lao Cai cooperates well with Hai Phong and Quang Ninh to improve the quality of transportation to the capital Hanoi and the Northeast coast, it will attract a large number of tourists from Yunnan province, China, to travel through the Ha Khau border gate (Lao Cai).
International visitors to the Northeast mainly travel by road. Other means of transport such as rail and air account for a lower proportion but are both on the rise.
Due to the diversity and quality of tourism products in the region in the past, there have been many limitations, so it has not encouraged spending by international tourists to this area. Tourist spending is mainly on accommodation and food (accounting for 70%), the rest is on transportation and other services.
The domestic tourist market also grew strongly with an average rate of 15%/year, mainly coming from large northern cities such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Thai Nguyen...
The destinations favored by domestic tourists are resorts and beach resorts (Quang Ninh); scenic spots in Sapa, Ba Be, Ha Long...; Festival destinations: Hung Temple...; Weekend destinations in neighboring provinces such as Phu Tho, Thai Nguyen...; Eco-tourism destinations such as: Ba Be, Hoang Lien...
Domestic tourists have now begun to use more advanced tourism services. However, from the tourism business side, there are still many limitations in fully meeting the services for tourists. Therefore, domestic tourists to the Region also spend most of their spending on accommodation and food (75%) and the rest on transportation and other services.
2.6.2. Tourism revenue
According to statistics from the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the provinces in the Region in recent years, along with the increase in the number of tourists, the Region's tourism revenue has also grown at a relatively stable rate, but compared to the tourism revenue of the whole country, the growth rate is still low (Figure 2.7).
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Unit: billion VND
Revenue from tourism
of the whole country
Tourism revenue of the Northeast region
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
(Source: Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism of provinces in the Region) Figure 2.7. Chart comparing tourism revenue in the Northeast region compared to the whole country (period 2010 - 2014)
From the results of tourism business, it can be seen that: the income from tourism of the Region is not yet commensurate with the potential and the number of tourists coming to the region. However, the increasing number of tourists to the region shows that the Northeast region is increasingly attractive to domestic and foreign tourists. Moreover, with the characteristics of the composition of tourists and the destinations of tourists in the Northeast, it can also be affirmed that: the demand for community-based tourism in the Northeast is completely practical.
In summary, the current status of tourism development in recent times shows that the Northeast needs to have more specific orientations on the issue of exploiting space and tourism products to promote the unique and existing potentials in the region while bringing higher socio-economic benefits and developing in the most sustainable direction. In particular, community-based tourism is the type of tourism that needs to be prioritized for development. However, in each different geographical area in the region, the conditions for developing community-based tourism have their own advantages, so the Northeast needs to identify the potential for developing community-based tourism thoroughly through the method of natural geographical zoning throughout the region to evaluate and propose specific development orientations and solutions.
2.7. Natural geographical zoning of the Northeast region for community-based ecotourism development
2.7.1. Establishing a natural geographical zoning map of the Northeast region
The important document of the synthetic natural geographical zoning is the natural geographical zoning map, which demonstrates the differentiation of synthetic entities at different levels of subdivision and their boundaries.
2.7.1.1. Principles of establishing a natural geographical zoning map of the Northeast region
- In general, in map making, the principles that need to be implemented are: the purpose of the map must be specifically determined; The map must be accurate, scientific and up-to-date; objects and phenomena are classified and expressed fully and scientifically from content to legend; Must ensure accuracy of geographical location [33].
- For the Northeast region's zoning map, when establishing it, it is necessary to base it on the principles of natural geographical zoning selection: generation principle; synthesis principle; territorial integrity principle; dominant element principle; relative uniformity principle ( Section 1.3.3.2).
- In addition, the Northeast region's zoning map needs to comply with other principles such as: The Northeast region's zoning map needs to objectively reflect the differentiation and uniformity of the territory; The map shows the natural geographical aggregates, the boundaries between them, the area and dependence...; The Northeast region's zoning map must show the spatial distribution and content of the Northeast region's aggregates at different levels.
2.7.1.2. Method of creating a natural geographical zoning map of the Northeast region
In establishing the Northeast region's zoning map, the system of establishment methods includes zoning methods and map methods.
- Methods in zoning the Northeast region include field methods; dominant factor analysis methods; synthetic analysis methods of natural components; Methods of analyzing and comparing component maps (Section 1.3.3.1).
- Map methods of presenting content include: line symbol method; quality background method and brush strokes.
Based on the territorial characteristics and the content to be shown to determine the map scale. Accordingly, the map of natural geographical zoning of the Northeast region to serve the development of community-based ecotourism is selected at a map scale of 1/500,000, UTM projection grid based on the VN-2000 reference system.
Region: based on the actual differentiation of the regional natural conditions, accordingly, the regional level is determined based on tectonic and geomorphological factors. The differentiation between regions in the region has similarities in origin (mountainous and hilly regions, plains), has characteristics in hydrological characteristics, the level of its influence on natural conditions, and the diversity of ecosystems.
Sub-regions: Sub-regions are divided based on the natural differentiation in the territory of each region. The criteria for division are the unity of a type of terrain (mountain massif, hilly area, plain type...) on a lava foundation of similar age. In addition, the additional criteria can be considered as the structure of biological communities (main types of carpets, ecosystems).
2.7.2. Results of natural geographical zoning of the Northeast region
Based on the regional classification system, it is divided into two levels: regions and sub-regions. Based on the criteria and indicators of zoning that have been determined, the entire territory of the Northeast region is divided into 10 regions and 21 natural geographical sub-regions (Table 2.1, Figure 2.8 and Appendix 9).
Table 2.1. Natural geographical zoning of the Northeast region for community-based tourism development
TT
Region Name | Sub-region | |
Region I | High mountain area on the eastern slope of Hoang Lien Son | SaPa- Van Ban highland sub-region |
IbVan Yen - Nghia Lo highland sub-region | ||
Region II | Dong Van – Hoang Su Phi midland and mountainous region | II.a.Quan Ba - Dong Van Mountain Sub-region |
II.b.Medium mountain sub-region and plateau of Hoang Su Phi - Bac Ha | ||
Region III | Lo-Gam low and medium mountain areas | III.a.Medium mountainous sub-region of Bac Me - Na Hang |
III.b.Low mountainous sub-region of Chiem Hoa - Yen Son | ||
Region IV | The low and medium mountain area of Ngan Son - Yen Lac | IV.a.Bao Lac - Nguyen Binh medium mountainous sub-region |
IV.b. Ba Be-Cho Don low mountain and hill sub-region | ||
IV.c.Low mountain sub-region of Ngan Son - Na Ri | ||
Region V | Lowland Ha Lang - Bac Son | The Trung Khanh - Ha Lang limestone mountain sub-region |
VbTrang Dinh - Van Lang lowland sub-region | ||
Bac Son - Vo Nhai limestone mountain sub-region | ||
Region VI | Lowland area of Nam Mau - Yen Tu | VI.a. Low mountainous sub-region of Cao Loc - Dinh Lap |
VI.b.Low mountain sub-region of Binh Lieu - Yen Tu | ||
VI.c. Luc Ngan - Son Dong hill sub-region | ||
Region VII | Low mountains and hills of Yen Lap – Thanh Ba |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Comparison of Geographical Conditions, Structure of Culture and Tourism Activities -
Growth Parameters of Plants in Strip No. 1 Growth Measurement Chart of Seedlings in Strip No. 1 -
Chart Showing Growth in Deposits and Lending of Commercial Banks in Ho Chi Minh City in the First 7 Months of the Year. -
Comparison of the Income Growth Rate of Employees and Profit Growth of 3 Joint Stock Companies.
Region VIII
Lowland area of Red River-Chay River valley | VIII.a. Low mountainous sub-region of Bao Thang - Yen Binh | |
VIII.b.Doan Hung- Lam Thao hill and plain sub-region | ||
Region IX | Plains and low mountains of Bac Giang - Thai Nguyen | IX.a.Hill and low mountain sub-region of Tam Dao - Dinh Hoa |
IX.b. Dong Hy - Tan Yen hill and plain sub-region | ||
Region X | Hilly areas, coastal plains and coastal islands of Quang Ninh | Hai Ha - Yen Hung coastal plain and hill sub-region |
Van Don - Ha Long Island Sub-region |
Above is the result of natural geographical zoning of the Northeast region (with 10 regions and 22 sub-regions) to serve the purpose of developing community-based tourism. This is the scientific and objective basis for comprehensive assessment, determining the level of favorable conditions and proposing specific orientations and solutions for developing community-based tourism in the Northeast region of Vietnam (Figure 2.8).