in the interactions between the components in the vertical structure as well as the landscape units in the horizontal structure of the landscape. However, if we use the dominant factor as a main method, the result will be closer to a map of a certain element. Therefore, when drawing the official boundaries of the landscape units, we must consider all the components participating in the formation of the landscape in the mutual relationships between those components.
1.1.2.3. Landscape characteristics research
According to general theory, studying the characteristics of CQ requires studying the structure, function and dynamics of CQ, specifically:
a. Landscape structure
It is the study of the internal organization of the natural geographical synthesis (geosystem) with the arrangement of landscape components in space including vertical structure (layer structure) and horizontal structure (morphological structure). It is related to the law of change and development of each landscape unit in the entire landscape system. This is the basis for determining the characteristic functions for different purposes of use.
Vertical structure: The vertical structure of the landscape is created by the characteristics of the relationships and interactions between the components of the landscape, depending on the direction of change of the components during the development process as well as on the age and development history of the composite.
The vertical structure is expressed in the stratified distribution of landscape components arranged from bottom to top, from the geological foundation of the lithosphere, topography, soil cover, organisms, hydrology, climate and the relationship between them. It is expressed through a synthetic cross-section that shows the arrangement of components in strata from bottom to top and vice versa.
The intensity and speed of vertical structure formation also depends on climatic conditions, surface humidity and groundwater. In places where natural processes are strong ( often local in nature ), the vertical structure is also more complex and thicker. The vertical structure fluctuates and moves during the long-term historical development process due to the influence of natural processes, especially current processes ( vertical structures are often destroyed in small landscape units - mountainous areas ). Besides natural processes, human activities also change the vertical structure ( vegetation, soil, flow, terrain - in many places natural vegetation is replaced by vegetation planted over the entire area ). Places where the vertical structure of the landscape is fundamentally changed will create completely new landscapes.
Horizontal structure : The interaction between the morphological components (horizontal structure) of the landscape forms the horizontal structure of the landscape. The horizontal structure includes the geo-complexes of the same or different levels that make up a certain geographical unit and the complex relationships between those geo-complexes. Because each landscape unit itself is a complete system, the horizontal structure is often modeled by a multi-system model. Like the vertical structure, each unit level has its own horizontal structure, and the horizontal structure of each individual belonging to the same unit level also has its own characteristics.
Regarding landscape structure, the impact of geographical conditions, especially natural geographical conditions, on landscape structure is very similar, while socio-economic factors (including humans) expressed in human activities will be a part of landscape that impacts landscape at different levels from weak to strong and vice versa. Landscape is the product of human labor on the territory. Geographical conditions not only play a decisive role in landscape formation but also play a dominant role in agricultural production activities (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1. Comparison of geographical conditions, landscape structure and tourism activities
STT
Conditions geography | CQ structure | Factors affect | |
1 | Geology | Geological structure, lava | Soil forming rocks |
2 | Topography - Geomorphology | Terrain types and forms | Type of tourism |
3 | Climate | Climate types | Bioclimate for tourism |
4 | Hydrology | Hydrological regime | Type of tourism |
5 | Soil | Soil groups and types | Soil nutrition |
6 | Creature | Vegetation | Tourist scenery |
7 | Economic - social | Human activities | Labor, intellectual science education and infrastructure, technical facilities |
Maybe you are interested!
-
Exploiting the cultural value of Hang Kenh communal house - Hai Phong to serve tourism development - 1 -
Impact of Financial Market Development on Enterprise Capital Structure by National Institutional Quality -
The impact of financial market development on the capital structure of listed enterprises in the ASEAN Economic Community - 28 -
Restoration and Restoration of Monuments Associated with the Construction and Development of Zen Tourism -
Foreign Studies on Improving Competitiveness for Tourism Development
- Geological background: Any landscape has a homogeneous geological background based mainly on the nature and age of the lithological formations. To a certain extent, geological units coincide with geomorphological and pedological units.
- Topography: Topography is an important component in the vertical structure and the levels that make up the horizontal structure of the landscape. Together with the geological foundation, topography forms the solid foundation of the landscape - the sustainable physical basis that determines the nature of the remaining components. Therefore, the identification and classification of terrain types play a key role.
- Climate: The climate of the landscape is closely related to the buffer surface. Each landscape unit has a suitable climate unit, which is the climate type of the landscape. In the relationship between climate and landscape, the climate of the landscape is determined based on data collected from meteorological observation stations located at representative locations of the landscape.
- Hydrology: The components of hydrology, the nature and prevalence of water accumulations, their regime, the intensity of circulation, the degree of mineralization, chemical composition and other properties, all depend on the correlation between zonal conditions and on the internal reality of the landscape itself.
- Soil: According to AG Ixatsenko, in the landscape, soil types replace each other in space in accordance with changes in topographic factors, climate, water regime as well as vegetation. This means that the landscape must correspond to a certain land area.
Vu Tu Lap believes that the soil of the landscape must be a large soil complex. Because in a geographical landscape, there is rarely only one type of soil, it is closely related to the terrain type, geological foundation, climate - hydrology type, and on it will correspond a large plant complex.
- Biology: According to AG Ixatsenko, the landscape is characterized by a complete complex of plant communities forming a series of ecologically regular associations. In such series, there may be a combination of very different communities, replacing each other in space. Vu Tu Lap determined that the vegetation of the landscape must be a macrocosm of plants, from the group of communities up to the middle layer of the community or vegetation type in the classification system of plant communities.
b. Function of landscape
The study of the function of landscape is to understand the operation of landscape structure, expressing the nature of landscape. That nature is expressed in the way of association of landscape components, the components of landscape always interact with each other in the operation of landscape. According to AG Ixatsenko, the following main channels of contact between components in landscape structure can be outlined:
- Mechanical displacement due to gravity of matter ( solid, liquid, gas ), accompanied by the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy.
- The physicochemical ( molecular ) processes that ensure the important stages of the mainly vertical exchange between the components of the landscape are carried out thanks to solar energy and are accompanied by its transformation ( dissolution, precipitation, chemical reactions ).
- Biotransformation - an extremely important process in the system of relationships between the components of the landscape, thanks to which the matter of all components is drawn into exchange. Biotransformation plays a regulating and stabilizing role, thanks to which the matter is retained, preventing the process of gravity from carrying them away from the landscape.
Based on the analysis and assessment of landscapes, their main functions in the research area have been identified as: protection function; restoration and conservation function; ecological economic development function; food production function. Developing agriculture creates diverse products, improving people's lives, and people will not destroy forests. Developing conservation and regeneration forestry will create the most favorable and safe conditions for agricultural development, creating beautiful landscapes for ecotourism development.
c. On the dynamics of the landscape
The study of landscape dynamics not only clarifies the reality of landscape changes under natural and human impacts, but also allows the selection of the most suitable options for using them in accordance with the natural potential of the territory. It must be affirmed that the operation of the landscape is based on the dynamic system, the processes of material and energy exchange that take place throughout the formation and development process.
One of the decisive driving factors for landscape change that the author mentioned is human exploitation of territory and agricultural and forestry production activities. These impacts have both positive and negative aspects:
- Positive: Changing the humidity of different territorial areas by regulating the flow, helping to maintain stable humidity for the landscape; forming human landscapes that contribute to controlling matter and energy in agricultural ecosystems, agro-forestry ecosystems...; changing the terrain surface to create architectural complexes, urban landscapes...
- But the negative impacts are: destroying the gravity balance of landscapes by creating toxic substances that contaminate water sources and the environment, disrupting the geochemical cycle; changing the moisture cycle and water balance; disrupting the biological balance and biological circulation of matter in landscapes; changing the thermal balance of landscapes; the negative impacts of technology on landscapes, disrupting the dynamic structural laws of landscapes.
On the research territory with abundant energy provided by the sun with a relatively high total radiation and temperature, large and concentrated rainfall seasonally, the rotation of seasonal regime impacts on the territory has created seasonal rhythms of landscape and created impacts that change landscape through the increase of accumulation and exchange of matter and energy in it, as well as impacts that inhibit or promote other natural processes. However, according to general assessment, the biggest driving force, the most decisive factor in landscape change is human activities of exploiting the territory.
1.1.2.4. Landscape research direction
Along with the development of the Department of Geographical Sciences, the achievements of biogeographical research and spatial differentiation of landscape components, landscape science defines a period of research on the division of the Earth's surface . Landscape studies is the theory of the laws of territorial differentiation of the geographical shell; landscape is the basic unit. The zoning system is considered as a group of landscapes into high-level territorial connections on the basis of spatial and historical landscape-related relationships. This is the stage of research on the spatial structure of landscapes.
The research direction of structure determines the qualitative nature of landscape. Therefore, the research focuses on quantitative indicators of landscape properties, using measures such as: system approach, control approach, ecological approach, research on technical impact (human factor) on landscape research... This marks the shift from research on spatial structure to research on dynamic function of landscape.
At the same time, the issue of “living environment based on ecological principles and geographical landscape” contributed to the creation of a new direction of landscape research - the direction of landscape ecology, but it had little clear progress in the theoretical field. The direction of landscape ecology is an applied direction with the purpose of studying the exchange and transformation of matter in the biological cycle in landscape, protecting and improving the living environment.
Currently, the trend of NCCQ in the world and in Vietnam is based on research results on a global scale. CQ scientists continue to delve into the comprehensive scientific approach - regional NCCQ. More importantly, it is the application of those research results for practical purposes: CQ assessment for the purpose of production development, socio-economic development and territorial environmental protection from the perspective of sustainable development (PTBV).
1.1.3. General theory of landscape assessment (LASS)
1.1.3.1. Concept of landscape assessment
Comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources of a territory is very complicated. The object of the assessment is geographical systems, but the assessment activity itself shows the mechanism of mutual relationship between natural systems (TN) - objects and socio-economic systems (KT).
- XH) - subject. Therefore, the essence of landscape assessment is the comprehensive assessment of natural complexes for a specific purpose (agriculture, aquaculture, tourism, resettlement...).
In other words, landscape assessment (LASS) is a comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources of the research territory for practical purposes. Depending on each specific purpose, appropriate assessment types are selected:
- General assessment is a preliminary, initial assessment stage based on the results of natural research by territory, with general orientation for different practical purposes.
- Assess the level of convenience or suitability of natural conditions and natural resources for manufacturing industries.
- Economic and technical assessment deals more deeply with the value and efficiency of those production sectors. The popular type of assessment today is to assess the suitability or favorableness of natural conditions and natural resources for different purposes for each separate territory.
In nature in general and in each territory in particular, natural components and units are always related and interact with each other. Therefore, when conducting an assessment, it is necessary to clearly understand the natural laws, relationships, and interactions of the "natural - social" system, thereby proposing appropriate economic - technical measures as well as social policies. Thus, the object of the comprehensive assessment is not only the natural synthesis units, components, and separate elements of nature and society, but also the sum of their relationships, between natural systems and economic - social systems. Determining the assessment objects based on the relationships and interactions between nature and society is also an important scientific basis for the comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources for practical application purposes in general.
So landscape assessment is an intermediate step between basic research and planning for rational use of resources and environmental protection. Landscape assessment is both a task in applied geographical research and plays a very important role in economic development activities, helping managers and planners to develop strategic plans suitable for each specific territorial unit.
1.1.3.2. Objects, tasks and goals of landscape assessment
The objects of landscape assessment are geographical systems with specific natural conditions and resources, functional structural characteristics, landscape dynamics, general processes and phenomena, functions of natural units in the overall relationship, mutual interaction between natural systems and socio-economic systems. Determining the objects of assessment based on natural-social relationships is an important scientific basis in landscape assessment for application purposes.
The subject of synthetic assessment is not a single individual unit or separate components or elements of nature, but the sum of relationships and interactions between the natural system and the socio-economic system.
The task of evaluation is often associated with the purpose of evaluation for separate aggregates. There are two types of evaluation: quality evaluation and economic evaluation. Quality evaluation : qualitative evaluation, classifying the level of good and bad according to level, according to the level of more or less favorable. Economic evaluation : economic efficiency is evaluated in money, but must consider all aspects comprehensively for the sustainable development of the ecological environment.
The goal of landscape assessment is to make the most reasonable, effective, optimal, and relatively accurate decisions on the use of the natural environment, as a scientific basis for arranging economic production sectors suitable for each territory in order to rationally use natural resources and protect the environment on the basis of sustainable development.
Thus, the object of the assessment in this topic is the geographical system - the assessment unit of Yen Tu National Forest.
Assessment of Yen Tu National Forest for tourism development on the landscape map at scale 1:50,000, the assessment object is the landscape type. The assessment object is the geographical system but the assessment activity itself shows the mechanism of mutual relationship between the natural system and the socio-economic system.
1.1.3.3. Principles of CQ assessment
The general principle of landscape assessment is to determine the suitability of landscapes for each separate economic production sector through the characteristics and properties of the subject and the corresponding component characteristics of the object (which are landscape characteristics that always change over space and time). When assessing, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using the territory for multiple purposes (assessing the requirements of many subjects). It is the comprehensive assessment of the landscape that allows us to get closest to the practice of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
In the evaluation, it is necessary to find out the limiting factor (the factor that excludes the possibility of using it for a certain purpose). Identifying the limiting factor helps to simplify the evaluation process. Because the overall site containing a limiting factor that is considered unfavorable for use will not be evaluated, even though its other factors are favorable or average.
Rating scale: depending on the rating requirements (general or detailed), usually choose a rating scale of 2, 3...10 levels or more.
Evaluation criteria are selected depending on the object and purpose of evaluation. The requirements of the criteria are the characteristics of the territory (can be limited criteria for the purpose of using that territory). Including: natural criteria, socio-economic criteria and human activities . The selection of evaluation criteria follows the following principles: