in the interactions between the components in the vertical structure as well as the landscape units in the horizontal structure of the landscape. However, if we use the dominant factor as a main method, the result will be closer to a map of a certain element. Therefore, when drawing the official boundaries of the landscape units, we must consider all the components participating in the formation of the landscape in the mutual relationships between those components.
1.1.2.3. Landscape characteristics research
According to general theory, studying the characteristics of CQ requires studying the structure, function and dynamics of CQ, specifically:
a. Landscape structure
It is the study of the internal organization of the natural geographical synthesis (geosystem) with the arrangement of landscape components in space including vertical structure (layer structure) and horizontal structure (morphological structure). It is related to the law of change and development of each landscape unit in the entire landscape system. This is the basis for determining the characteristic functions for different purposes of use.
Vertical structure: The vertical structure of the landscape is created by the characteristics of the relationships and interactions between the components of the landscape, depending on the direction of change of the components during the development process as well as on the age and development history of the composite.
The vertical structure is expressed in the stratified distribution of landscape components arranged from bottom to top, from the geological foundation of the lithosphere, topography, soil cover, organisms, hydrology, climate and the relationship between them. It is expressed through a synthetic cross-section that shows the arrangement of components in strata from bottom to top and vice versa.
The intensity and speed of vertical structure formation also depends on climatic conditions, surface humidity and groundwater. In places where natural processes are strong ( often local in nature ), the vertical structure is also more complex and thicker. The vertical structure fluctuates and moves during the long-term historical development process due to the influence of natural processes, especially current processes ( vertical structures are often destroyed in small landscape units - mountainous areas ). Besides natural processes, human activities also change the vertical structure ( vegetation, soil, flow, terrain - in many places natural vegetation is replaced by vegetation planted over the entire area ). Places where the vertical structure of the landscape is fundamentally changed will create completely new landscapes.
Horizontal structure : The interaction between the morphological components (horizontal structure) of the landscape forms the horizontal structure of the landscape. The horizontal structure includes the geo-complexes of the same or different levels that make up a certain geographical unit and the complex relationships between those geo-complexes. Because each landscape unit itself is a complete system, the horizontal structure is often modeled by a multi-system model. Like the vertical structure, each unit level has its own horizontal structure, and the horizontal structure of each individual belonging to the same unit level also has its own characteristics.
Regarding landscape structure, the impact of geographical conditions, especially natural geographical conditions, on landscape structure is very similar, while socio-economic factors (including humans) expressed in human activities will be a part of landscape that impacts landscape at different levels from weak to strong and vice versa. Landscape is the product of human labor on the territory. Geographical conditions not only play a decisive role in landscape formation but also play a dominant role in agricultural production activities (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1. Comparison of geographical conditions, landscape structure and tourism activities
STT
Conditions geography | CQ structure | Factors affect | |
1 | Geology | Geological structure, lava | Soil forming rocks |
2 | Topography - Geomorphology | Terrain types and forms | Type of tourism |
3 | Climate | Climate types | Bioclimate for tourism |
4 | Hydrology | Hydrological regime | Type of tourism |
5 | Soil | Soil groups and types | Soil nutrition |
6 | Creature | Vegetation | Tourist scenery |
7 | Economic - social | Human activities | Labor, intellectual science education and infrastructure, technical facilities |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales zt2i3t4l5ee zt2a3gstourism,quan lan,quang ninh,ecology,ecotourism,minh chau,van don,geography,geographical basis,tourism development,science zt2a3ge zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators: a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness b. Tourist capacity The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students. c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune: Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time. Minh Chau island commune: Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year. d. Sustainability The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes. landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable. e. Location and accessibility Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf: - Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route: Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm. - Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route: Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don. f. Infrastructure Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists. 3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1). 3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows: Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient. Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level. Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable. 3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development For Minh Chau commune: + Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12. + Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4. + Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12. + Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points + Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points. + Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points. The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table: Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes Attractiveness of self-tourismof course Capacity Mining time Sustainability Location and accessibility Infrastructure Result Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti CommuneMinh Chau 12 12 4 8 12 12 4 4 4 8 6 8 42/52 Quan CommuneLan 6 12 6 8 9 12 4 4 4 8 4 8 33/52 b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development For Quan Lan commune: + The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12. + Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6. + Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9. + Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points. + Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points. + Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points. The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points. Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table: Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes Attractiveness of human tourismliterature Capacity Mining time Sustainability Location and accessibility Infrastructure Result Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Point DarkMulti Quan CommuneLan 12 12 6 8 9 12 4 4 4 8 4 8 39/52 Minh CommuneChau 6 12 4 8 12 12 4 4 4 8 6 8 36/52 Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching. Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019) 3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix: Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island Internal agent Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general quite wild, originalintact general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous. External agents Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high. Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that: To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to: - Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...) - Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources) div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: #0D0D0D; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: -3pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: -2pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: -1pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s11 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s12 { color: black; font-family:Symbol, serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s13 { color: black; font-family:Wingdings; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s14 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s15 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: 5pt; } div.maincontent .s16 { color: black; font-family:Cambria, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s17 { color: #080808; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s18 { color: #080808; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s19 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s20 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 10pt; } div.maincontent .s21 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s22 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s23 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s24 { color: #212121; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; tex
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Conditions and Potential for Tourism Development in Sam Son Town Sam Son
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Natural Conditions, Socio-Economics and Resources for Tourism Development of Hai Phong
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Comparison of Physical Development Levels in 3 Years of Studying According to Physical Training Standards of Students at Thanh Hoa University of Culture, Sports and Tourism
- Geological background: Any landscape has a homogeneous geological background based mainly on the nature and age of the lithological formations. To a certain extent, geological units coincide with geomorphological and pedological units.
- Topography: Topography is an important component in the vertical structure and the levels that make up the horizontal structure of the landscape. Together with the geological foundation, topography forms the solid foundation of the landscape - the sustainable physical basis that determines the nature of the remaining components. Therefore, the identification and classification of terrain types play a key role.
- Climate: The climate of the landscape is closely related to the buffer surface. Each landscape unit has a suitable climate unit, which is the climate type of the landscape. In the relationship between climate and landscape, the climate of the landscape is determined based on data collected from meteorological observation stations located at representative locations of the landscape.
- Hydrology: The components of hydrology, the nature and prevalence of water accumulations, their regime, the intensity of circulation, the degree of mineralization, chemical composition and other properties, all depend on the correlation between zonal conditions and on the internal reality of the landscape itself.
- Soil: According to AG Ixatsenko, in the landscape, soil types replace each other in space in accordance with changes in topographic factors, climate, water regime as well as vegetation. This means that the landscape must correspond to a certain land area.
Vu Tu Lap believes that the soil of the landscape must be a large soil complex. Because in a geographical landscape, there is rarely only one type of soil, it is closely related to the terrain type, geological foundation, climate - hydrology type, and on it will correspond a large plant complex.
- Biology: According to AG Ixatsenko, the landscape is characterized by a complete complex of plant communities forming a series of ecologically regular associations. In such series, there may be a combination of very different communities, replacing each other in space. Vu Tu Lap determined that the vegetation of the landscape must be a macrocosm of plants, from the group of communities up to the middle layer of the community or vegetation type in the classification system of plant communities.
b. Function of landscape
The study of the function of landscape is to understand the operation of landscape structure, expressing the nature of landscape. That nature is expressed in the way of association of landscape components, the components of landscape always interact with each other in the operation of landscape. According to AG Ixatsenko, the following main channels of contact between components in landscape structure can be outlined:
- Mechanical displacement due to gravity of matter ( solid, liquid, gas ), accompanied by the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy.
- The physicochemical ( molecular ) processes that ensure the important stages of the mainly vertical exchange between the components of the landscape are carried out thanks to solar energy and are accompanied by its transformation ( dissolution, precipitation, chemical reactions ).
- Biotransformation - an extremely important process in the system of relationships between the components of the landscape, thanks to which the matter of all components is drawn into exchange. Biotransformation plays a regulating and stabilizing role, thanks to which the matter is retained, preventing the process of gravity from carrying them away from the landscape.
Based on the analysis and assessment of landscapes, their main functions in the research area have been identified as: protection function; restoration and conservation function; ecological economic development function; food production function. Developing agriculture creates diverse products, improving people's lives, and people will not destroy forests. Developing conservation and regeneration forestry will create the most favorable and safe conditions for agricultural development, creating beautiful landscapes for ecotourism development.
c. On the dynamics of the landscape
The study of landscape dynamics not only clarifies the reality of landscape changes under natural and human impacts, but also allows the selection of the most suitable options for using them in accordance with the natural potential of the territory. It must be affirmed that the operation of the landscape is based on the dynamic system, the processes of material and energy exchange that take place throughout the formation and development process.
One of the decisive driving factors for landscape change that the author mentioned is human exploitation of territory and agricultural and forestry production activities. These impacts have both positive and negative aspects:
- Positive: Changing the humidity of different territorial areas by regulating the flow, helping to maintain stable humidity for the landscape; forming human landscapes that contribute to controlling matter and energy in agricultural ecosystems, agro-forestry ecosystems...; changing the terrain surface to create architectural complexes, urban landscapes...
- But the negative impacts are: destroying the gravity balance of landscapes by creating toxic substances that contaminate water sources and the environment, disrupting the geochemical cycle; changing the moisture cycle and water balance; disrupting the biological balance and biological circulation of matter in landscapes; changing the thermal balance of landscapes; the negative impacts of technology on landscapes, disrupting the dynamic structural laws of landscapes.
On the research territory with abundant energy provided by the sun with a relatively high total radiation and temperature, large and concentrated rainfall seasonally, the rotation of seasonal regime impacts on the territory has created seasonal rhythms of landscape and created impacts that change landscape through the increase of accumulation and exchange of matter and energy in it, as well as impacts that inhibit or promote other natural processes. However, according to general assessment, the biggest driving force, the most decisive factor in landscape change is human activities of exploiting the territory.
1.1.2.4. Landscape research direction
Along with the development of the Department of Geographical Sciences, the achievements of biogeographical research and spatial differentiation of landscape components, landscape science defines a period of research on the division of the Earth's surface . Landscape studies is the theory of the laws of territorial differentiation of the geographical shell; landscape is the basic unit. The zoning system is considered as a group of landscapes into high-level territorial connections on the basis of spatial and historical landscape-related relationships. This is the stage of research on the spatial structure of landscapes.
The research direction of structure determines the qualitative nature of landscape. Therefore, the research focuses on quantitative indicators of landscape properties, using measures such as: system approach, control approach, ecological approach, research on technical impact (human factor) on landscape research... This marks the shift from research on spatial structure to research on dynamic function of landscape.
At the same time, the issue of “living environment based on ecological principles and geographical landscape” contributed to the creation of a new direction of landscape research - the direction of landscape ecology, but it had little clear progress in the theoretical field. The direction of landscape ecology is an applied direction with the purpose of studying the exchange and transformation of matter in the biological cycle in landscape, protecting and improving the living environment.
Currently, the trend of NCCQ in the world and in Vietnam is based on research results on a global scale. CQ scientists continue to delve into the comprehensive scientific approach - regional NCCQ. More importantly, it is the application of those research results for practical purposes: CQ assessment for the purpose of production development, socio-economic development and territorial environmental protection from the perspective of sustainable development (PTBV).
1.1.3. General theory of landscape assessment (LASS)
1.1.3.1. Concept of landscape assessment
Comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources of a territory is very complicated. The object of the assessment is geographical systems, but the assessment activity itself shows the mechanism of mutual relationship between natural systems (TN) - objects and socio-economic systems (KT).
- XH) - subject. Therefore, the essence of landscape assessment is the comprehensive assessment of natural complexes for a specific purpose (agriculture, aquaculture, tourism, resettlement...).
In other words, landscape assessment (LASS) is a comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources of the research territory for practical purposes. Depending on each specific purpose, appropriate assessment types are selected:
- General assessment is a preliminary, initial assessment stage based on the results of natural research by territory, with general orientation for different practical purposes.
- Assess the level of convenience or suitability of natural conditions and natural resources for manufacturing industries.
- Economic and technical assessment deals more deeply with the value and efficiency of those production sectors. The popular type of assessment today is to assess the suitability or favorableness of natural conditions and natural resources for different purposes for each separate territory.
In nature in general and in each territory in particular, natural components and units are always related and interact with each other. Therefore, when conducting an assessment, it is necessary to clearly understand the natural laws, relationships, and interactions of the "natural - social" system, thereby proposing appropriate economic - technical measures as well as social policies. Thus, the object of the comprehensive assessment is not only the natural synthesis units, components, and separate elements of nature and society, but also the sum of their relationships, between natural systems and economic - social systems. Determining the assessment objects based on the relationships and interactions between nature and society is also an important scientific basis for the comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and natural resources for practical application purposes in general.
So landscape assessment is an intermediate step between basic research and planning for rational use of resources and environmental protection. Landscape assessment is both a task in applied geographical research and plays a very important role in economic development activities, helping managers and planners to develop strategic plans suitable for each specific territorial unit.
1.1.3.2. Objects, tasks and goals of landscape assessment
The objects of landscape assessment are geographical systems with specific natural conditions and resources, functional structural characteristics, landscape dynamics, general processes and phenomena, functions of natural units in the overall relationship, mutual interaction between natural systems and socio-economic systems. Determining the objects of assessment based on natural-social relationships is an important scientific basis in landscape assessment for application purposes.
The subject of synthetic assessment is not a single individual unit or separate components or elements of nature, but the sum of relationships and interactions between the natural system and the socio-economic system.
The task of evaluation is often associated with the purpose of evaluation for separate aggregates. There are two types of evaluation: quality evaluation and economic evaluation. Quality evaluation : qualitative evaluation, classifying the level of good and bad according to level, according to the level of more or less favorable. Economic evaluation : economic efficiency is evaluated in money, but must consider all aspects comprehensively for the sustainable development of the ecological environment.
The goal of landscape assessment is to make the most reasonable, effective, optimal, and relatively accurate decisions on the use of the natural environment, as a scientific basis for arranging economic production sectors suitable for each territory in order to rationally use natural resources and protect the environment on the basis of sustainable development.
Thus, the object of the assessment in this topic is the geographical system - the assessment unit of Yen Tu National Forest.
Assessment of Yen Tu National Forest for tourism development on the landscape map at scale 1:50,000, the assessment object is the landscape type. The assessment object is the geographical system but the assessment activity itself shows the mechanism of mutual relationship between the natural system and the socio-economic system.
1.1.3.3. Principles of CQ assessment
The general principle of landscape assessment is to determine the suitability of landscapes for each separate economic production sector through the characteristics and properties of the subject and the corresponding component characteristics of the object (which are landscape characteristics that always change over space and time). When assessing, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using the territory for multiple purposes (assessing the requirements of many subjects). It is the comprehensive assessment of the landscape that allows us to get closest to the practice of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
In the evaluation, it is necessary to find out the limiting factor (the factor that excludes the possibility of using it for a certain purpose). Identifying the limiting factor helps to simplify the evaluation process. Because the overall site containing a limiting factor that is considered unfavorable for use will not be evaluated, even though its other factors are favorable or average.
Rating scale: depending on the rating requirements (general or detailed), usually choose a rating scale of 2, 3...10 levels or more.
Evaluation criteria are selected depending on the object and purpose of evaluation. The requirements of the criteria are the characteristics of the territory (can be limited criteria for the purpose of using that territory). Including: natural criteria, socio-economic criteria and human activities . The selection of evaluation criteria follows the following principles: