Characteristics of Physical Activity in Karate-Do

ancient method; few competitions are held and use a rank-conferring system based on the number of forms and basic movements practiced. The time for rank-conferring varies between schools, but generally takes a very long time.

Traditional Karate includes the following groups of schools:

Traditional Karate: These are karate styles that are not sporty or formalized. These styles emphasize fighting techniques and training as they originated in Okinawa. These are the Kojou-ryu (or Kogusuku-ryu in the Okinawan dialect), Honbu-ryu, Shinto-ryu, etc.

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Traditional Karate in the narrow sense includes schools that follow the sporty Karate lineage but apply the sundome rule, including four main schools: Gojyu-ryu, Shotokan-ryu, Wado-ryu, Shito-ryu

Okinawan Karate: The main Karate schools based in Okinawa are Okinawa Gojyu-ryu, Shorin-ryu (Little Forest School), Shorin-ryu (Shaolin School), Shorinji-ryu (Shaolin Temple School), Gensei-ryu, Hojo-ryu, Isshin-ryu, Makiwara, Ryu-te, Ryuei-ryu, Shuri-ryu, Shoei-ryu…

Modern Karate-do: Mainly serves for sports competitions, including 2 parts Kata and Kumite and is popular with 4 main schools: Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu, Shotokan and Shito-Ryu. Currently, Karate-do develops and is popular all over the world mainly according to the above 4 main schools.

1.4.1. Technical characteristics of Karate-do

The main activities of martial arts athletes in general and Karate-do in particular include many techniques such as hand techniques (hand techniques), foot techniques (foot techniques) and attack techniques..., expressed through the harmonious coordination between hand techniques with foot techniques and the whole body. The simple and scientific technical method has the effect of educating morality and cultivating people [31], [46], [51], [57], [119]... The attacks, blocks, and dodges all apply scientific principles. The attacks are often launched in a straight line combined with the twisting force of the hips. Karate-do techniques require precision, high efficiency, quick finishing, and ending the attack with a defensive stance (Zanshin), in which a quick attack in a straight line is the most effective. The straight line is not only expressed in attacks but also in the process of moving when attacking or counter-attacking, mainly through horizontal, front, and back movements. Karate-do also demonstrates simple, easy-to-practice techniques and effective movements in a short time compared to other martial arts [31], [46], [51], [57], [119].

When talking about Karate-do, we must first consider punching techniques and kicking techniques. Karate-do punching is a characteristic that directly and strongly affects the athlete's techniques and tactics. If you know how to combine speed and movement, the effectiveness of punching will be high. Typical techniques and tactics using punching in attack are continuous attacks with punches such as front punches, back punches, two steps, step-changing punches... that Japanese athletes often use.

Kicking techniques are also known as an important and effective group of techniques in Karate-do training and competition. Nowadays, athletes use kicking as a means of initial attack from a distance to score a direct point or create conditions for other techniques to finish off the victory. In addition, kicking techniques are also used as a feint tactic to deceive the opponent and create favorable opportunities to quickly finish with hand strikes.

Controlling and “neutralizing” the opponent’s attack is a very important step in Karate-do competition, and is also a mandatory requirement for Karate-do athletes. If the athlete cannot control the attack, it means accepting a passive position, giving the initiative to the opponent. Control and limit the opponent’s ability to attack by blocking and dodging techniques (defensive techniques), at the same time creating favorable opportunities for yourself so that when the opponent makes a mistake, you can immediately counterattack and score points.

In fact, the process of using effective techniques depends on many factors such as mobility, attack speed, balance, timing and professional endurance. Moving quickly and appropriately is one of the important factors of modern Karate-do. Right from the early years when Europe introduced Karate-do, athletes used moving techniques very flexibly and effectively. The characteristic of European athletes' movements is a high center of gravity, so they have good flexibility in movement, but their attacks are not solid and their punches are weak. Asian athletes often move less (oscillate), their center of gravity is low, some Japanese athletes often use "Static control of movement". However, regardless of the fighting style, before moving in the shortest time, athletes must make good judgments about the opponent's technical and tactical situations so that they can have effective plans to use attack or defense techniques [57], [119].

Karate-do moves all use circular motions to create acceleration, deflect reaction forces, and increase force. In addition, torque, torque, and resonance are all thoroughly applied in techniques [31], [46], [51].

Karate-do techniques today are the inheritance of improvements and scientific research analysis methods. To apply techniques effectively in matches, especially at times when maximum effort is required, depends on many other factors such as psychology, tactics, physical strength and especially endurance. Technical level and the ability to coordinate movements are of great significance to the development of endurance qualities. Reasonable movement techniques and the ability to coordinate movements smoothly create energy savings in the body [31], [46], [51]. In Karate-do competition, skillful application of specialized moves and reasonable coordination of the whole body in attacking and defending movements will maximize energy savings, ensuring the ability to effectively control the match.

1.4.2. Tactical characteristics of Karate-do

The characteristics of Karate-do competitions are very diverse and rich. We can briefly understand the tactics of Karate-do through diagram 1.1:

Launch the Attack

Proactive

Passive

Purple attack direction

Author's action

Find a counterattack

Creative counterattack

Figure 1.1 Tactical forms of Karate-do

- Attack in active mode:

In this method, the fighting mentality is the decisive factor. By feints, changes in body technique (Shizen-tai) or the shout “Kiai” push the opponent into a state of passive confusion to suddenly attack with creative, effective, fast, powerful and accurate moves [31], [46], [51].

- Attack in passive mode:

In this plan, we usually block the opponent's attack and then counterattack, or the opponent attacks, we dodge, find an opening and then counterattack (counterattack), or block the opponent's attack (counterblock).

The most used Karate-do tactics in Kumite competition are: defense, attack, counterattack, close combat, long combat, high combat, low combat,

Continuously comparing chopsticks, feints and changing techniques to gain the initiative to score points. In any form of tactics, Karate-do athletes are required to be flexible, to judge, choose and react promptly to the developments of tactical situations, especially at times when maximum effort is required.

The tactics of athletes in each country and region have their own characteristics, which are most clearly shown in the two schools of Europe and Asia. European athletes tend to play beautifully and ornately, while Asian athletes, typically Japanese athletes, seek the shortest path to victory. The trend of modern Karate-do technical and tactical training has the following characteristics:

Tactical training is the center.

Closely combine technical training with tactical training.

Combine technical and tactical training with physical training, taking professional physical qualities as the main training content.

The content of Karate-do tactical training for young athletes includes: Imparting theoretical knowledge about sports tactics in Karate-do; Studying the strengths and weaknesses of the opponent; Mastering the use of various types of tactics; Educating tactical thinking ability and other necessary abilities for implementing tactics. [31], [46], [51]

In the above contents, training young athletes in tactical thinking is the focus and important, because without it, building and implementing plans will not be effective.

The main task of Karate-do tactics is to maximize strengths, overcome weaknesses, exploit weaknesses and limit the opponent's strengths in order to actively attack and actively defend, put the opponent on the defensive, take the initiative and quickly score points.

When training Karate-do tactics, the following requirements must be observed:

Must have solid, comprehensive basic techniques so that when encountering different objects and situations, they can be applied flexibly and accurately.

Prepare good physical condition to maximize technical and tactical abilities. Must prepare good mental state to compete effectively.

tactics in competition, especially high determination, bravery, strong will, high concentration.

A deep understanding of tactics and the scientific basis is needed to formulate general tactics. Do not underestimate the requirements of each individual tactic.

In particular, whether the technical and tactical training process is effective or not depends largely on the level of mental preparation and physical preparation of the athlete, especially the professional endurance quality. This is a close relationship to ensure maintaining the match tempo with the highest efficiency of technical and tactical use in Karate-do competitions. These issues will be studied in the following sections.

1.4.3. Psychological characteristics of Karate-do

Karate-do is a direct individual combat sport that takes place with strong physical contact, requiring athletes to endure heavy psychological stress, because of the desire to win, responsibility for teammates, sometimes winning or losing is also linked to career. Good or bad psychology affects the performance of the competition. To have a good psychology related to the level of preparation of Karate-do athletes, it is necessary to develop highly the functional states of the body, the functions of regulating the nervous system and psychology, the factors of movement and physical strength to ensure professional activities.

Competition readiness is the state of an athlete at a certain point in time that facilitates or hinders the maximum performance of preparation. A high level of competition readiness of an athlete depends on many factors, including physical strength and good endurance, the mentality will be more stable and firm, from which the athlete will maximize his technical and tactical abilities to achieve the highest results.

Direct personal confrontation, two-way psychological activity is clearly shown in Karate-do. The typical feature of this psychological activity is to resist the diverse and ever-changing actions of the opponent in terms of force as well as form, so athletes must carefully calculate the techniques and tactics of each action to adapt to the competition. Athletes not only improve their competition efficiency, but also always attach importance to the ability to control and control themselves to adapt to different changing situations, resist and reduce the opponent's ability to score. The need for brave action to limit the opponent's actions. In Kumite competition, the emotional processes, will, and actions are always changing and perceiving competition situations in a very short period of time through solutions in competition.

The active opposition of the opponent creates opposition and contradiction between the athlete's thoughts (direct connection) and information about the results of the action (feedback connection). The types and degrees of incongruence between direct connection and feedback create different oppositions in psychological regulation.

activities. In the process of thinking, opposing forms have created situations and always bring conflict situations. In such a situation when the psychological pressure is heavy and stressful, an effective tactical solution can be adopted and implemented on the condition that the athlete must have good psychological endurance. In addition to highly sensitive perceptions, the requirement for accurate thinking, speed and judgment of the opponent's actions may occur at the end of the match, or in the final matches.

To develop endurance qualities in training and competition, Karate-do athletes must have psychological personality characteristics: Interest, purpose (or motivation to practice) along with other will qualities such as: Proactiveness, perseverance, level of effort, psychological stability. Only then will athletes make high efforts to overcome and fight fatigue in training and competition activities. On the other hand, athletes must be diligent in training and willing to endure a large amount of exercise. If they do not have the mentality to practice and are afraid of the feeling of working with a large volume for a long time, endurance will not develop. In training, practitioners must endure a very large amount of exercise due to high resistance, especially strong physical collisions, so emotional fatigue and mental fatigue occur frequently. Therefore, you must know how to motivate yourself and focus on developing your body's reserve capacity because one of the important characteristics to develop endurance is that athletes must continue to maintain activity even though their body is tired or feels tired. The method to maintain activity in training when fatigue appears by self-motivation is as follows: Give yourself orders and assign tasks. In addition, you must also know how to consciously control your own attention to perform the movements of the exercise appropriately.

With the nature of individual combat (1 on 1) and fierce competition in competition activities, athletes of this sport must have high willpower and sportsmanship. All of these reflect the need for good physical preparation and comprehensive development of speed, strength, endurance, coordination and flexibility, while developing the athlete's psychology and especially psychological endurance, ensuring that Karate-do athletes maintain the best competition intensity during long competition periods, while ensuring high quality movements and perfect resolution of technical and tactical activities until the end of the match [31], [46], [51].

1.4.4. Characteristics of physical activities in Karate-do

The physical characteristics of Karate-do are fully demonstrated in both Kata and Kumite competitions, of which Kumite is the most evident. Karate-do attacks require speed to hit the opponent, enough strength to score points, endurance to compete for the entire time, and dexterity to coordinate movements. In other words, Karate-do requires comprehensive development of physical qualities. Karate-do athletes must simultaneously practice to develop speed, strength, endurance, dexterity, flexibility, etc., and must also practice to perfect technical tactics and psychology [31], [46], [51].

In Kumite competition, punches are the main weapon of Karate-do fighters. Kicks are not allowed to attack the opponent's lower belt (lower level). Controlling the force of kicks requires strength, balance and self-control. However, the trend of using techniques in competition today is very diverse. In recent years, athletes from many countries, especially Europe, tend to use more foot techniques. Because foot techniques, especially scoring techniques in the upper level, are scored three times more than normal hand strikes. The concept and scoring criteria of a strike in Kumite competition are very different from other martial arts. It has its own traditional feature of maximum control over muscle movements as well as consciousness.

In other martial arts, the scoring criteria of a technique are usually fast, strong, accurate and can lead to a “Knock out” of the opponent. But in Karate-do, when an athlete uses a fast, strong, and accurate attack technique, he must still control his attack (without causing damage to the opponent) and return to the Zanshin state. Controlling his attack without reducing speed and force requires Karate-do athletes to have high concentration and creativity, control and good mental endurance. The ability to control strength and speed is directly related to the ability to control the nerves. A very important characteristic directly related to mental endurance, flexibility with speed endurance in Karate-do requires athletes to be able to quickly mobilize energy sources combined with high concentration. This is an important basis in using endurance training exercises for Karate-do athletes.

Karate-do matches are not long, only 3 minutes per round. However, in a match or a day, an athlete can compete in many matches before reaching the final match, so it requires the athlete to have the ability to recover quickly and have good endurance.

In summary, through the analysis of the specific characteristics of Karate-do, it can be seen that: Karate-do is a martial art of direct combat, the technical movements are characterized by speed, strength, variation, flexibility and controllable attacks. Therefore, in the training process, it is necessary to closely combine the development of strong techniques with comprehensive technical and tactical training, while always attaching importance to the development of physical qualities to ensure the effective use of techniques and tactics [31], [46], [51], [57], [119], [120].

1.5. Psychological, physiological and anatomical characteristics of junior high school students

1.5.1. Psychological characteristics of middle school students

Adolescence is the developmental stage of children from 11 to 15 years old, they enter secondary school (grades 6 to 9). This age has a special position and importance in the development of children, because it is the transition period from childhood to adulthood and is reflected by different names such as: "transitional period", "difficult age", "crisis age", "rebellious age"... This is the age with a leap in both physical and mental development, children are gradually separating from childhood to move to a higher stage of development (adulthood), creating the basic content and difference in all aspects of development: physical, intellectual, emotional, moral... of this period.

At the age of secondary school students, there is a parallel existence of "childishness and adultness", this depends on the strong development of the body, development, living conditions, activities... of the children.

On the other hand, children of the same age have differences in the level of development of different aspects of adult personality - this is due to the different living and working conditions of the children. This condition has two aspects:

Weaknesses of circumstances that inhibit the development of adult personality: Children are only busy with studying, have no other obligations, many parents tend not to let children be active, do different jobs of the family and society.

Factors of the environment that promote the development of adult personality: The increase in physical and educational status, many parents are too busy, families have difficulties in life, requiring children to work a lot to make a living. That leads to children being more independent and self-reliant early [81], [107], [108], [113].

1.5.1.1. Communication activities

Communication is the main activity of adolescents - middle school students. The development of communication of adolescents represents a transition from communication of adults.

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