Students have typical psychological traits, which are their strengths compared to other ages such as: high self-awareness, professional feelings, developed intellectual abilities and emotions (desire to find new things, like to explore and discover), have needs and aspirations to achieve, many dreams and like to experience, dare to face challenges. However, due to limitations in life experience, students also have limitations in selecting and absorbing new things. These psychological factors have an impact on students' learning, training and striving activities [35], [36].
1.5.2. Anatomical and physiological characteristics
During student age, bones and joints begin to stabilize, after the age of 20 - 25, bones can completely ossify and cannot grow any further. During student age, the body's standing height can increase by a few centimeters, due to the development of cartilage between the joints. These cartilage tissues gradually collapse after the age of 40 and also cause the body's standing height to decrease by a few centimeters. Thus, it can be said that the age of 20 - 25 is the "Time of the highest standing height of the body" in human life. Physical exercises can increase the body's ability to develop standing height, but must be started at an earlier age than student age [30], [61].
Muscle development has a certain rule, muscles begin to develop from around the age of 8-9, at the age of 15-18 the trunk muscles develop the fastest, after the end of the body growth period, the body's standing height develops slowly, then the muscle thickness begins to develop rapidly. The period of muscle fiber thickening is obvious. Men around the age of 18-19, women a few years earlier than men, during this period, body weight increases, tests on the cross-sectional area of the body also increase significantly.
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During a person's life, the pulse rate is not the same. At a young age, the pulse rate is relatively fast. By the age of 20 (that is, at the age of
Young people (including students) pulse rate begins to stabilize. Blood pressure depends on vascular tone. At a young age, blood pressure is not stable, but the change is not obvious. After the age of 16, blood pressure begins to stabilize.
Physiological characteristics of age clearly affect respiratory function, such as respiratory cycle, respiratory depth, respiratory frequency, etc. Respiratory frequency, lung capacity are respiratory parameters, vital capacity is a static test of respiration. Children's vital capacity is smaller than that of adults, but the relative vital capacity is larger. Vital capacity changes depending on many factors, including training. The perfection of vital capacity occurs late, lasting until the age of 24 - 25. College age is a relatively favorable age for the development of respiratory function. In short, college age is the age of adulthood, the age of starting to "become an adult". Physiological and anatomical characteristics in general belong to the physiological and anatomical characteristics of adulthood. However, because college age is the age of early adolescence, special attention is needed, specifically [77], [103], [104]. Physical education must be continued scientifically to improve physical strength, contributing to the perfection of organs and organ systems in the body; Fully develop physical qualities, creating a premise for broad development and developing necessary specialized physical strength for students in the future.
1 .5.3. Characteristics of physical development of students
Power:
Muscle strength is closely related to the development of bone-muscle tissue, the development of the joint ligament system, that is, it depends on the motor system. It is also determined by the ability to control and regulate muscles. In adulthood, the development of muscle groups is uneven, so the strength ratio between muscle groups changes with age. In which, the strength of extensor muscles develops faster than the strength of contractile muscles, muscles that are active more will develop faster than muscles that are less active, at reproductive age
Only when the strength of the muscles is really developed at a high rate and with a sudden change. The education of strength qualities is of great significance in the work of Physical Education in universities. The ability to coordinate human movements cannot be perfected without strength qualities. Strength training stimulates the activity of the body's organ systems, which is the basis for the complete improvement of other movement qualities. The general task of the process of strength training for many years is to develop comprehensively, ensuring the ability to promote high strength in different forms of movement.
Speed:
Speed is a motor quality characterized by reaction time, frequency of movements and speed of individual movements. In physical activity, speed is expressed in a comprehensive way. The speed of individual movements changes significantly during development. With training, the speed of individual movements will develop better.
Endurance:
Endurance is the body's ability to resist fatigue during prolonged activity. Endurance develops until the age of 22 and reaches its peak, and is related to the function of the circulatory and respiratory systems and the body's ability to stabilize. Endurance qualities also change significantly in both static and dynamic activities. Aerobic endurance develops strongly in college students, while anaerobic endurance develops strongly at the age of 12-17.
Ingenious:
Dexterity represents the ability to control the physical, spatial, and temporal elements of movement. One of the important elements of dexterity is precise orientation in space. This ability is most developed from 7 to 10 years old. From 10 to 12 years old, this ability is stable and decreases from 14 to 15 years old. By 16
- At 17 years old, spatial orientation will reach adult levels.
To develop skillful qualities, it is necessary to adhere to specific principles and measures, based on the level of training, regularly raise new requirements, create new stimuli for the body to achieve a higher level of adaptation.
Flexibility:
Flexibility is the angle of movement of the joints of the human body, it is the ability of ligaments and muscles to stretch. Flexibility does not develop evenly with age. The flexibility of spinal extension in males aged 7-14 increases significantly. As they grow older, the development slows down. The maximum flexibility test in males is at 15 years old. Flexibility is increased to 12-13 years old; the maximum hip joint amplitude is 7-10 years old, after which flexibility develops slowly.
Flexibility exercises should be combined with exercises to strengthen joints, ligaments, and muscles, and practiced regularly, continuously, and systematically [45], [77], [103], [104].
1.6. Related research works
1.6.1. Domestic research situation
Research on GDTC in domestic education programs has had a number of authors research on this issue:
Vu Duc Van (2002) selected and applied two groups of pedagogical solutions to the practice of Physical Education in Hai Phong secondary schools. The group of solutions to innovate the preparation stage of teachers before conducting physical education practice hours; The group of solutions to select and use methods and forms of teaching organization in the direction of activating students' learning activities. Strengthening group teaching, "gamifying" teaching activities; actively organizing extracurricular sports activities with the guidance of teachers and the coordination of families to help students practice more and be more active [88].
Ho Dac Son (2004) pointed out that, in the trend of innovation in training and using primary school teachers, it is necessary to innovate the physical education subject program, in order to overcome existing shortcomings, to improve the effectiveness of the program. The research process of the topic has systematized the basic aspects of the theory of program development and application in the innovation of the physical education subject program for students of the primary education faculty [58].
Nguyen Trong Hai (2010) with the thesis "Building the content of physical education program for students of vocational schools in Vietnam". The thesis has studied the theoretical basis, the effect of physical training on vocational training in countries around the world, studied the current status of physical education in vocational schools in Vietnam, from which it came to the conclusion: the current physical education program in professional schools does not have a vocational orientation, only meets the general physical development, does not develop specialized physical strength suitable to the characteristics and nature of the profession that students choose. The topic has classified occupational groups to orient the construction of physical education programs. Through the investigation of more than 40 vocational schools of different economic sectors, the topic has identified 3 typical and typical occupational groups, which are:
Group 1: Occupations with heavy physical and mental workload and intensity.
Group 2: Occupations with average volume and intensity of work but with sophisticated, meticulous, precise activities, requiring stable and persistent mental and psychological activities.
Group 3: Occupations with average volume and intensity of work, with little variation in the working environment [28].
The topic has developed the content of vocational education program for 3 occupational groups applied to 4 types of training in vocational schools: Duration of 75 periods for training type from 30 - 36 months; Duration of 60 periods for type
Training duration from 24 months; 45 periods for training duration from 18 months; 30 periods for training duration from 12 months.
The experimental program was conducted at the Postal Technical Workers School 1. After 1 year of experimentation, it showed the rationality of classifying occupational groups according to the orientation of physical education. The physical education program has the effect of significantly improving physical qualities related to vocational training and student health. However, the topic has only focused on researching and developing a physical education program for students of vocational high schools, not paying attention to universities, while the physical education program for universities is different from the program of vocational high schools and vocational training in both duration and content.
Le Truong Son Chan Hai (2012) with the thesis "Innovating the physical education program for students of universities of education in the North Central region in the direction of training professional skills in organizing school sports activities". The topic conducts research on innovating the content of the physical education program in universities of education in the direction of integrating two goals: physical development and training professional skills in school sports for students in the same training activity, which is effectively implemented. The structure of the program content is suitable for the requirements of vocational training activities. The content and methods of training pedagogical skills have increased the professional nature of the program, increasing the effectiveness of professional activities of the trained products. The specification of training goals has created consistency and science between the selection of training content and training organization, ensuring that the program addresses the training orientation in a focused way. The topic has carefully studied the role, functions and tasks of the Head Teacher in organizing extracurricular sports activities. Fostering knowledge and skills in organizing sports activities has the effect of contributing to improving professional capacity for the team.
The team of homeroom teachers enriches and diversifies the content and forms in the management and organization of extracurricular educational activities in high schools; allows for the expansion of opportunities and conditions to effectively promote the school sports movement, and is a means to help homeroom teachers become human resources for the socialization of school sports [29], [70].
Innovating the content of the physical education program in pedagogical schools in the direction of providing learners with knowledge and skills to organize physical education activities for students, considering it as a provision for pedagogical students when they graduate. It is also a form of training human resources to serve the cause of socializing physical education and sports in schools. However, the research object of this thesis is pedagogical students, not yet studied students of other majors [29].
Hoang Thi Minh Phuong (2015) Research on applying the Deming circle to improve training quality; recommending the application of the Deming circle to manage training quality with a cycle of 4 steps: Planning; Implementing the plan; Checking, evaluating; Taking action to continuously improve quality [51].
Tran Vu Phuong (2016) Application of the innovation program in training the major of Physical Education at college level at Tuyen Quang College. The innovation program in training the major of Physical Education at college level at Tuyen Quang College, after being put into practice and evaluated according to the established training program evaluation model, has initially received comments from experts, scientists, and managers in localities on the outstanding effectiveness of the innovation program in improving the physical fitness and professional capacity of students of Physical Education at Tuyen Quang College compared to the old training program [52].
Nguyen Van Hoa (2016) Evaluation of the bachelor's training program in Sports Training, PhD thesis in Educational Sciences, Bac Ninh University of Physical Education and Sports. The research results of the thesis selected 05 standards and 32 criteria to evaluate the qualities and working capacity of bachelors in Sports Training in the direction of meeting social needs. The evaluation of employers on training products shows that the standards with average scores at a good level include: Political qualities, ethics and lifestyle; Ability to understand the subject and working environment; Ability to develop work plans; Ability to organize and perform professional tasks [33].
Nguyen Duy Hoa (2017) improved the curriculum of elective sports for non-major students at Can Tho University. The thesis assessed the current status of the training program, student learning outcomes, and conditions to ensure physical education at Can Tho University. The thesis experimentally implemented the curriculum of elective sports for non-major students at Can Tho University and demonstrated the following initial effectiveness:
The new Physical Education program has helped improve the physical fitness of non-major students of the 40th course of Can Tho University. The physical fitness of male students increased from 2.85% to 8.99% and the physical fitness of female students increased from 3.29% to 14%.
After the experiment, the experimental group (Students K40) was significantly better than the control group (Students K39) and normal Vietnamese people of the same age and gender.
Physical fitness assessment according to the classification assessment standards of the Ministry of Education and Training, the physical fitness of non-major students of Can Tho University after the experiment, good and passing categories increased, failing categories decreased.
Expert opinions, evaluations of the Program Evaluation Council and conclusions of the University's Training Science Council