MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HEALTH CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
NGUYEN TUYET XUONG
Maybe you are interested!
-
The influence of factors belonging to bank characteristics on credit risk at Vietnamese commercial banks - 13 -
Research on the Current Characteristics of Forest Resources and Factors Affecting Forest Resources Management in the National Park Area -
General Comments on the Current Status of Credit Risk Management and Factors Affecting Credit Risk Management at Vpbank -
Epidemiological, molecular biological, clinical, paraclinical characteristics and factors affecting the effectiveness of treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus with antiviral drugs - 21 -
The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Credit Risk at Vietnamese Commercial Banks from 2007 to 2014
SOME CHARACTERISTICS AND RISK FACTORS OF HEARING LOSS IN CHILDREN FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS OLD AT KINDERGARTENS IN HANOI CITY
Major: Epidemiology Code: 62.72.01.17
DOCTORAL THESIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Scientific instructor:
1. Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Anh Dung
2. Associate Professor, Dr. Khu Thi Khanh Dung
HANOI – 2014
COMMITMENT
I hereby declare that this thesis is my own research work, conducted by myself. The data is collected seriously and honestly. The results in the thesis have never been published in any other work.
PhD student
INDEX
ABBREVIATIONS v
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS viii
PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
CHAPTER 1 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 3
1.1. Anatomy and physiology of the auditory system 3
1.1.1. Brief anatomy of the ear [90] 3
1.1.2. Hearing physiology [24] 5
1.2. Auditory testing methods 6
1.2.1. Ear examination 6
1.2.2. Audiological tests 6
1.2.3. Auditory testing methods used in Vietnam 13
1.3. Classification and degree of hearing loss 15
1.3.1. Classification of hearing loss 15
1.3.2. Hearing loss level 16
1.4.Hearing loss situation 18
1.4.1. Hearing loss situation in the world 18
1.4.2. Hearing loss situation in Vietnam 21
1.5. Risk factors for hearing loss in children 23
1.5.1. Congenital factors 23
1.5.2. Causes of acquisition 27
1.6. Effects of hearing loss 30
1.7. Hearing loss interventions 31
1.7.1. Hearing aids 31
1.7.2. Language recovery methods 32
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND METHODS 33
2.1 Research subjects 33
2.2 Research location 33
2.3 Research time 34
2.4 Research design 34
2.5 Sample size and sample selection 34
2.6 Data collection method 36
2.7 Data collection tools 38
2.8 Research indicators and variables 40
2.9 Correcting error 44
2.10 Data management and processing 44
2.11 Ethics in Research 45
2.12 Some limitations and limitations of the study 45
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 47
3.1. Characteristics of hearing loss in preschool children from 2 to 5 years old 47
3.1.1 General information about the research subjects 47
3.1.2 Results of the first otoacoustic emission measurement (OAE) in the community 48
3.1.3 Characteristics of hearing loss in Hanoi inner-city preschool children through ABR or monophonic measurement 51
3.2 Analysis of risk factors for hearing loss in children from 2 to 5 years old 62
3.2.1 Some characteristics of the research subjects 62
3.2.2 Identify risk factors for hearing loss 63
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION 70
4.1. Characteristics of hearing loss in preschool children in inner-city Hanoi 70
4.1.1 Characteristics of research subjects 70
4.1.2 Prevalence of hearing loss through screening using the OAE 71 method
4.1.3 Prevalence of hearing loss measured by OAE by age 75
4.1.4 Prevalence of hearing loss measured by OAE by gender 76
4.1.5 Hearing loss by ear location 77
4.1.6 Hearing loss level in preschool children in inner-city Hanoi 77
4.1.7 Forms of hearing loss in preschool children in inner-city Hanoi 79
4.2. Risk factors for hearing loss in preschool children from 2-5 years old in inner-city Hanoi 80
4.2.1. Prenatal factors 80
4.2.2. Factors during birth 82
4.2.3. Postnatal factors 87
CONCLUSION 91
1. Characteristics of hearing loss in preschool children in public preschools in Hanoi in 2011 - 2012 91
2. Some risk factors of hearing loss in children from 2 to 5 years old in Hanoi inner city 91
RECOMMENDATION 92
PUBLISHED WORKS ............................................................................
REFERENCES..........................................................................................
ABR Auditory Brainstem Response
ASL American Sign Language – American Sign Language
ASHA American Speech - Language-Hearing Association - American Speech - Language - Hearing Association
CI Cochlear implantation - Cochlear implantation
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b
OAE Otoacoustic Emission - Otoacoustic Emission
OAE(-) Negative cochlear stimulation
OAE(+) Positive otoacoustic stimulation
OR Odd Ratio - Odds Ratio
World Health Organization World Health Organization
ENT
Expanded Immunization Program
VTG Otitis media
Chronic otitis media
VTTD Otitis media with effusion
VXC Mastoiditis
VMN Meningitis
VMNM Purulent meningitis
Table 1.1: Hearing loss levels according to ASHA [60] 16
Table 1.2: Hearing loss levels according to the World Health Organization [62] 16
Table 1.3: Classification of hearing loss in infants in some studies in Vietnam[12] 17
Table 1.4: Classification of hearing loss levels currently used at the National Children's Hospital..17
Table 2.1: List of schools and number of children aged 2 to 5 years participating in hearing loss screening 36
Table 2.2: Classification of hearing loss levels 40
Table 2.3: Definition of research variables 41
Table 3.1: Distribution of study subjects by district (n=7,191) 47
Table 3.2: Distribution of study subjects by age (n=7,191) 48
Table 3.3: OAE rate (-) by district (n=7,191) 48
Table 3.4: Results of the second OAE measurement of children with OAE (-) the first time (n=337) 50
Table 3.5: Prevalence of hearing loss by district (n=7191) 51
Table 3.6: Characteristics of hearing loss by age and gender (n=314) 53
Table 3.7: Characteristics of children with hearing loss by ear location and gender (n=314) 53
Table 3.8: Results of tympanometry examination for children with hearing loss 54
Table 3.9: Results of the stapedial reflex in hearing-impaired children 55
Table 3.10: Hearing loss level of children by gender (n=314) 56
Table 3.11. Level of hearing loss in children by age 56
Table 3.12: Forms of hearing loss by gender (n = 314) 57
Table 3.13: Forms of hearing loss by age (n = 314) 58
Table 3.14: Characteristics of maternal medical history during pregnancy of hearing-impaired children (n = 314) 59
Table 3.15: Birth history characteristics of children with hearing loss (n=314) 60
Table 3.16: Characteristics of medical history of children with hearing loss (n=314) 61
Table 3.17: Age distribution of study subjects (n=942) 62
Table 3.18: Characteristics of study subjects by gender (n=942) 62
Table 3.19: Association between maternal history of illness during pregnancy and risk of hearing loss in children 63
Table 3.20: Association between birth history and risk of hearing loss in children .. 65 Table 3.21: Association between postnatal factors and risk of hearing loss in children
................................................................ ................................................................ ................ 67
Table 3.22: Association between prenatal, intranatal and postnatal factors with hearing loss in children - multivariate regression analysis model, Model 1 68
Table 3.23: Association between prenatal, intranatal and postnatal factors with hearing loss in children - multivariate regression analysis model, Model 2 69