Accessible Youth Resources (Number of Responses Out of 65 Responses)39.

However, in reality, most young people today are lacking the knowledge and skills to create their own jobs mentioned above. Nearly two-thirds of the students surveyed said that urban youth lack basic knowledge and skills to start and manage their own jobs, while 35 opinions were expressed by rural youth. Meanwhile, a smaller number of opinions said that urban youth lack professional qualifications and vocational skills (24 opinions), while the number of opinions for rural youth was still 35 (Table 3.2).

Access to resources

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At this stage, after assessing the resources that they lack to meet their self-employment plans, young people need to have a strategy to access and accumulate them. The main resources include: human capital, social capital, financial capital, technology... in which social capital plays an important role and has a significant impact on accessing the remaining resources.

We can clearly see that individuals with different types of social capital also have different ways of accumulating human capital. For example, urban youth, due to having a wider social capital, from a network of friends, social relationships, social networks on the internet, to various types of clubs, training classes, books, magazines, learning experiences at similar businesses..., often accumulate knowledge and skills through these networks, typically young entrepreneurs Pham Van Linh (TH39), Nguyen Ba Huong (TH38), Vu Dinh Tien (TH37), Dao Duc Dung (TH32).

However, for rural youth, social capital is often weaker, so they need a "push" from departments, organizations, especially the Youth Union (social capital) to support them, organize for them to access necessary knowledge and skills, " The Executive Committee of the Ea Na Commune Youth Union, Krong Ana District (Dak Lak Province) actively implements the Youth Creativity movement to union members in the commune. The Ea Na Commune Youth Union proactively grasps the needs, thoughts, and aspirations of young people regarding vocational training, loans, and on-site employment. The Rural Youth Emulation Program implements 4

New measures to improve production and business efficiency were enthusiastically responded to by the youth union members, who took the lead. The commune union took the lead and received the trust of the Social Policy Bank to organize loans for 394 youth union member households of more than 6.5 billion VND for production, helping hundreds of young people escape poverty .

In addition, the process of working for hire, finding your own way to start a business or learning a trade at establishments with similar models is also quite common among rural youth. As in the case of Mr. Truong Van Tri (TH39), he accumulated experience and techniques in aquaculture while working for hire, and Mr. Le Van Sy (TH1) also said that he gradually absorbed experience in general livestock farming while working for hire.

The survey of economic students also showed that the way of accumulating knowledge and skills is quite different between urban and rural youth. For urban youth, the largest number of opinions (26) said that they would supplement their professional knowledge and skills and start and develop their own jobs through short-term training courses, while for rural youth, the largest number of opinions (20) focused on the direction of "learning by apprenticeship, learning while doing". This will also affect the type and quality of self-created jobs of young people.

In another way, by participating in competitions, contests, and awards, young people like Do Ba Huy (TH4), Pham Lan Huong (TH11), Le Thi Cam Van (TH13), Le Hong Duc (TH21), and Ho Vinh Hoang (TH40) hope to test their own abilities and plans through the competition's review board before entering the real business environment, while building their personal brand and increasing their chances of accessing other necessary resources.

Lack of capital really becomes a barrier for young people from this step. The following graph shows that only about 1/3 of the students think that self-employment capital can be self-sufficient.

38 http://xahoi.com.vn/ban-tre-cuoc-song/nghe-nghiep/lap-nghiep-nho-vay-von-qua-kenh-doan- 32239.html

Accumulated or borrowed from family and friends, the remaining 2/3 choose external capital sources. However, most investors today require projects to prove their effectiveness when they are still just plans on paper (TH22,23), very few venture capital funds invest in new business projects of young people. Borrowing capital through the Youth Union channel seems to be a lifesaver for rural youth when starting a business, but it is also extremely difficult to access this source of capital (TH34,35) even though the loan amount is not too large.

Urban Rural

10 10 10

Self-access to formal credit forms (bank loans, credit organizations)

credit institution)

Self-access to informal credit (borrowing from relatives, friends, individuals)

core...)

Through the Youth Union access to credit sources

use

Self-accumulation in Mobilization from many

working process

source

Figure 3.2: Youth capital sources accessible (number of opinions out of 65 opinions) 39 .

39 Analysis of online survey results "Youth's desire to choose a job" until 6:00 p.m. on March 13, 2012

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/gform?key=0Ahggg3iSR1fNdHRVMk1tdXZKV18wRzRsWExYTFZ6aFE&gridId=0#chart

Thus, in this period, not having the right career goals, limited opportunities to improve qualifications and skills related to self-employment, and access to capital sources are the basic difficulties of young people.

3.1.1.2.3 Phase 3: Implementing the self-employment plan

Motivation

At this stage, the motivation for self-employment is nothing new except the integration to maturity of the motivations and capacities accumulated throughout the previous stages, combined with favorable conditions for young people to officially create jobs. However, this is also the time to mention the barriers that can erode these motivations, making the third stage more difficult for young people.

Those barriers can come from the youth themselves, from their own failed experiences that make them discouraged, and in some cases they will leave the self-employment sector, as the following opinion of a young person (TH9)

“ I am also a young man of the 7X generation, I am currently working at a state agency. I was also an entrepreneur for 2 years and have really failed if I look at it objectively. Can a young man of 20 or 21 years old achieve success without experience and experience? Failure is sometimes the mother of success but sometimes makes people falter.”

Barriers can also come from outside, the self-employment and business environment is extremely sensitive to changes in the macro economy as well as policy institutions. In a volatile economic environment, many businesses are dissolved, according to common speculation, self-employed people will postpone starting up until stability returns, but in reality, young people create more jobs during this period (see section 3.1.2.1), which means there are still many opportunities in the crisis. The experience of successful entrepreneurs also confirms this view, such as the case of CT Group with General Director Tran Kim Chung (YK19).

Changing policies and institutions also become barriers because they create a risky business environment, affecting the motivation of young people to create jobs. The more complicated and unstable the policies on taxes, credit, labor use, administrative procedures, etc., the more they reduce the motivation to create jobs. In addition, the lack of transparency and lack of synchronization of policies and institutions also create many loopholes for many businesses to violate, which, although bringing immediate benefits, will cause long-term damage.

long for business. 40

Potential capacity

In addition to the inherent capacities as well as those accumulated from previous stages, at this point, self-employed youth need to build some other important capacities (YK1).

Confidence : that the products and services you sell and produce are suitable for market demand and have the potential to expand, not simply that the products are good and can be sold. The ability to convince customers and investors to spend more of their time and money on your products/services instead of those of other competitors is also very important.

Good knowledge of the environment and the market : The self-employed need information and knowledge not only about the general environment such as the natural environment, economics, politics, society, science and technology, but also about the environment specific to their field, such as where their potential customers are, so that an effective distribution mechanism, there will be no good product, and it will be completely useless if it does not reach the consumer. Or knowledge about competitors' products, their technology, their natural markets and prices, and about substitute products. In the agricultural sector, the products grown, raised or processed

40 Le The Gioi (2006), “Innovation of legal framework to promote private economic development” Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, No. 15-16.

still depends a lot on natural disasters, epidemics, environmental pollution levels, changes in product value in the market value chain...

Personal branding ability : Personal branding and reputation continue to play an important role in this pivotal stage of youth self-employment, as it is one of the factors that convince investors and customers to invest in their products and services.

Ability to manage finances, costs and investments : This is the stage where initial investment decisions must be made, so it is essential to clearly understand the items that require expenses for both work and the minimum living expenses of yourself and your family; clearly understand the source and level of capital that can be mobilized; and clearly understand the stage when capital can be recovered and profits can be made.

Leadership and human resource management : In the process of self-employment, in addition to self-management in production and business decisions, at some point, young people need to employ more workers, finding and using human resource management suitable for the field and job is an indispensable ability. Gathering a team of capable key personnel is also extremely important.

Ability to manage risks : Risks and uncertainties in self-employment are often high, coming from the complexity and change of the general and specific environment. Therefore, even if young people have good products and services, good plans and capabilities, they can still encounter risks. Risk prevention and management are necessary.

Most of these capacities are still lacking in young people, and they are not even aware of their role when starting a business as well as throughout the process of self-employment.

Access to resources

- Economic and business policy institutional environment : Vietnam's economy in recent years has had new and positive changes but still has major problems such as infrastructure economic issues, macroeconomic issues, institutional issues, quality of resources.

resources, administrative procedures... This causes difficulties for all production and business activities, but especially for young people to create jobs for themselves because they are often a disadvantaged group in competition, in their ability to access and respond to market mechanisms, with limited financial potential, management capacity, business experience, as well as few opportunities to access resources.

- Access to capital : Access to credit sources for young people is generally difficult because it often requires certain criteria on the efficiency and profitability of business plans, while this is only their initial stage. Rural youth, through the Youth Union organization, also do not easily access support capital sources. " In 2010, only 2/10 youth projects in Quang Tri province were disbursed from the Central Youth Union's job creation loan fund. Through a survey of the reality at the grassroots level, the demand for loans to do business and develop the economy of union members and young people is very large. The Youth Union organization is willing to stand as a credit guarantee for young people to borrow capital to do business, but up to now, the total outstanding loans of the entrusted youth union organization are the least among the associations and unions . 4 1 Experts advise young people in this first stage to cooperate in groups to combine the self-owned capital of individuals.

- Access to information : For young people, legal information, market, technology and investment opportunities for businesses, training organizations and creating conditions for accessing loan sources, market information, links in promoting brands and products... are all lacking and need support. Competitiveness today is not limited to individual businesses but has elements of cooperation.

- Access to land and business locations : To have a safe business location that meets regulations and can develop requires a large initial investment cost. Seeking cooperation is a solution that young people should apply (TH30a).

41 Mr. Vo Xuan Long, Head of the Movement Committee of Quang Tri Provincial Youth Union

- Programs to support startups and create sustainable livelihoods : Isolation and lack of social capital are weaknesses of most self-employed youth.

Difficulty in accessing resources makes self-employed youth easily fall into the situation of creating jobs without a fixed location, without registration, without conditions to invest in improving the quality of products and services to meet market demand, doing business in a "catch-and-go" manner leading to failure, or creating jobs in the informal sector.

Thus, lack of capacity, difficulty in accessing resources, risky environment, unstable and complicated policy mechanisms are the main barriers that discourage young people in this period.

3.1.1.2.4 Phase 4: Maintaining and expanding self-employment

Motivation

At this stage, financial motivation (when forced to earn a living or wanting to become rich) is no longer the main motivation, but career development motivation or awareness of social responsibility and community responsibility, the desire to share self-employment experiences with other young people. In typical cases of self-employment by young people, when non-financial motivations come into play, they often bring certain successes to them. Some other external motivations that force young people to expand their self-employment include: current activities no longer meeting customer needs; the current model has reached the break-even point, changes in policies, industries, markets, competitors expanding their business....(TH6, TH14)

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