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Theory of Promoting Cultural Heritage Values ​​in Community Tourism Development

Developing rural tourism in Vietnam"

f) Tourism activities with the participation of local communities

Local communities can participate in basic activities such as: Food and beverage service business: providing food services at local people's homes, using vegetables, foods from their living places and locally caught seafood; Homestay business (accommodation services at local people's homes), providing tourists with the experience of their own lives in a new space; Performing handicraft production stages for tourists to see, supporting tourists to make their own products for real experiences; Providing and supporting tourists to participate in experiential activities such as plowing fields, planting rice, growing vegetables, harvesting crops, taking care of livestock; Performing traditional arts; Tour guiding, leading the way, interacting or introducing destinations to tourists; Providing services to visit and listen to local people interpreting cultural resources and remaining architectural works.

1.3.2.3. Theory of promoting cultural heritage values ​​in community tourism development

Promoting the value of cultural heritage in community tourism development is carried out through tourism promotion activities or exploiting the values ​​of cultural heritage to create attractive tourism products for tourists, thereby creating awareness and contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage. With this study, the thesis focuses on studying how to promote the value of cultural heritage by considering cultural heritage as an important resource for tourism development.

Based on the indicators reflecting the tourism development potential of tourism resources, regarding the content of promoting the value of cultural heritage in community tourism development, the researcher proposed three contents, including: (1) Identifying cultural heritage and assessing the ability to exploit and develop community tourism; (2) Exploiting the value of cultural heritage in developing forms of community tourism; (3) Managing the development of community tourism associated with promoting the value of cultural heritage;

In the first content, cultural heritage is identified as a resource for community tourism development. In this step, in addition to considering the representativeness of heritage to the community, it is necessary to determine the interactive factors, the stages that tourists can participate in tourism activities at the heritage site, determine the "material" value and

The “spiritual” value of heritage as well as the specific content and form of heritage that is allowed to be exploited for tourism purposes. Clarify the attractiveness, tradition, uniqueness, and tourist appeal of cultural heritage.

Tourism needs to satisfy groups of development conditions in order to develop. In particular, the group of cultural tourism resources "has a special significance for the development of tourism in a location, a region or a country. They have a special appeal to a large number of tourists with many different needs and purposes of travel" [Tran Duc Thanh, 2003, p.107]. Cultural heritages are considered particularly attractive tourism resources, the basis for forming types of tourism, attracting tourists by their richness, diversity, uniqueness, tradition and locality. Therefore, the application of tourism resource assessment methods to assess the ability to exploit and develop community tourism of heritages is really necessary. Evaluating tourism resources is evaluating the formations and properties of nature, evaluating products created by humans or communities to see if they have the ability to attract visitors or have the ability to exploit and develop a particular type of tourism in particular and tourism development in general.

In terms of evaluation methods, researchers have proposed four types of resource evaluation:

(1) Psychological-aesthetic type: This type of evaluation is often based on the feelings and preferences of tourists and residents towards types of tourism environmental resources through statistical surveys and social investigations.

(2) Bioclimatic type: To evaluate the types of climate resources, the most suitable time for human health, or a certain type of activity when traveling. This type of evaluation is mainly based on climate indicators, valuing the types of tourism resources for certain types of tourism, or as a basis for determining tourist destinations, tourist areas, and tourist centers.

(3) Technical assessment type: Is the type of using criteria and technical means to assess the quantity and quality of tourism resources to determine the value of tourism resources for the type of tourism development or in the process of development.

Develop and implement tourism development planning projects in certain tourism territorial systems.

(4) Economic evaluation type: Is the type of application of methods and criteria to determine the current and future socio-economic efficiency of areas with exploitable resources for tourism development.

Tourism resources can be evaluated by each component and a comprehensive assessment. With the aim of evaluating the potential for community tourism development of cultural heritages, the thesis applies the psychological-aesthetic assessment and the assessment method by each component.

Regarding the evaluation criteria, to evaluate the development potential of scenic spots, the author of the thesis proposes to use the method of comprehensive evaluation of tourism resources by using a scale to make judgments about the potential for community tourism development. To build a comprehensive evaluation scale, Dang Duy Loi proposed 6 criteria: i) Attractiveness; ii) Time of tourism activities; iii) Capacity; iv) Sustainability; v) Location; vi) Infrastructure and technical facilities. Each criterion is evaluated according to 4 levels with scores from high to low of 4, 3, 2, 1. In addition, the author also gives coefficients of criteria depending on the role of each criterion in the system [Dang Duy Loi, 1994, pp. 155 - 170]. The group of authors Pham Trung Luong has built a comprehensive scale consisting of 7 criteria: i) Attractiveness; ii) Time of tourism activities; iii) Tourist capacity; iv) Tourist destination location; v) Sustainability; vi) Infrastructure and technical infrastructure; vii) Exploitation efficiency [Pham Trung Luong, 2000, pp. 48 - 52]. Based on the research results of the authors and considering their suitability, the researcher selected 5 evaluation criteria: i) Tourist attractiveness; ii) Tourism operation time;

iii) Tourist capacity; iv) Tourism sustainability; v) Tourism exploitation capacity. To determine the coefficients for the criteria, NCS divided the criteria into 3 groups: Very important, important, less important. According to experts, tourism attractiveness belongs to the group of very important criteria, playing a decisive role in creating activities at tourist destinations, so it should be calculated with a coefficient of 3. The group of important criteria includes: Tourism operation time; Tourist capacity; Sustainability for tourism activities; Tourism exploitation capacity. These are the criteria

associated with tourism development, directly affecting tourism activities, so it is calculated with a coefficient of 2 [In-depth interview, male, 52 years old, Con Cuong town].

Attractiveness is a factor of primary importance to attract tourists. It is comprehensive and is often determined by the beauty of the landscape, the diversity of the terrain, the suitability of the climate, the uniqueness and distinctiveness of natural phenomena and relics, the diversity and distinctiveness of biological resources. The attractiveness of a region or area can be assessed according to 4 levels corresponding to the levels of convenience according to the following criteria (see table 1.3):

Table 1.2. Table of assessment of attractiveness of tourism resources


Development potential


Characteristic

Rating Level

Very attractive


(Very convenient)

There are 4 unique natural relics and over 5 beautiful and diverse landscapes.


4

Quite attractive (Quite favorable)

There are 3 unique and special natural monuments;

has over 5 beautiful and diverse landscapes; meets 5 types of tourism


3

Moderately Attractive (Favorable)

medium)

There is a unique natural phenomenon; there are 3-5 beautiful, diverse landscapes; meeting 3-5 criteria.

type of tourism


2

Poor attractiveness (Low convenience)

There is a special natural phenomenon; there is 1

– 2 beautiful and diverse landscapes; meet 1 – 2 types of tourism


1

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Theory of Promoting Cultural Heritage Values ​​in Community Tourism Development

“Source: Dang Duy Loi, (1995)”

Sustainability reflects the ability of landscapes to withstand the pressure of tourism activities, tourists, other objects and natural disasters. If these pressures are small, nature has the ability to recover and vice versa. The criteria for assessing the sustainability of the natural environment are assessed according to the following table:


Table 1.3. Table of assessment of sustainability of tourism resources


Sustainability

(development potential)


Characteristic


Rating Level

Very durable (very convenient)

No natural components or parts are damaged, or may be at a minor level, for more than 100 years; tourism activities take place

out continuously


4

Quite stable (quite favorable)

1 - 2 natural components or parts are slightly damaged, have the ability to self-recover, and exist for 50 to 100 years; tourism activities

occur frequently


3

Medium


(average advantage)

1-2 components are significantly changed or destroyed and need human support to recover quickly and survive firmly for 10 to

50 years; tourism activities are restricted


2

Less sustainable (Less favorable)

1-2 severely damaged components require human restoration; solidly standing

over 10 years; tourism activities are interrupted.


1

“Source: Dang Duy Loi, (1995)”

The time of tourist activities is determined by the most suitable time of climatic conditions for the health of tourists and the most favorable time for the implementation of tourist activities in the area (see table 1.5).

Table 1.4. Tourism operation time assessment table


Sustainability

(development potential)


Characteristic

Rating Level

very long

(Very convenient)

There are over 200 days a year that can be used for tourism activities; there are 180 days a year with the most suitable climate conditions.

human health


4

Quite long

(Quite convenient)

There are 150 - 200 days a year where tourism activities can be carried out well; there are 120 - 180 days a year with favorable climatic conditions.

most suitable for human health


3

Medium

(Average advantage)

There are 100 - 150 days a year that can be used for tourism activities; there are 90 - 120 days a year with suitable climate conditions.

integrated with human health.


2

Short (Less favorable)

There are less than 100 days a year that can be used for tourism activities; there are less than 90 days a year with suitable climate conditions.

in harmony with human health


1

“Source: Dang Duy Loi, (1995)”

The carrying capacity of the territory to ensure sustainable tourism development is assessed according to the following table:

Table 1.5. Table of tourist capacity assessment of a tourist area



Capacity (ability to grow)


Characteristic

Rating Level

Very large (Very convenient)

Capacity 1000 people/day

4

Quite large (Quite convenient)

Capacity 500 - 1000 people/day


3

Average (Average favorable)

Capacity 100 – 500 people/day

2

Small (Less favorable)

Capacity under 100 people/day

1

“Source: Dang Duy Loi, (1995)”

The criterion of Exploitation capacity in tourism is called Exploitation efficiency by Pham Trung Luong and the research group , and the research group of Dao Ngoc Canh and Nguyen Kim Hong calls it Exploitation capacity in tourism to evaluate the level of convenience for exploiting tourism resources in both cases where the tourism resources have been exploited or not yet exploited [Dao Ngoc Canh, Nguyen Kim Hong, 2016, p. 84]. In this work, the researcher uses the term Exploitation capacity in tourism (see table 1.7).

Table 1.6. Table of assessment of exploitation capacity in tourism


ability

exploit


Characteristic

Rating Level

Very convenient

Tourism resources have been invested and exploited, currently operating very well with a large number of tourists.


4

Quite convenient

Tourism resources have been invested and exploited.

New operating conditions ensure basic level, number of tourists is significant


3

Medium

Tourism resources are still in potential form, not yet invested and exploited. However, this area has certain advantages in terms of infrastructure and technical facilities such as being close to traffic routes and the center.

urban, near hotel...


2

Less convenient

Tourism resources have not been exploited yet.

and there are no conditions for infrastructure and technical facilities.


1

“Source: Author's research, synthesis, 2018”

The calculation of the total rating score of the scenic spots is based on the formula:

n

S =å W i X i = 1

In which: S is the total score; i is the assessment criterion (from 1 to 7); Wi is the coefficient calculated according to each criterion; Xi is the assessment score calculated according to the level of each criterion.

Based on the total score (in the range of 13 ≤ S ≤ 52), the tourism potential of all tourist destinations is divided into 4 levels: very favorable, favorable, average, and unfavorable. Very favorable tourism resources must achieve 81 - 100% of the maximum score, quite favorable from 61 - 80%, average from 41 - 60%, and unfavorable from 25 - 40% [Pham Trung Luong, 2000, p. 52].

The purpose of evaluating scenic spots is to determine their level of convenience (good, average, poor) for community tourism. At the district level, the evaluation objects of the thesis are groups of types and geographical types. To increase the accuracy of the evaluation, the thesis develops an evaluation scale with 4 points: 4 points (Very favorable); 3 points (Favorable); 2 points (Less favorable); 1 point (Unfavorable). For each criterion, the thesis proposes an evaluation index with 3 levels. If the evaluation reaches level 1, the corresponding score is 1 point, recording the possibility of Poor development. If the evaluation reaches level 2, the corresponding score is 2 points, recording the possibility of Average development. If the evaluation reaches level 3, the corresponding score is 3 points, recording the possibility of Good development.

For historical and cultural relics and intangible cultural heritages, to assess the potential for community tourism development, it is necessary to inventory and evaluate the values ​​of each heritage and then conduct a general assessment. To assess the general potential for exploiting historical and cultural relics and intangible cultural heritages, the thesis uses criteria of attractiveness, exploitation time, capacity, technical infrastructure and sustainability for assessment.

In the second content, exploiting cultural heritage values ​​in developing community tourism forms, is the current status of promoting those values ​​in tourism development, the extent of promotion and which forms of tourism are developed on the basis of promoting cultural values.

In the third content, community tourism development management is shown through issues such as tourism management, the development of tourism services, the level of participation of stakeholders, tourism investment promotion and tourism development results. Promoting cultural heritage and developing community tourism are two issues that are closely related, complement each other, and are two sides of a unified whole. The value of cultural heritage is promoted to promote the development of community tourism, which is capable of

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