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Studies on Tourism Development in the Direction of Integration

Training high-quality human resources in the tourism industry to meet market demands. In addition, the author also proposes orientations for investment attraction and policy mechanisms to invest in the development of general tourism in the region.

To develop tourism in the integration trend, author Nguyen Thi Tu (2006) said: It is necessary to increase investment in developing infrastructure and facilities, techniques; Diversify and create unique tourism products; Focus on biodiversity conservation and environmental protection; Improve the quality of human resources; Strengthen market research, promotion and advertising of tourism. Also according to author Tran Xuan Anh (2011), to develop tourism in the international economic integration, it is necessary to build a market program in which appropriate market policies are built to promote strategic planning and short-term planning for each stage, each tourist market; Strengthen domestic and international tourism cooperation; Develop space and territory of the tourism market; Orient investment in developing infrastructure for tourism.

In doctoral theses studying different aspects of tourism development from 2007 to present, the authors have devoted a considerable amount of time to analyzing the advantages of tourism linkage and development, and tourism competitiveness in the context of integration. This can be clearly seen in the following theses:

Doctoral thesis in economics "Competitiveness of Vietnam's tourism destinations" by Nguyen Tuan Anh (2010), defended at Hanoi National University. In the thesis, the author presented the theoretical and practical basis of the competitiveness of tourism destinations. In which, the concept of destination and competitiveness of tourism destinations were introduced. In the composition of destination capacity, the author considers the formation of complete transport infrastructure for tourism destinations, especially the development of airports, especially airports for low-cost aircraft that can take off and land conveniently to link with this type of transport to reduce costs for tourism products, connect destinations with regional and international tourism centers, and increase the competitiveness of destinations. When analyzing the current situation of Vietnam's tourist destinations, the author pointed out the limitation in the competitiveness of our country's tourist destinations is the lack of a modern and complete transport infrastructure system.

especially since many tourist destinations are located too far from airports.

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Doctoral thesis in economics "Quang Ninh tourism market in international economic integration" by Tran Xuan Anh (2011), defended at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration. In the thesis, the author presented the theoretical and practical basis of the tourism market such as: Concept of tourism market, characteristics of tourism market, operating mechanism of tourism market, experience in developing tourism market in provinces and cities in and outside the country, lessons for Quang Ninh. In analyzing the current situation of tourism market development in Quang Ninh and in solutions to promote tourism market development. When analyzing the creation of tourism environment in Quang Ninh in international economic integration, the author emphasized the development of the road system.

land, water and air (Tran Xuan Anh, 2011).

Studies on Tourism Development in the Direction of Integration

Doctoral thesis "Developing tourism services in the context of international economic integration: Experiences from some East Asian countries and policy suggestions for Vietnam" by Nguyen Trung Khanh (2012), defended at the Academy of Social Sciences. The main content of the thesis is to analyze the theory of tourism, tourism services and the basic characteristics of tourism services in international economic integration. Analyze the experience of developing tourism services in the context of international economic integration of some East Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, Thailand, thereby drawing lessons for Vietnam. In particular, the author of the thesis concludes that when analyzing the lessons of developing tourism services, the linkage between tourism - aviation and transportation is considered an important factor for the development of Vietnamese tourism businesses. In which the author focuses on analyzing the fundamental advantages of this association in developing travel businesses and ensuring the success of their operations (Nguyen Trung Khanh, 2012).

Doctoral thesis in economics "Development of tourism accommodation business in the Northern tourist region of Vietnam" by Hoang Thi Lan Huong (2011), defended at the National Economics University, Hanoi. In the thesis, the author presented the theoretical and practical basis of tourism accommodation and tourism accommodation business, built a system of

Criteria for evaluating tourism accommodation business. Including analysis of criteria

Determining sustainable tourism accommodation business with the association with airlines and transport companies to maintain a stable number of visitors is an important criterion. In analyzing the current situation and proposing solutions to ensure sustainable development of tourism accommodation business, the association between tourism and related parties in providing tourism services is considered a criterion and solution to help this type of business develop (Hoang Thi Lan Huong, 2011).

In the study by Nguyen Thi Thu Van (2012), with the topic "Research on the competitiveness of Da Nang tourism destinations", the author has summarized the concepts of tourism competitiveness of international authors, and argued that tourism competitiveness is the ability of a destination to create, integrate and provide tourism experiences, including products and value-added services that are valued by tourists, helping to protect resources while maintaining market position compared to other destinations. The author has analyzed the factors affecting the competitiveness in tourism business of Da Nang city, one of the attractive destinations in Vietnam and the region. In this study, the author evaluates based on the average value of 84 indicators (integrated model of Dwyer and Kim) to clarify the factors affecting the competitiveness of Da Nang city. The research results show that there are 7 factors that have been formed and affected the competitiveness of Da Nang tourism destinations, including: (1) Natural resources; (2) Inherited resources; (3) Created resources; (4) Support resources; (5) Destination management; (6) Circumstances; (7) Demand conditions. Thus, Da Nang tourism destination is assessed to have relatively good competitiveness in recent times. From the research results, it has helped to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each factor as well as each specific aspect of Da Nang tourism destination competitiveness, thereby helping Da Nang tourism industry improve evaluation criteria, in order to enhance its competitiveness in the future (Nguyen Thi Thu Van, 2012).

1.2.2. Studies on tourism development towards integration

The study of Pham Hai Yen (2013), "Competitiveness of Vietnamese tourism enterprises in the integration period", has pointed out the current situation of competitiveness.

competition of Vietnamese tourism enterprises. Research has shown that, since joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), Vietnamese tourism has achieved very impressive results, demonstrated by the rapid increase in the number of domestic and international tourists to Vietnam as well as the formation and development of tourism enterprises in the market. Vietnam's accession to the WTO has opened up great opportunities for the Vietnamese tourism industry in general and tourism enterprises in particular. However, in the context of the global market, Vietnamese enterprises face big competitors (transnational and multinational companies with financial potential, technology, experience and high competitiveness), having to compete fiercely in new conditions (international market with strict principles of trade and legal institutions). The study has shown that the competitiveness of Vietnamese tourism enterprises is still limited and always ranked lower than that of other countries in the region such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and China. Thereby, the author has proposed 5 groups of solutions to improve the competitiveness of Vietnamese tourism enterprises in order of priority: (1) Human resources in enterprises: Improve education level, understanding of economics

- society, culture, law... for business owners, managers and employees in the enterprise; (2) Enterprise products: Need to create

diverse and rich products bearing the brands of the businesses in general

in particular and of Vietnamese tourism in general; (3) Enterprises need to invest heavily, apply advanced technology, especially information technology and telecommunications in online tourism business activities; (4) Promote trade promotion, advertising and propaganda activities: Currently, advertising is the most effective channel connecting businesses and customers; (5) Expand access to capital for businesses: Businesses need to proactively diversify their capital structure to avoid relying too much on bank loans (Pham Hai Yen, 2013).

1.3. Overall results evaluation

1.3.1. Points that can be inherited for the thesis

- Although the ideas and perceptions of tourism development in the context of international linkage and integration are not yet complete and comprehensive, the authors have mentioned the development of activities in the tourism sector, from travel to hotel, restaurant, shopping, sightseeing, entertainment activities as well as associated with events, conferences, sports, and culture.

- The reviewed authors all agree that linkage is one of the important ways to develop tourism. Linkage plays an important role in tourism development, increasing tourism competitiveness on a national and international scale.

- Many research projects have shown that in recent years as well as in the coming years, international integration has become an indispensable factor for tourism development. Attracting international tourists must be through international integration in tourism, culture, sports, and organizing events on a global scale...

1.3.2. Gaps

- In general, the reviewed works have not placed tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration in the context of a market economy, and have not pointed out the benefits of the subjects participating in tourism development. At the same time, the content and nature of tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration have not been clearly stated.

- There have been no satisfactory studies on evaluating the results and effectiveness of tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration in general and for a provincial locality. Although many authors have studied international linkage or integration in the process of tourism development, they have not placed tourism development in linkage and integration as a whole of relationships, under the perspective of the principle of cause and effect. In general, there have been no complete and comprehensive studies on the factors affecting tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration in the conditions of a market economy. They have mentioned linkage and international integration separately in tourism development, so there is a lack of a comprehensive perspective to unify the ideology and viewpoint of tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration.

In the process of economic integration and development, in early January 2007, Vietnam officially joined the WTO. According to the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS), Vietnam has committed to all 11 service sectors, except for tourism services, Vietnam only commits to the sub-sectors of travel agency and travel business services, hotel accommodation services, food and beverage services. All ASEAN members will automatically apply these commitments. In addition, since the late 1990s, after joining ASEAN in 1995, Vietnam began to learn about and participate in tourism cooperation mechanisms, gradually participating actively in activities in tourism subcommittees since the early 2000s and proactively integrating in the late 2000s. In 2009, Vietnam successfully hosted and organized the ASEAN Tourism Ministers' Meeting and the ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) - the biggest event of the year for ASEAN tourism. Vietnam has fully implemented market commitments in the fields of hotels, hotel accommodation services, catering services, and international travel business services. Through the development of guidelines for implementing MRA-TP (2013), Vietnam tourism has proactively contributed to the implementation of ASEAN's common MRA-TP. In addition, at the ASEAN Tourism Forum - ATF in 2009 held in Hanoi, Vietnam signed the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Agreement on Tourism Professions to serve as a basis for the development of ASEAN tourism human resources and create favorable conditions for labor mobility in the region. However, there is currently no research on tourism associated with Vietnam's economic integration process, nor is there any research on tourism development in the direction of international linkage and integration for Phu Tho province, especially research in the direction of linkage in the midland and northern regions.

These are also the issues that the thesis must continue to research and clarify.

Chapter 1 Summary

Chapter 1 introduced the concepts and results of research works related to tourism development and tourism in the direction of linkage and integration. Thereby, the author draws out the research gap for the thesis to continue to research and exploit related contents in the thesis.

CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE DIRECTION OF LINKAGE

AND INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION

2.1. Main theoretical issues on tourism development towards international linkage and integration

2.1.1. Perception and concept

According to the 2017 Tourism Law, Vietnam's orientation is to develop tourism in a sustainable direction. Sustainable tourism development is tourism development that simultaneously meets socio-economic and environmental requirements, ensuring the harmony of interests of subjects participating in tourism activities, without harming the ability to meet tourism needs in the future.

Article 4 of the 2017 Law on Tourism also sets out the following principles for tourism development:

- Develop sustainable tourism, according to strategy, planning, and plans, with focus and key points.

- Developing tourism associated with preserving and promoting the value of national cultural heritage, natural resources, exploiting the advantages of each locality and strengthening regional linkages.

- Ensuring national sovereignty, national defense, security, order, social safety, expanding foreign relations and international integration, promoting the image of the country and people of Vietnam.

- Ensure national interests, community interests, rights and legitimate interests of tourists, organizations and individuals doing tourism business.

- Develop domestic and international tourism simultaneously; respect and treat tourists equally.

Tourism development is understood as carrying out activities to attract, build facilities for eating, sleeping, entertainment, etc. to meet or satisfy the needs of tourists, ensure safety and security for tourists; at the same time create attraction to attract tourists to return.

Developing tourism in the direction of international linkage and integration is understood as tourism development placed in the condition of necessarily having international linkage and integration. This means that tourism development must be placed in the context of international linkage and integration. International linkage and integration are considered mandatory conditions when wanting to develop tourism in a province with high competitiveness.

a) Developing tourism in the direction of linkage

Tourists have the need to eat, sleep, travel, rest, enjoy cultural arts, visit scenic spots, relics, architectural works, take care of their health during their stay, etc. To satisfy these needs, it is necessary to have a connection between tourism activities and other activities in a province. On the other hand, tourists want to enjoy many different landscapes, relics, architectural works, etc., so tourism activities of this province need to be linked with tourism activities of other provinces. From there, linking to develop tourism has two basic aspects:

- Linking tourism activities with activities of other fields (industries). For example:

+ Linking tourism activities with agricultural activities (to ensure food as well as to link sightseeing activities with ecological agricultural areas, with traditional agricultural areas to introduce traditional Vietnamese or local farming methods)

+ Linking tourism activities with modern industrial factories, industrial parks, craft villages or facilities producing traditional industrial products (typically fine art production, handicraft production, etc.)

+ Linking tourism activities with cultural and artistic activities to satisfy the entertainment needs and spiritual life of tourists; to promote unique local cultural and artistic values.

+ Linking tourism activities with the information and telecommunications sector to ensure necessary information for tourists and meet their communication needs.

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