Research Works on Culture-Education and Culture, Education in the Early Le Dynasty

As a journalist and scholar who participated in compiling many different dictionaries, researcher Quang Dam was interested in and studied Confucianism early on, but it was not until 1994 that his work Confucianism Past and Present [22] was introduced to readers. Up to now, the study of Confucianism, Confucianism and its influence on political life, culture, social affairs and knowledge has been

The knowledge gained on this topic is not small. However, Quang Dam, in his approach, has a significant difference from other researchers in the goal of recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of Confucianism. His point of view is to recognize the limitations of Confucianism not to reject it but to eliminate its specific consequences in ideology and life in an objective and scientific way; at the same time, to see its positive elements must go hand in hand with preserving and promoting those values. To achieve that goal, in the book Confucianism Past and Present, Quang Dam has unique and profound interpretations of a number of Confucian theses such as interpretations of the categories of "country", "family", "world"...

Regarding the role of Confucianism in education, the book discusses in depth the viewpoints and attitudes towards learning and teaching, the relationship between learning and thinking, practice, and some major points about the motto and methods in education under the impact and influence of Confucianism. In particular, in chapter X: " Confucian people in the past and Vietnamese people today ", Quang Dam pointed out the main contributions and limitations of Confucianism to education, to the organization of social life, and mentioned the influence of Confucianism on the formation of the Confucian human model in Vietnam in the historical process.

As an expert in in-depth research on Confucianism in Vietnamese literature and the history of thought, Professor Tran Dinh Huou has made great contributions and many new discoveries in this field. He is the author of many articles on the topics of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and indigenous cultural traditions. Although discussing the discussed topics, "plowing" quite thoroughly, it seems difficult to have new contributions, he still has unique perspectives that surprise the research community. He is different from other authors in that he does not follow the rut of constantly renewing the research object, but more importantly, as he explains, one must have a new scientific view of it, see its "operation" in practice, accurately discover its nature as well as its values and

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reflect its value, establish the right attitude towards it. His book From Tradition to Modernity [32] is a typical example of the above analysis.

A collection of scattered articles from 1974 to 1993 directly about or related to Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, To modernity from tradition by Tran Dinh Huou analyzes the close relationship between tradition and modernity, explaining contemporary issues based on traditional elements. To achieve that goal, author Tran Dinh Huou clarifies the origin, content and process of Confucianization of feudal Vietnamese society as well as its presence in modern society. Also on the topic of Confucianism, another work of his is Confucianism and Vietnamese literature in the Middle Ages [33]. With the aim of studying Confucian literature to discover Confucianism in its entirety, the book begins with the study of Nguyen Trai because not only was he the author of many works of various genres, but it was only at this time that Confucianism was institutionalized in Vietnamese politics, society and culture in the most profound way. The articles “ Nguyen Trai and Confucianism ”, “ Confucianism and literature and art ”, “ On the multifaceted influence of Confucianism in Vietnamese literature in the Middle Ages and Modern Times ”… have clarified many issues related to prejudices about Confucianism and mentioned the characteristic acculturation of Vietnamese culture when applying Confucianism to fight against the Ming invaders. After Tran Dinh Huou passed away, the book Tran Dinh Huou Selected Works – Volume 1 [128] introduced and selected by author Tran Ngoc Vuong was published. This book continues to have many research articles related to the influence of Confucianism on many aspects of social life in Vietnam. In the article “ Some opinions on the issue of studying Confucianism ”, Tran Dinh Huou noted some misconceptions when studying Confucianism such as: “People often say that Confucian scholars belong to the ruling class, are lazy, parasitic, exploitative and are used to imagining them as the ruling class that is greedy and cruel. In fact, Confucian scholars are people who advocate living a pure life, being diligent, frugal, honest, upright, not selfish, greedy, or greedy..." [128, p. 66]. In the article " Le Thanh Tong and the prosperous period of Confucianism ", the author raises the issue of "finding out Le Thanh Tong's actions towards Confucianism is not only to understand Le Thanh Tong himself but also to understand the historical content of an era..." [128, p. 523]. Other research articles on Confucianism such as " Confucianism as a religion ", " Discussing the special characteristics of the transitional period: The harmful effects of Confucianism

in economic construction ", " Vietnamese traditional family with the influence of Confucianism ", " Vietnamese people with Confucian cultural tradition "... are also in-depth studies by Tran Dinh Huou on the influence of Confucianism on social life and especially culture - education in many different aspects.

Another book that mentions Confucianism is Vietnamese Cultural Identity.

[70] by Phan Ngoc. In chapter VI “ Confucianism, its relationship with the new era ”, the author separated Confucianism from Confucianism to answer the question: what can we accept from Confucianism and what can we reject? Pointing out misunderstandings about Confucianism, the author also discussed the limitations of this doctrine. Phan Ngoc’s important contribution in revealing the different aspects of Confucianism is the view: “Confucianism is only an ideology of a low-level agricultural civilization, concerned with protecting a self-sufficient agricultural regime, maintaining a stagnant society and taking the consolidation of stagnation as its ideal” [70, p. 192].

Discussing “ Confucianism in Vietnam in the XV – XVII centuries ” (in the book Vietnamese Literature, a separate stream between a common source [127], from the viewpoint: Confucianism went from an ethical doctrine to an ideology and quickly occupied the most important position in the culture of Eastern countries, Professor, Doctor Tran Ngoc Vuong mentioned the premises for the “ascension” of Confucianism in the Early Le period. Author Tran Ngoc Vuong shares the same view with a number of researchers when affirming the unique position of Confucianism during the reign of King Le Thanh Tong.

Unlike many other authors, discussing Confucianism ( Works, volume 1 [121]), researcher Nguyen Khac Vien did not go into the profound philosophies of this doctrine but mentioned its form of expression in social relationships (small farmers - mandarins; Confucian scholars in village life, Confucian scholars - mandarins and common Confucian scholars, Confucian scholars - modern intellectuals, Confucian scholars - Marxists...). From those relationships, Nguyen Khac Vien pointed out the positive and negative aspects of the doctrine because, as he analyzed, "the struggle against Confucianism as well as the absorption of positive aspects, for us, is first of all a practical matter, not just a simple book study [121, p. 486].

Continuing to enrich the knowledge about Confucius and the process of introducing Confucianism into Vietnam is the work Outline of Vietnamese cultural history (5 volumes) [99] by author Nguyen Khac Thuan. As an experienced researcher, he has two works that have achieved Vietnamese records and the works he edited or authored are all highly appreciated by the scientific community. In volume 3 of the book Outline of Vietnamese cultural history , when referring to the dissemination and reception of Confucianism in Vietnam during the period of Chinese domination or in the era of independence, autonomy and unity (905 - 1527) or during the period of civil war (1527 - 1801), Nguyen Khac Thuan discussed the impact of Confucianism on the perception in Dai Viet society, including the Early Le Dynasty.

In 2002, Nguyen Hoai Van published the work Studying Vietnamese Confucian political thought from Le Thanh Tong to Minh Mang [112] based on his doctoral thesis in history with the aim of clarifying the role of Confucianism in the political-ideological field in particular, the role of Confucianism in general in Vietnam; from there, solving the problem of "tradition - modernity", Nguyen Hoai Van deeply analyzed the contributions of Le Thanh Tong in applying and developing Confucianism into an orthodox political ideology. In particular, the highlight of the work is that Nguyen Hoai Van deeply analyzed the way Le Thanh Tong used Confucianism in governing the country, training and building a team of mandarins.

In addition to the genres of specialized research/monograph books, serving the purpose of reference, there is the Encyclopedia of Classical Chinese Culture [67] by author Nguyen Ton Nhan. Because it is a book for reference, the author approaches Confucianism from the formation, core content of the doctrine to its later development. In addition, the book also mentions some educational views of some Chinese philosophers under the influence of Confucianism, which had a certain impact on Vietnamese education during the feudal period.

Research on Confucianism from the aspects of characteristics, influence, and impact of Confucianism on education has also been conducted by a series of researchers such as Phan Dai Doan (“ Some characteristics of Vietnamese Confucianism ” [17]); Nguyen Dinh Chu (“ Today with Confucianism ” [11]); Le Ngoc Anh (“ On the influence of Confucianism in Vietnam ” [3]); Vu Duy Men (“ Some features of

Confucian education from the 11th century to the early 20th century in Vietnam ” [61])…. approaches Confucianism from many different perspectives. The common point of these works is that they all pay attention to the influence of Confucianism in social life in Vietnam in general and in culture and education in particular from a general or specific perspective; from there, they raise the requirement to preserve the values of Confucianism in culture and education in the modern period.

In general, the above research works have helped us have a multi-faceted approach to Confucianism, a doctrine that occupied a dominant position in culture and education during the Early Le Dynasty. A correct understanding of Confucianism helps to correctly identify the nature of the development of culture and education during this period as well as to have a correct understanding of the achievements and limitations of education during the Early Le Dynasty under the impact and influence of this doctrine.

1.1.2. Research works on culture-education and culture and education in the Early Le Dynasty

1.1.2.1 . Group of works related to culture and education

Traditional elements and their presence/impact on today's era have always been a concern of many researchers.

With a comprehensive approach, based on the viewpoint that "there is never a general, abstract person, but a person is always a specific person, a synthesis of geographical conditions, economic environment, society, history, and specific traditional culture", the book " Our ancestors' policies for using people in history" [14] by author Phan Huu Dat (editor-in-chief) has relatively fully summarized the role of talented people as well as experiences and measures to attract and use talented people in Vietnamese history, including the Early Le Dynasty.

Emphasizing the importance of promoting traditional values in training and developing talents in Vietnam, the book Brief study of experiences in discovering, training and using talents in Vietnamese history (Pham Hong Tung, editor-in-chief [111]) has recognized and solved the problem quite systematically in the length of history from the time of nation building to modern times. In particular, while focusing on revealing the selection and use of talents in Vietnamese history, the authors have recognized Confucian education as an important factor in the formation of the indigenous elite. The selection and use of talents

Le So Dynasty talent

Also in the research stream on the issue of training and using talents as the most vivid manifestation of educational culture in each period is the book Training and using policies for mandarins in the Le Thanh Tong period and current personnel work.

[114] by two authors Nguyen Hoai Van and Dang Duy Thin. Approaching the policy of using talented people in the Le Thanh Tong period in terms of scope and level of influence on the modern period, the work thoroughly studies this policy to draw out its historical meaning and lessons through connection with the current practice of training and using cadres.

Regarding the problem of "tradition - modernity", many authors are interested in solving it through a number of articles such as " The reform and construction of a legal state during the reign of Le Thanh Tong " [84] and " Le Thanh Tong, the man and his once brilliant career".

[87] by author Truong Huu Quynh , “ Selection and use of mandarins in our country during the medieval period ” [13] by author Do Minh Cuong, “ Selection of mandarins under the reign of King Le Thanh Tong and King Minh Mang: Legacy of inheritance and reference ” [41] by author Bui Huy Khien… These articles emphasize the use of talents in the Early Le Dynasty, especially in the Le Thanh Tong Dynasty, considering this a necessary historical lesson for any society and in different historical periods.

The book "Thoughts on Vietnamese educational culture" [106] by author Duong Thieu Tong discusses the quintessence of traditional educational culture through research on the nation's cultural heritages such as bronze drums, parallel sentences, the story of banh chung and banh day... and the issues of Vietnamese education after the August Revolution of 1945, teaching and learning at the university level, especially emphasizing the role of teachers and scientific research in education.

Concerned with the issue of educational innovation are authors Nguyen Duy Bac, Tran Hong Quan, Dang Quoc Bao, Pham Minh Hac... These scientists have in common that they all recognize and point out the need for educational innovation. With the article Some viewpoints that lay the foundation for Vietnamese educational philosophy through educational reforms and innovations [7], author Dang Quoc Bao has synthesized and systematized the dominant viewpoints to form

philosophy

not actually

right direction

Educating people today and tomorrow [25

–

. Discussing the path of change

new

country, author

: "personality" - "standard of

society”- “the right to development of each person”. On such a cognitive axis, Professor Pham Minh Hac sets out the requirement to build a common value system for Vietnamese people on the basis of both tradition and modernity.

Providing a comprehensive view of Vietnamese culture and education in the current period, in 2011, author Nguyen Duy Bac introduced to readers the book Vietnamese Culture and Education in the Renovation Period [8]. Both comprehensive and quite detailed, Nguyen Duy Bac's book introduces general issues of Vietnamese culture and education, strategic orientations and main solutions for developing education and training today as well as issues of state management of education and socialization of education. Educating traditional cultural values of the nation, important issues of Vietnamese education today, Vietnamese Culture and Education in the Renovation Period are necessary documents to help me better implement my topic.

Approaching educational innovation from a specific, dynamic locality in development, Ho Chi Minh City, the work Educational innovation and integration of advanced educational systems: Issues viewed from the reality of Ho Chi Minh City [62] by author Huynh Cong Minh has the outstanding advantage of being full of practical documents on education. In addition, looking at educational innovation and international integration from common and special points

, the book provides analysis, recommendations and policies for building an advanced education system in Vietnam in the trend of international integration very practically. This is a case study selection project and has been quite successful in solving the research content on that selection.

As a work for reference, the Vietnamese Cultural and Educational Dictionary

[40] by Vu Ngoc Khanh, Pham Minh Thao, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha introduces information about Vietnam's cultural and educational knowledge. The book's strong point is that many cultural and educational terms are explained specifically by the authors; at the same time, the list of scholars in the feudal period, the Hoi and Huong examinations, etc. are mentioned in a fairly systematic way. In the work, the group of authors devoted 25 pages (from page 27 to page

52) Introduction and commentary on the doctors of the Early Le Dynasty at the Temple of Literature.

1.1.2.2 . Group of works related to the culture of the Early Le Dynasty

Part of the book series commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Institute of Political Science (December 1992 - December 2007), the book The Development of Vietnamese Political Thought in the 10th - 15th Centuries [113] by author Nguyen Hoai Van contributes a new perspective and knowledge about the formation and development process of Vietnamese political thoughts in history. In the flow of analysis, revealing the characteristics, content and specific manifestations of Vietnamese political thought, author Nguyen Hoai Van pointed out its impacts and influences on the political life of the Vietnamese people from the 10th to the 15th century; at the same time revealing the position of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and the influence of "three religions of the same origin" on Vietnamese political ideology during this period.

A fairly thorough account of the influence of Confucianism in the political and social ideology of the Le Dynasty is the work History of Vietnamese Political and Social Ideology during the Le - Nguyen Dynasty.

[82] by author Le Van Quan. The author has painstakingly researched the social context of the birth of the doctrines, the history of ideology during the Le - Nguyen period, and analyzed its positive and negative influences on social life. The author has made important contributions to the understanding of political and social ideology during this period through explanations of the development to its peak (during the reign of King Le Thanh Tong) and pointed out the limitations that led to the decline of the following dynasties of the Le dynasty.

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