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Line Investigation with Key Informant


- Advantages: Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park has a large area of ​​hilly land, suitable for growing agricultural and forestry crops, with conditions for developing livestock and poultry farming. The cool climate is suitable for a number of crops and medicinal herbs with high economic value. The security, political and social order and safety situation in the commune is maintained, thereby creating people's trust in the Party and local government.

- Difficulties: People's living standards and incomes are still low, the poverty rate is still high (accounting for 64.7%). The educational level of the people is uneven, they are not bold enough to change the structure of crops and livestock. The rate of using new high-yield crop varieties and applying scientific and technical advances in production by the people is still limited. A few households still use local crop varieties with low productivity and output. In addition, the prices of fertilizers and crop varieties are unstable and increasing, so people still limit their use.


Chapter 2

OBJECTS, CONTENT AND METHODS OF RESEARCH


2.1. Research object and scope

The research subjects are vascular plants used as medicine in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Nguyen Binh district, Cao Bang province.

Implementation period: From August 2018 to August 2019.

Research location: Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Nguyen Binh district, Cao Bang province (05 communes of Nguyen Binh district).

2.2. Research content

- Develop a list of medicinal plants in the research area.

- Assess the diversity of medicinal plant species.

- Document indigenous knowledge on the exploitation and use of traditional medicine by local ethnic minorities.

- Propose solutions to conserve and develop some meaningful and promising species.

2.3. Research method

2.3.1. Inheritance method

Based on previously conducted and published research on the botanical composition of medicinal plants and plant resources in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park as well as some related documents as follows:

Maps of all kinds: Topographic maps, latest forest resource status maps, site maps...

Inheriting the results of scientific research, research works, articles, and information related to medicinal plants in general and medicinal plants distributed in the Research Area.

The latest plant catalogue is being used in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park.

Collect research documents on natural and socio-economic conditions related to Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park.


After collecting all relevant documents, we proceed to compile, check and re-edit all information accurately based on specialized reference documents, thereby determining the value of inherited information.

2.3.2. Free listing

Use this method to study the following contents: Determining the composition of medicinal plant species in the research area; Distribution characteristics of medicinal plant species in the research area; Determining the impacts on medicinal plant species in the research area.

Free enumeration is a technique commonly used in social research. Applied in medicinal plant surveys, free enumeration needs to be carried out in two stages: (1) free enumeration and (2) identification of medicinal plants.

(1) Free listing

Open enumeration is the process of asking/interviewing a set of informants, asking them to name all the elements (names of medicinal plants) in the field of study (medicinal plants). The goal of open enumeration is to collect a set of names (in local dialect) of species that people in the investigation area use as medicine. The steps include:

- Select model

Informants can be selected (i) randomly (e.g. based on household lists, coin tosses, etc.), (ii) randomly - stratified (informants are divided into certain strata (groups of people) such as ethnicity, income level, gender, etc., and then randomly drawn from these groups).

The size of the informants depends on the scope of the study and other conditions such as human resources, budget, time, etc. However, the sample size can be decided based on the “species curve” which is represented by a graph with the vertical axis being the number of medicinal plant names mentioned by the informants and the horizontal axis being the number of informants surveyed. When the number of informants increases but the number of species increases insignificantly - the curve tends to decrease, then the interview can be terminated.

- Interview

The interview method aims to provide basic information related to the research content of the topic. This information will be especially meaningful if the process


Field surveys were not recorded. In addition, interviews are an effective method to learn about indigenous knowledge in the use of medicinal plants by local people.

The interview focused on the following 3 groups of subjects:

+ 50 local people (5 communes): The people selected for interviews are those who regularly go to the forest or those who have experience using medicinal plants. These are the people who can provide reliable information such as medicinal plant species composition, distribution, indigenous knowledge in collection and use...

+ National Park management staff and local government staff of communes surrounding the National Park and Nature Reserve (20 people): This group can help assess the overall status and impacts on native plant species in the area. On that basis, propose conservation solutions.

Use a single question for all informants, for example: “Please name all the medicinal plants that you know”. Medicinal plant names are shown in local languages ​​to avoid confusion between species names between different languages ​​and cultures.

(2) Identify medicinal plants

After processing the data and eliminating synonyms, the investigator will have a list of names of plants used by the community as medicine. However, this is only a list in the local language, and it has not yet revealed which name belongs to which species. Therefore, it is necessary to collect specimens of all species listed in the list, process them and identify them. It should be noted that a local name can refer to many different species, usually species in the same genus, with similar morphological characteristics or species with the same uses.

2.3.3 Line investigation with key informants

Investigation of the use of medicinal plants and some medicinal recipes according to ethnobotanical research methods by Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007)

This method is often applied to determine the composition of medicinal plant species in the research area; Distribution characteristics of medicinal plant species in the research area;

In the current investigation of medicinal plant resources in Vietnam as well as in the world. The information providers are often people who are knowledgeable about medicinal plants in the area (doctors).


The objective of the investigation is to determine the species composition and uses of medicinal plants in the area. The steps involved include:

- Determine the investigation route

The survey route is determined based on the status of vegetation, terrain and distribution of medicinal plants in the area. To ensure objectivity during the survey, the survey route should go through different terrains and vegetation. In the community survey, people take the community center as the center and go in four different directions. The number of routes depends on time and manpower. The project builds 04 survey routes in the research area. Northeast route of Quang Thanh commune; Southeast route of Hung Dao commune; Northwest route of Phan Thanh commune and Tinh Tuc town; Southwest route of Thanh Cong commune.

2. The informants are usually people who are knowledgeable about medicinal plants in the area (traditional healers, herbalists, people who often collect medicinal plants, etc.). The objective of the investigation is to determine the species composition and uses of medicinal plants in the area. The informants and the investigator go along the route and interview any plants encountered along the way or when there is a change in vegetation and interview all plant species appearing in that area (4 people, 4 routes).

Information to be collected: name of the plant (local name), parts used, method of use, etc. Other information may be collected depending on the time available during the survey. To save time, a pre-printed collection book with pre-determined survey contents can be printed and marked at appropriate contents during the survey. Any plant identified by the informant as a medicinal plant is collected for scientific identification.


- Collect information in the field

The informant and the investigator go along the route and interview any plants encountered along the way or when there is a change in vegetation and interview all plant species occurring in that area (4 people). Information to be interviewed: name of the plant (local name), parts used, uses, etc. Other information can be collected depending on the time available during the survey. To save time, a sample book with predetermined survey contents can be printed in advance and marked at the appropriate contents during the survey. Any plants found by the informant

Information provided identifying medicinal plants were collected to determine scientific names.


- Information processing

Information collected by this method is often qualitative in nature, including: species list (local name, scientific name, used parts, uses, etc.), estimated frequency of occurrence in the survey line.

- Collect specimens

Each medicinal plant species needs to collect from three to five samples and be labeled with information about the sample symbol, time, location of collection and sample collector. In some cases, it is necessary to collect seedlings or underground tubers to make living specimens for accurate species identification. During the sampling process, take pictures of the plant parts, habitats, and medicinal parts. Use a GPS device to mark the coordinates of the sampling points to record the distribution of medicinal plants in the area.

- Interview

Interviews were conducted directly on labeled individuals using the same questions for each plant and each informant (approximately 100 to 150 people). The author interviewed 100 people from 3 groups of subjects. The interview content may vary depending on the purpose of the investigation but at a minimum includes: plant name (local name), medicinal/non-medicinal use, parts used. The number of informants may vary depending on the level of investigation, and may include only important informants or different social groups, such as gender (women, men), age (old, middle-aged, young, etc.), rich or poor, etc.

- Plant identification

Each plant species mentioned by the informant is identified in the field if it has reproductive organs (flowers, fruits). After returning to the laboratory, the scientific name of the species will be checked by comparing with documents describing plants, medicinal plant dictionaries based on the morphological characteristics of reproductive organs (flowers, fruits, seeds), vegetative organs (stems, leaves, ...) and habitat combined with local names as well as comparing standard samples in the herbarium (if available).

Using the classification key, look up the book “Vietnamese Plants” by Pham Hoang Ho, Vietnamese Flora, Indochina Flora, Vo Van Chi’s Dictionary of Medicinal Plants to identify medicinal plants. Identification is done according to the following steps: Identify in the field, then other plant experts re-examine. Traditional medicine men, pharmacists, and pharmacists


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2.3.4. Investigation by Standard Box (OTC):

The standard plot and survey line methods used in the project are according to Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007) and Hoang Chung (2008). The number of OTCs established is 4 plots.

- Applying the typical OTC establishment method commonly used in forest plant surveys in general and medicinal plants in particular.

At each different forest status, use Motola 650 GPS to delineate at least 01 OTC with an area of ​​1000m2 ( 40mx25m). In total, the author simulated 04 OTCs. In each OTC, 05 level 1 block plots were established, each block had an area of ​​25m2 ( 5mx5m), including 04 blocks at the 4 corners and 01 block in the middle of the OTC. In total, the author simulated 20 block plots.

- At each cell in the form of a table, conduct a survey of medicinal plant species. The survey results are recorded in form 01:

Form 01. Results of investigation on medicinal plant species composition in ODB


TTODB

Species Name

Branch Name

Last name

Industry Name

1





2





.....





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2.3.5. Plant sampling method

During the research, we applied the following plant sampling methods:

- For the survey route, record information about each plant species encountered on the route such as: Vietnamese name (or Latin name), life form. For species whose names are not yet determined, collect samples for later classification.

- For standard plots, collect samples in small plots (sheet plots), the sampling method is the same as in the survey line.

2.3.6. Sample analysis method

- Identify the names of tree species (scientific names and Vietnamese names) according to the documents: Vietnamese plants by Pham Hoang Ho (1999), Vietnamese forest trees, Directory


Vietnamese flora by Nguyen Tien Ban (2003, 2005), Flora of Vietnam to edit and make a list of general plant species in the study area.

- Identify medicinal plant species according to the documents: Vietnamese medicinal plants (Le Tran Duc, 1995), Vietnamese medicinal plants and herbs (Do Tat Loi, 2004), Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants (Vo Van Chi, 2012), Medicinal plants and medicinal animals in Vietnam (Institute of Medicinal Materials, 2004), List of Vietnamese plant species (Nguyen Tien Ban).

- Determine the system of phytogeographic factors of medicinal plants in the research area according to "Bortanical research methods" by Nguyen Nghia Thin 2007.

- Data processing. Survey data is processed manually or by computer software, including: (i) listing all medicinal plant names mentioned by the informant, (ii) counting the number of times the medicinal plant name n is mentioned (frequency of mention), and (iii) arranging the names (elements) in ascending or descending order or by group of species used as typical medicines, etc.

Administrative map of Nguyen Binh district

Area of ​​05 communes in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park

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