Figure 32: EBM08 DC electric motor.
3.5. Define heat engine:
The heat engine plays a role in providing energy when the vehicle runs for a long time when the battery pack cannot meet the demand. As analyzed above, this hybrid system operates on the principle of "auxiliary operation", so the energy from the heat engine plays a secondary role, which means that the power of the heat engine can be less than the required power of the vehicle. However, if the ratio of self-weight to total weight of the vehicle is not violated, we should choose the power
engine power
heat by engine power
electricity to
car can
Run long distances without being constrained by battery recharge time.
To select a heat engine, based on the following factors:
Rated capacity and price.
Design and weight.
Starting system and cooling system.
From the above conditions, choosing Lutian LT154F heat engine is
1700W power at 3000 rpm. This engine compared to other
Other equivalent engines on the market have higher prices, but in return, its performance, longevity, smoothness and weight are superior to other engines. The power of this engine after converting to run on LPG fuel is estimated to reach 1200-1500W, suitable for the required power of the vehicle.
Figure 33: Lutian LT154F gasoline engine.
3.6. General schematic diagram of mechanical transmission mechanisms:
Mechanical transmission mechanisms are divided into two groups:
- Front wheel: 500(W) electric motor.
- Rear wheel: LPG engine, generator and transmission linked to 1000(W) electric motor.
Diagram
Overview of the mechanisms
This structure is expressed
shown in figure 34.
The general operating principle of these mechanisms is as follows:
a) In normal mode, the electric motor rotates and pulls the main wheel.
rotational motion makes the vehicle move. In the general diagram (figure 34) we see
The generator and the rear wheels are connected via an electromagnetic clutch and a belt drive. When the solenoid coil is not energized, the connection
contact
This is temporarily suspended.
In mode
normal car running, clutch
The solenoid is in the off state, the driving wheel does not pull the generator to rotate. The power of the electric motor is used to pull the vehicle moving without being affected by the generator set.
b) In deceleration mode when the vehicle needs to stop or when going downhill, the driver releases the throttle, the electric motor is cut off, at the same time a switch at the end of the throttle stroke will control the electromagnetic clutch to close, then the driving wheel will pull the generator to rotate through the belt drive.
The vehicle's energy is converted into electrical energy that recharges the battery. Because the connection between the LPG engine and the generator has a centrifugal clutch that only transmits power in one direction, when the generator rotates it does not pull the LPG engine.
turn accordingly. If the rider continues to turn the throttle, the electromagnetic clutch will shift
to off state, electric motor is energized, vehicle continues to work
by mode
run normally.
Here we need to note that, the system
Regenerative braking system can only reduce the speed of the vehicle but cannot
stop the car. Therefore, the car must be equipped with a mechanical device.
add system
hand brake system
c) When needing to drive long distances, the driver switches the vehicle control to “auxiliary” mode. At that time, we refuel the Lutian LT154F engine with LPG. This engine is operated to pull the generator to support the battery to supply electricity to the electric motor.
Figure 34: General diagram of mechanical transmission system.
Because the power of the generator LPG engine cluster is selected to be balanced with the electric motor, the vehicle can be run for a long time without draining the battery. The LPG engine is controlled by the governor to run in the area
Stable speed corresponding to maximum thermal efficiency should limit emission
emit gases that pollute the environment. When the LPG engine cluster
generator is running, the electromagnetic clutch is controlled in the off state so that the rotation of the generator does not affect the rotation of the rear wheel. In case of needing to reduce the vehicle speed, the driver releases the throttle, the signal from the end switch of the throttle controls the speed controller to make the engine
LPG running
at speed
idle, centrifugal clutch will
switch to state
disconnect to interrupt the power transmission between the LPG engine and the generator, at the same time the electromagnetic clutch is controlled to close and the generator
switches to regenerative braking mode. If the driver
keep turning the throttle, front system.
system will
move to operate in
regime
degree like
d) When the vehicle enters a road with a steep slope, if the driver turns the throttle all the way but the vehicle speed does not exceed 10km/h, the system automatically controls the LPG engine to start, the electromagnetic clutch is controlled to switch to the closed state and the generator's excitation current is cut to stop generating electricity. Engine
LPG support
support
with engine
electric car pulling uphill. When speed
bigger car
10km/h or the throttle is not fully turned, the system will automatically control the electromagnetic clutch to switch to the off state (cutting the transmission from the generator to the rear wheel) and the generator's excitation current is supplied to generate electricity to charge the battery.
In case the vehicle stops, the driver releases the throttle and does not turn off the entire vehicle's electrical system, the regenerative braking system continues to operate, the excitation current can heat the generator's excitation coil and cause energy loss, through an electromagnetic relay, the system will control the excitation current to be cut off when the signal from the sensor indicates that the vehicle's speed is less than 10km/h.
All
all modes
vehicle performance will
get a set
control
The center, abbreviated as ECC (Electronic Control Center), is controlled through input signals from the throttle position sensor, the position of the levers or control buttons,
Vehicle speed sensor and output signals include power supply control for
coil of the set
electromagnetic clutch, relay
excitation circuit breaker
belong to
Generator and governor of LPG engine.
3.7. Engine control system diagram:
The entire operation of the hybrid engine system is controlled via
through a set
electronic control
abbreviated as set
ECC (Electronic Control
Center). The ECC will receive input signals from: throttle position sensor,
turn off mode switch
“normal” or “substantial” activity
support" and feel
vehicle speed. It then processes the signal and controls: the electromagnetic clutch coil, the generator excitation circuit breaker relay and the LPG engine governor. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Figure 35.
The control principle of the ECC can be described by the operating status table of the components in table 31. In this table, the throttle switch is turned “ON” when the driver turns the throttle, conversely when the driver releases the throttle, this switch is in the “OFF” state. LPG engine governor
work
in two modes
speed: speed
idle 900(rpm) and speed
3000 (rpm) corresponds to maximum engine efficiency. The control signals in state 1 mean that there is current to control the components, and in state 0 means that the control current is cut off.
Figure 35: Schematic diagram of the engine control system.
Table 31: Description of engine control system operation.
Credit group
input
Output signal group | ||||||
Operating mode | Throttle switch | Over the hill (maximum speed) | Vehicle speed (Km/h) | Controller speed (rpm) | Relay set moderate | Electromagnetic clutch relay |
Normal | ON | ON | 0 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
OFF | 0 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
OFF | OFF | 10 60 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
0 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Auxiliary | ON | ON | 0 10 | 3000 | 0 | 1 |
>10 | 3000 | 1 | 0 | |||
OFF | 0 60 | 3000 | 1 | 0 | ||
OFF | OFF | 10 60 | 900 | 1 | 1 | |
0 10 | 3000 | 1 | 0 | |||
Maybe you are interested!
-
Car body electrical practice - 8
zt2i3t4l5ee
zt2a3gs
zt2a3ge
zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts
If the voltage is out of specification, replace the wire or connector.
If the voltage is within specification, install the front fog light relay and follow step 5.
Step 5 Check the front fog light switch
- Remove the D4 connector of the fog light switch
- Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of the front fog light switch.
Measurement location
Condition
Standard
D4-3 (BFG) -D4-4 (LFG)
Light switchFront Fog OFF
>10kΩ
D4-3 (BFG) -D4-4 (LFG)
Front fog light switchON
<1 Ω
- Standard resistor
D4 connector is located on the combination switch assembly.
If the resistance is out of specification, replace the combination switch (the fog light switch is located in the combination switch).
If the resistance is within specification, follow step 6.
Step 6 Check wiring and connectors (front fog light relay-light selector switch)
- Disconnect connector D4 of the combination switch assembly
- Use a voltmeter to measure the voltage value of jack D4 on the wire side.
Measurement location
Control modecontrol
Standard
D4-3 (BFG) - (-) AQ
TAIL
11 to 14 V
D4 connector for the wiring of the combination switch assembly
If the voltage does not meet the standard, replace the wire or connector.
If the voltage is within standard, there may have been an error in the previous measurements.
Step 7 Check the front fog lights
- Remove the front fog light electrical connector.
- Supply battery voltage to the fog lamp terminals
Jack 8, B9 of front fog lamp on the electrical side
blind first.
Power supply location
Terms and Conditions
Battery positive terminal - Terminal 2Battery negative terminal - Terminal 1
Fog lightsbefore morning
- If the light does not come on, replace the bulb.
If the light is on, re-plug the jack and continue to step 8.
Step 8 Check wiring and connectors (relay and front fog lights)
- Disconnect the B8 and B9 connectors of the front fog lights.
- Use a voltmeter to measure voltage at the following locations:
Measurement location
Switch location
Terms and Conditions
B8-2 - (-) AQ
Electric lock ON TAIL size switchFog switch ON
11 to 14 V
B9-2 - (-) AQ
Electric lock ONTAIL size switch Fog switch ON
11 to 14 V
B8 and B9 connectors on the front fog lamp wiring side
Voltage is not up to standard, repair or replace the jack. If up to standard, there may have been an error in the measurement process.
2.2.4. Procedure for removing, installing and adjusting fog lights 1. Procedure for removing
- Remove the front inner ear pads
Use a screwdriver to remove the 3 screws and remove the front part of the front inner ear liner
-Remove the fog light assembly
+ Disconnect the connector.
+ Use a screwdriver to remove 3 screws to remove the fog light cover
2. Installation sequence
-Rotate the fog lamp bulb in the direction indicated by the arrow as shown in the figure and remove the fog lamp from the fog lamp assembly.
-Rotate the fog light bulb in the direction indicated by the arrow as shown in the figure and install the light into the fog light assembly.
- Use a screwdriver to install the fog light cover
-Install the electrical connector
Attention: Be careful not to damage the plastic thread on the lamp assembly.
- Install the front inner ear pads
Use a screwdriver to install the front inner bumper with 3 screws.
3. Prepare the vehicle to adjust the fog light convergence. Prepare the vehicle:
- Make sure there is no damage or deformation to the vehicle body around the fog lights.
- Add fuel to the fuel tank
- Add oil to standard level.
- Add engine coolant to standard level.
- Inflate the tire to standard pressure.
- Place spare tire, tools and jack in original design position
- Do not leave any load in the luggage compartment.
- Let a person weighing about 75 kg sit in the driver's seat.
4. Prepare to check the fog light convergence
a/ Prepare the vehicle status as follows:
- Place the car in a dark enough place to see the lines. The lines are the dividing line, below which the light from the fog lights can be seen but above which it cannot.
- Place the car perpendicular to the wall.
- Keep a distance of 7.62 m between the center of the fog lamp and the wall.
- Park the car on level ground.
- Press the car down a few times to stabilize the suspension.
Note: A distance of approximately 7.62 m is required between the vehicle (fog lamp center) and the wall to adjust the convergence correctly. If the distance of 7.62 m cannot be achieved, set the correct distance of 3 m to check and adjust the fog lamp convergence. (Since the target area varies with the distance, please follow the instructions as shown in the figure.)
b/ Prepare a piece of thick white paper about 2 m high and 4 m wide to use as a screen.
c/ Draw a vertical line through the center of the screen (line V).
d/ Set the screen as shown in the picture. Note:
- Keep the screen perpendicular to the ground.
- Align the V line on the screen with the center of the vehicle.
e/Draw the reference lines (H, V LH and V RH lines) on the screen as shown in the figure.HINT:
Mark the center of the fog lamp on the screen. If the center mark cannot be seen on the fog lamp, use the center of the fog lamp or the manufacturer's name mark on the fog lamp as the center mark.
H line (fog light height):
Draw a line across the screen so that it passes through the center mark. Line H should be at the same height as the center mark of the fog light bulb.
Line V LH, V RH (center mark position of left fog lamp LH and right fog lamp RH):
Draw two lines so that they intersect line H at the center marks.
5. Check the fog light convergence
a/ Cover the fog lamp or remove the connector of the other side fog lamp to prevent light from the unchecked fog lamp from affecting the fog lamp convergence test.
b/ Start the engine.
c/ Turn on the fog lights and make sure that the dividing line is outside the standard area as shown in the drawing.
6. Adjust the fog light convergence
Use a screwdriver to adjust the fog light to the standard area by turning the toe adjustment screw.
Note: If the screw is adjusted too far, loosen it and then tighten it again, so that the last rotation of the light adjustment screw is clockwise.
3. Self-study questions
1. Describe the operating principle of the lighting system with automatic headlight function
2. Describe the operating principle of the lighting system with the function of rotating headlights when turning
3. Draw diagram and connect lighting system on Hyundai Porter car
4. Draw diagram and connect lighting system on Honda Accord 1992
5. Draw the lighting circuit on a 1993 Toyota Lexus
LESSON 3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL SYSTEM
I. IMPLEMENTATION GOAL
After completing this lesson, students will be able to:
- Distinguish between types of signals on cars
- Correctly describe common symptoms and suspected areas causing damage.
- Connecting signal circuits ensures technical requirements
- Disassemble, install, check, maintain and repair the signal system to ensure technical requirements.
- Ensure safety in work and industrial hygiene
II. LESSON CONTENT
1. General description
The signal system equipped on cars aims to create signals to notify other vehicles participating in traffic about the vehicle's operating status such as: stopping, parking, braking, reversing, turning...
Signals are used either by light such as headlamps, brake lights, turn signals….. or by sound such as horns, reverse music….
Just like the lighting system. A signal system circuit usually consists of: battery, fuse, wire, relay, electrical load and control switch. Only some switches of the signal system are on the combination switch. The switches of other signals are usually located in different locations such as in the gearbox or brake pedal……
2. Maintenance and repair
2.1. Turn signals and hazard lights
The installation location of the turn signal is shown in Figure 3.1. The turn signal control switch is located in the combination switch under the steering wheel. Turning this switch to the right or left will make the turn signal turn right or left.
The hazard light switch is used when the vehicle has a problem while participating in traffic. When the hazard light switch is turned on, all the turn signals on the vehicle will light up at a certain frequency. The hazard light switch is usually placed separately from the turn signal switch (some old cars integrate the hazard and turn signal switches on the same combination switch cluster).
Figure 3.1 Turn signal switch Figure 3.2 Hazard switch
The part that generates the flashing frequency for the lights is called a turn signal relay. The turn signal relay usually has 3 terminals: B (positive power supply); E (negative power supply); L (providing the turn signal switch to distribute to the
lamp)
2.1.1. Circuit diagram
To generate the frequency for the turn signal, a turn signal relay is used in the turn signal circuit. The current from the turn signal relay will be sent to the turn signal switch assembly to distribute the current to the turn signal lights for the driver's purpose.
Figure 3.3. Schematic diagram of a turn signal circuit without a hazard switch
1. Battery; 2. Electric lock; 3. Turn signal relay; 4. Turn signal switch; 5. Turn signal lamp; 6. Turn signal lamp; 7. Hazard switch
Figure 3.4 Schematic diagram of turn signal circuit with hazard switch
1. Battery; 2. Combination switch cluster; 3. Turn signal;
4. Turn signal light; 5. Turn signal relay
Today's cars no longer use three-pin turn signal relays (B, L, E) but use eight-pin turn signal relays (figure 3.5) (pin number 8 is used for hazard lights).
For this type, the current supplying the turn signal lights is supplied directly from the turn signal relay to the lights.
div.maincontent .p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent p { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; margin:0pt; } div.maincontent .s1 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s2 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s3 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s4 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; } div.maincontent .s5 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: 1pt; } div.maincontent .s6 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s7 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: -9pt; } div.maincontent .s8 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; } div.maincontent .s9 { color: #008000; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14pt; } div.maincontent .s10 { color: black; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; te -
General Accounting Diagram of Import - Export of Tools and Equipment -
General Accounting Diagram of Business Management Costs -
(A) Schematic Diagram of DC Sputtering System; (B) Image of Sputtering System at Itims Institute. -
AC Voltage Regulator Circuit Schematic Diagram
Figure 36: Electric motor control circuit.
In the system
It should be noted that the throttle has two functions.
private
In particular, it controls the on/off of a switch and a resistance sensor. The throttle switch sends a signal to the ECC, and the resistance sensor sends a signal to the voltage converter supplying the electric motor (which operates independently of the ECC). The schematic diagram of the throttle mechanism and the voltage converter supplying the electric motor is shown in Figure 36.
Figure 37: Graph showing the change in voltage supplied to the electric motor.
Operating principle of the system
speed control system
engine
electricity
as follows: When the circuit is energized, current flows from the positive terminal of the power source