General Information About Black Tiger Shrimp Breeding and Production Facilities

Table 3.2 SWOT matrix analysis in black tiger shrimp seed production and business establishments in the Mekong Delta.

SWOT OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

(Opportunities – O)

RISK

(Threat - T)

STRENGTHS

(Strengths - S)

Take advantage of opportunities to promote strengths

(O/S)

Leverage strengths to minimize risks

(S/T)

LIMITATIONS

(Weaknesses - W)

Seize the opportunity to overcome limitations

(O/W)

Reduce weaknesses to prevent risks

(W/T)

Table 3.3 Main variables used in the study

Key variables in the study

Farm

Baby,

	export
Production and business activities	x	x	x
Form of ownership, type of production and business	x	x	x
Experience in production and business	x	x	x
Source of technical economic information	x	x	x
Production farm area	x	x	x
Water resources and water management in seed production	x	x	x
Broodstock and rearing	x	x	x
Amount of synthetic feed used for larval rearing	x	x	x
Survival rate when rearing larvae	x	x	x
Design capacity of the farm	x	x	x
Actual production capacity	x	x	x
Cost of feed used for larval rearing	x	x	x
Cost of chemicals used for larval rearing	x	x	x
Income	x	x	x
Profit	x	x	x
Profit margin	x	x	x
Risk in production	x	x	x
Advantages, difficulties and solutions in production and business	x	x	x

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3.3 Project implementation plan

The project was conducted from August 2010 to April 2011. Samples were collected from the following provinces and cities: Can Tho, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, and Kien Giang.

Data entry, processing and report writing were performed at Can Tho University.

PART 4: DISCUSSION RESULTS

4.1 General information about black tiger shrimp production and nursery facilities

In general, the average age of the owners of black tiger shrimp production and nursery facilities is 41 to 44 years old. Of which, the owners of production facilities are between 40 and 50 years old, accounting for 46.2%, and the owners of nursery facilities account for 57.3%. Thus, most of the owners of the two groups of research subjects are over 40 years old (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 Some general information of production facilities and hatcheries

Interpretation

Unit	SXG	Soaring
1. Age of the owner	n	67	61
- Medium	Year old	40.8	43.7
- Standard deviation	Year old	8.5	8.0
2. Gender	n	67	61
- Male	%	88.1	91.8
- Female	%	11.9	8.2
3. Educational level of the owner	n	67	61
- Level 1	%	0	3.27
- Level 2	%	22.3	29.5
- Level 3	%	77.6	67.2
4. Aquaculture Specialization (Multiple Choice Statistics)	n	67	61
- Experience	%	61.2	70.5
- Training	%	43.3	73.8
- NTTS Intermediate	%	11.9	18.0
- University/college	%	29.9	4.9
- Master	%	4.5	0
5. Experience	n	67	61
- Medium	Year	9.8a	7.8b
- Standard deviation	Year	4.5	2.7
6. Type of production	n	67	61
- Individual household	%	88.1	100
- Group investment	%	7.5	0
- Company	%	1.5	0
- Cooperative/Group	%	1.5	0
- Other	%	1.5	0
7. Family labor involved in production	n	67	61
- Medium	People	2.3	2.2
- Standard deviation	People	1.6	1.0
8. Regular hired labor	n	67	61

People

3.7	2.1
- Standard deviation	People	2.6	1.8

- Medium

Most of the surveyed establishments are individual (production and hatchery accounts for 88.1%, nursery and hatchery accounts for 100%), group-based cooperatives account for only 7.5%. Production and hatchery establishments do not hire specialized technical staff; only one state-owned production and hatchery establishment (Kien Giang Extension Shrimp Hatchery) and one company-owned production and hatchery establishment and one cooperative/cooperative have technical management staff with university/college degrees accounting for 29.9% and graduate degrees accounting for 4.5%. Most of the aquaculture expertise of the establishment owners comes from experience (production and hatchery: 61.2%, nursery and hatchery: 70.5%) and training (production and hatchery: 43.3%, nursery and hatchery: 73.8%). The educational level of the owners of the production facilities with the highest level of education is 77.6%, while in the nursery facilities it is 67.2%, followed by level 2 (production: 22.3%, nursery: 29.5%), and in the nursery facilities the level 1 level is 3.27%.

However, thanks to practical experience and technical training, although the level is only at level 2, 3 and there are no technical staff participating in production, the production facilities still achieve high efficiency in artificial reproduction. Through the survey (Table 4.1), most of the production facilities and nurseries use family labor to reduce rental costs. The production facilities and nurseries of black tiger shrimp have an average number of family laborers participating in production of 2.3 people, ranging from 1 to 10 people. Of which, in the production farm, male laborers account for 88.1% and female laborers account for 11.9%; and in the nursery facilities, male laborers account for 91.8% and female laborers account for 8.2%. Most of the female laborers are in charge of managing books and finances in production activities as well as nurseries. Regularly hired labor also depends on the production scale of the facility, on average 3 people, the hired labor is mainly male labor ranging from 1 to 13 people (Appendix A1). Some hatchery facilities do not hire regular labor because the facility area is small and mainly uses family labor. Large facilities often hire more labor, on average 2 people, ranging from 1 to 12 people.

The experience of the owners of the facilities in producing and raising black tiger shrimp has been summarized for a long time. According to the survey results, the average number of years of experience of the owners of the SXG farm is 9.8 years, the minimum is 1 year and the maximum is 24 years. For households raising shrimp seedlings, the average experience is 7.8 years, ranging from 1 to 13 years. The hatcheries have a lower number of years of experience than the hatcheries and this difference is statistically significant ( p<0.05 ) (Table 4.1).

In order to improve efficiency and reduce production costs, production facilities and hatcheries have collected a lot of technical information from different sources.

The most common way to receive technical information is to summarize their own production experience, of which production and breeding facilities account for 92.5%, and hatcheries account for 88.5%, and they consider this a fairly good source of information. Next is receiving information from training sessions of Institutes, Schools, and fisheries management officers (production and breeding facilities account for 68.7%, hatcheries account for 95.1%). In addition, some surveyed facilities also receive information from fisheries extension documents (production and breeding facilities: 50.7%, hatcheries: 85.2%). When evaluating the sources of information, many opinions say that these sources are quite good (Table 4.2).

Table 4.2 Sources of economic and technical information in the production and rearing of black tiger shrimp (Multiple choice statistics)

Technical information source

Unit	SXG	Soaring
Sample Number	n	67	61
- Experience	%	92.5	88.5
- Other farmers	%	10.4	6.6
- Traditional	%	7.5
- Training	%	68.7	95.1
- Fisheries promotion documents	%	50.7	85.2
- Department of Agriculture/Fisheries	%	0	0
- Mass organizations	%	4.5
- Seed supplier	%	1.5
- Product buyer	%	3.0	1.6
- Other	%	0	0

4.2 Information on the operations of the seed production facility.

During the survey based on the geographical distribution on the administrative map of the Mekong Delta region, the production facilities in the research area are located in the East Sea, the West Sea and the center of the Mekong Delta. Through this, the author found that there are differences in geography as well as natural conditions between the provinces. The neighboring provinces will be affected by the common tidal regime, which is an important factor in seed production and commercial shrimp farming. To compare between regions, the author divided the survey area into the following regions:

Region 1: Ben Tre and Tra Vinh (East Sea Region 1). Region 2: Ca Mau and Bac Lieu (East Sea Region 2). Region 3: Can Tho (Central Mekong Delta).

Particularly for the Western sea area (Kien Giang), in the survey area, most of the production facilities have changed their operation form from production to nursery, the survey area has only one production facility left of Kien Giang Fisheries Extension Center.

The process of analyzing and evaluating the results of the hatchery survey mainly focused on the three regions as mentioned above.

4.2.1 Size of production facility

In general, the area of the production facilities is relatively large, 1,046 m 2 , but there is a large difference (± 1,349 m 2 ). The largest area is 7,000 m 2 (region 1), the smallest area is 80 m 2 (region 3). There is a large difference in the area of the production farm between regions, the largest is region 1 with an average area of 2,194.5 m 2 (± 1,980.3), followed by region 2 and the lowest is region 3 (Table 4.3 and Appendix A2).

Table 4.3 Some information on the design and construction of hatcheries

Interpretation

Unit	Region 1	Region 2	Region 3	Total
Acreage	n	19	35	12	66
Average m 2 2194.5			617.1	479.9	1046
Standard deviation m 2 1980.3			536.0	492.5	1349
Design capacity	n	19	35	12	66
Medium	Tr.con	28	104	24	67
Standard deviation	Tr.con	12	171	19	130
Actual production capacity	n	19	35	12	66
Medium	Tr.con	23	73	18	49
Standard deviation	Tr.con	11	90	10	71

The average design capacity of the average hatcheries in the three regions is 49 million shrimp/year (± 71), of which the largest capacity in region 1 is 1,000 million shrimp and the lowest design capacity is in region 3 with the lowest being 5 million shrimp. However, according to the actual production survey, the average capacity for the whole region is 49 million shrimp (± 71), region 2 has an average capacity of 73 million shrimp (± 90), region 3 has a capacity of 18 million shrimp (± 10), although the design capacity is very large, in actual production due to market demand, the capacity in the surveyed farms is highest in region 2 at 500 million shrimp/year, region 3 has a capacity of only 5 million shrimp/year (Appendix A2).

Figure 4.1 shows that the actual capacity of the shrimp farms in the survey area is lower than the design capacity. The difference between region 2 and the other two regions is that the farm area is smaller but the capacity is larger. This is consistent with the survey results of Nguyen Thanh Phuong and colleagues (2006) showing that the owners in region 2 are mainly experienced or technicians who later established their own shrimp farms, so they only focus on the quantity of shrimp produced without prioritizing quality.

As for the Kien Giang Fisheries Extension Shrimp Hatchery, it is currently managed by the Center.

Khuyen Ngu invested in an area of 5,000 m2 , built according to technical standards, the production tank system is reasonably arranged, the design capacity is 75 million shrimp seeds/year, however, the actual capacity of the farm is from 45 - 50 million shrimp seeds/year due to unfavorable natural conditions, mainly water resources.

Figure 4.1 Design and actual capacity between survey areas

4.2.2 Black tiger shrimp seed production activities

4.2.2.1. Process and season

The two main shrimp seed production processes in the study area are the biological filtration process (area 3) and the semi-open, semi-closed process (areas 1, 2). Hatcheries in Can Tho City are exposed to faster technical advances, receiving research from Can Tho University, thus changing the production process from semi-open, semi-closed to the biological filtration model to have better quality shrimp output and higher selling prices than the remaining areas (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4 Application process and time

Interpretation Unit Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Total Reason for application

1. Process	n	19	35	12	66
Biofilter		1	6	12	19 Quality
Half glass half open		18	29		47 Easy to apply
2. Applicable time	n	19	35	12	66
Medium	Year	8	9	2.5	7.6
Standard deviation	Year	2.7	4.3	1.3	4.2

use

good breed

Production farms in regions 2 and 3 choose semi-open and semi-closed processes because it is easier to apply the saline water supply for production, on the other hand, the main production occupation is

Mainly because they have a lot of experience in the production process, they mainly use the half-open, half-glass process, with an average application time of about 10 years (Table 4.4).

Most of the production farms in the study area have an average number of operating months of 10.5 months (± 2.1), the number of production batches per year is about 5.5 batches (± 1.4) with an average number of days of 41.2 days (± 10.4) for a production batch. This is also consistent with the actual conditions in the production process when preparing for the first production batch from the stage of cleaning, water treatment, selecting parent shrimp until the end of about 60 days. The following batches have continuous initiative in production, so the turnaround time is shorter from 40 - 45 days (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 Number of months of production operation of the production facility

Interpretation

Unit	Region 1	Region 2	Region 3	Total
Number of months of production	n	19.0	35.0	12.0	66.0
Medium	Month	8.4	11.5	10.5	10.5
Standard deviation	Month	2.1	1.5	1.4	2.1
Number of production batches	Batch	19.0	35.0	12.0	66.0
Medium	Batch	5.2	5.5	6.1	5.5
Standard deviation	Batch	1.9	1.1	1.6	1.4
Number of days	n	19.0	35.0	12.0	66.0
Medium	Day	39.5	45.0	32.9	41.2
Standard deviation	Day	7.2	11.3	5.4	10.4

In shrimp farming activities, it depends on the demand for shrimp seeds of shrimp farmers, the seasonality in production in each region, each time, specifically the seasonal calendar of each locality. Through the survey, it shows that the high demand for seeds mainly falls at the beginning of the farming season from January to April of the solar calendar (DL) every year. In region 1, the shrimp farming area is mainly industrial, so the demand for seeds is high in March and April. For region 2, production activities are almost year-round because the demand for seeds is mainly for the QCCT shrimp farming area. Particularly in region 3, the main production activities are at the beginning of the farming season, the remaining months are mainly due to the customers of the nursery facilities having demand for seeds for QCCT shrimp farming (Table 4.6).

Kien Giang Fishery Extension Shrimp Hatchery uses a semi-closed, semi-open production process and has been applied for 12 years, bringing high efficiency due to ease of operation in the production stage. The operating time of the farm is from 8 - 10 months, compared to the surveyed provinces, there is not much difference, on average production is from 5 - 6 batches/year and each batch is about 45 - 60 days. In general, the seed production of Kien Giang Fishery Extension Shrimp Hatchery is not different from other regions because the production here depends on the season and the needs of customers, focusing on production at the beginning.

The farming season is from January to April. At this time, the water source is good and the quality of the parent shrimp meets the standards of sexual maturity. When breeding, it will be highly effective.

Menstrual month	Region 1	Region 2	Region 3	Total Reason
business (DL)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)
January	78.9	22.9	66.7	47.0 Stable weather, favorable season,
February	78.9	34.3	75.0	54.5 Good water quality, success rate
March	94.7	40.0	66.7	60.6 high
April	89.5	25.7	66.7	51.5 Early season demand for seeds is high
May		17.1	41.7	16.7
June		17.1	33.3	15.2
July		17.1	8.3	10.6 Low demand for seeds
August		17.1		9.1
September		22.9		12.1
October	15.8	25.7	25.0	22.7 Early season demand for seeds is high
November	31.6	20.0	33.3	25.8 Good water quality, success rate
December	47.4	22.9	58.3	36.4 high

Table 4.6 Best Business Months (Multiple Choice Statistics)

Low maturity rate

4.2.2.2. Water sources and environmental factors

The water source for the production process is salt water and fresh water. Depending on the natural conditions of each region, the use of water sources will be different. For salt water sources, there are 2 types of water used: salt water used mainly at farms in Can Tho because it is far from natural salt water sources. The salt water source for production in the remaining provinces is mostly pumped directly or using boats to transport salt water from the sea to serve production. The fresh water source for production is mostly pumped from groundwater through a filtration system or using tap water, fresh water is used to clean tanks and acclimatize the salinity of larvae.

The amount of water used depends on the capacity of the farm, the average amount of salt water used is 244.5 m3 ( ± 289.3) in which zone 1 uses the lowest amount of salt water (boiling water). The amount of fresh water used is less than the average of 186.7 m3 ( ± 169.4) cubic meters and the lowest is 30 cubic meters and the highest is 1000 cubic meters (Table 4.7). Most of the SXG farms mainly use chemicals such as chlorine, formalin, and potassium permanganate for cleaning facilities and water treatment, in addition, a few facilities use ozone for water treatment.

Environmental factors are monitored regularly, however each region is different in water quality so there are different choices in managing environmental factors. Through table 4.7 we see that in region 1 the priority environmental factors are pH,

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