However, Chase et al. not only proposed a willingness-to-pay framework but also built a demand function for ecotourism in national parks and assessed the elasticity of demand according to income. On that basis, the study calculated the fee level to maximize revenue and analyzed the application of the price discrimination principle to ecotourism management in national parks. The author also concluded that the current entrance fee does not accurately reflect the willingness-to-pay of visitors. Thus, it can be seen that the research on ecotourism and ecotourism in national parks by authors abroad shows that the management and exploitation of ecotourism need to be organized and managed uniformly and that tourism resources in national parks are a very valuable resource and need to be effectively exploited for ecological calendar, ecosystem conservation and local community development. Apostu & Gheres, (2009) in their study “Some proposals for the organization and development of ecotourism in special-use forests in Romania” analyzed the current state of ecotourism activities in Romania and found that the shortcomings can be divided into two groups, shortcomings within the tourism sector and shortcomings in the management of special-use forests. For the sector, the problem arises from the failure of the promotion program for the ecological environment at all levels of management, especially the absence of a program to disseminate information to the community in areas with great potential for ecotourism.
In special-use forests, a series of problems arise, not because of the impossibility of implementing this form of tourism, but because of the lack of a reasonable management mechanism for the natural environment that is unique and important for maintaining ecological balance and protecting biodiversity. In the study “Ecotourism potential and ecotourism management in the lower Kavak River (West-East Turkey)”, Özcan et al. (2009) found that a system of solutions must be implemented to maximize the potential of ecotourism. These solutions include building infrastructure
Ecotourism infrastructure should meet the needs of tourists, measures should be taken to prevent negative impacts of ecotourism on wild bird conservation, and billboards should be placed to promote information about the endemicity of bird species in the reserve.
In addition, although the ecotourism potential is very large, the study area is also affected by the activities of the people living nearby such as agricultural cultivation, cattle raising and hunting. Therefore, agricultural activities that can negatively affect the development of ecotourism need to be eliminated. Samdin (2013) and colleagues in the study “Sustainability of Ecotourism Resources in Taman Negara National Park: Contingent Valuation” assessed the economic value of ecotourism resources in Taman Negara National Park. The study also provided a framework for willingness to pay for ecotourism services in the national park and concluded that visitors are willing to pay a higher entrance fee than the current fee. Chase and colleagues (1998) also applied a similar method in the study “Demand for Ecotourism and the Principle of Price Discrimination in National Park Entrance Fees in Costa Rica”. However, Chase et al. not only proposed a willingness-to-pay framework but also constructed a demand function for ecotourism in national parks and assessed the income elasticity of demand.
On that basis, the study calculates the fee level to maximize revenue and analyzes the application of the price discrimination principle to ecotourism management in national parks. The author also concludes that the current entrance fee does not accurately reflect the level of willingness to pay of visitors. Thus, it can be seen that the research on ecotourism and ecotourism in national parks by authors abroad shows that the management and exploitation of ecotourism need to be organized and managed in a unified manner and that tourism resources in national parks are a very valuable resource and need to be exploited effectively.
1.2.2. Domestic ecotourism studies.
In Vietnam, ecotourism has also received attention since the 1990s of the 20th century. Research projects on ecotourism have also been carried out since then. Specifically:
- Solutions for developing Vietnam's ecotourism in the integration trend, (2006), Nguyen Thi Tu. The author has analyzed in detail the conditions for developing ecotourism and the trend for developing Vietnam's ecotourism in the integration trend. However, the author has not clarified the potential for ecotourism in national parks as well as the management and exploitation of this tourism potential.
- Ecotourism - current situation and solutions for development in Vietnam by author Nguyen Dinh Hoa (2006), The author analyzed the conditions and solutions for developing ecotourism in Vietnam, but in this study the author has not highlighted this activity in Vietnam.
- Ecotourism activities in Vietnam: current situation and development orientation, (2005), authors Hoang Hoa Quan, Ngo Hai Duong clarified the current situation of ecotourism activities in Vietnam. However, the authors have not mentioned much about the relationship between tourism development and sustainable development.
- Developing tourism in the direction of ecotourism, (2004), author Duc Phan analyzed the tourism development trend and concluded that in the future, tourism will be oriented towards nature, ecotourism is a popular type of tourism in the world and Vietnam needs to anticipate this trend to develop the tourism service industry effectively.
- International conference on sustainable tourism in Vietnam organized by Vietnam National Administration of Tourism in collaboration with Hanns Seidel organization in Hue (/1997); Workshop "Building a national strategy for developing ecotourism in Vietnam" held in September 1999 was organized with the coordination of Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, UICN, ESCAP and sponsored by SIDA organization, at this workshop there were many
The discussion was about the experiences and reality of ecotourism development in many places such as: Some results of the research topic on the scientific basis for ecotourism development in Vietnam, initial results of ecotourism research in Vietnam..., the research results at the conference have been useful bases for ecotourism development in Vietnam; The above research works have clarified the basic contents of ecotourism, the role of ecotourism in sustainable development and the current status of ecotourism development in Vietnam. However, there are still too few research works on ecotourism in Vietnam. Regarding the research on ecotourism activities in national parks, there have also been many research works, specifically:
- Building a business strategy for ecotourism products in Ba Vi National Park by author Nguyen Van Hop (2007). The author analyzed the current situation of ecotourism product business in Ba Vi National Park and from there proposed business strategies for ecotourism products here. However, the method used by the author is qualitative.
- Biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecotourism development in Ba Vi National Park and buffer zone in market economy by author Nguyen Duc Hau (2006): In this research work, the author mainly mentions biodiversity conservation and the relationship between biodiversity conservation and ecotourism development.
- Characteristics of ecotourism and the ability to do business in this type of tourism in national parks and nature reserves of Vietnam, author Nguyen Van Manh (2000) analyzed the aspect of exploiting tourism potential in national parks to develop ecotourism. The author clarified the tourism potential in national parks in accordance with the nature and characteristics of ecotourism, but specified how to exploit this tourism potential.
- Some solutions for developing ecotourism and conserving Ba Vi National Park and surrounding areas by author Vu Dang Khoi (2004). The author has proposed solutions for developing ecotourism in Ba Vi National Park and the method that the author used is qualitative method.
Chapter 2
OBJECTIVES - OBJECTS - CONTENT AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
2.1. Research objectives
2.1.1. General objectives
The topic contributes to providing scientific and practical basis to provide solutions for sustainable management of Ba Vi National Park - Hanoi.
2.1.2. Specific objectives
+ Determine the current status of ecotourism development of the National Park.
+ Evaluate the effectiveness of ecotourism development activities of the National Park.
+ Assess the potential for ecotourism development of the National Park.
+ Propose some solutions to develop sustainable ecotourism for the National Park.
2.2. Research objects and scope
2.2.1. Research subjects:
Tourism and sustainable development of ecotourism for Ba Vi National Park - Hanoi.
2.2.2. Scope of research:
+ Content scope
The topic will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of ecotourism activities of the National Park and identifying unsustainable factors to propose appropriate solutions for sustainable development of ecotourism for the park.
+ About time: research to evaluate ecotourism activities in Ba Vi National Park in 10 years
+ About space: at Ba Vi National Park - Hanoi.
2.3. Research content
- Research on ecotourism development activities of the National Park
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of ecotourism activities of the National Park includes:
+ Economic efficiency assessment.
+ Social effectiveness assessment.
+ Assess the impact of ecotourism activities on biodiversity and ecological landscape.
- Assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for ecotourism development in Ba Vi National Park
- Propose some solutions to develop sustainable ecotourism
2.4. Research methods
2.4.1. Research on ecotourism development activities of the National Park
2.4.1.1. Expert method
Consult with experts with extensive experience in the research field of the topic to select research locations, develop a set of evaluation criteria and indicators, analysis and evaluation methods, and propose appropriate measures.
2.4.1.2. Document inheritance method
- Inherit documents on natural, economic and social conditions of the research area.
- Collect available documents on management activities including organizational structure, human resources, and facilities serving ecotourism development at Ba Vi National Park - Hanoi.
+ Documents on types of ecotourism taking place at Ba Vi National Park - Hanoi
+ History of the garden's formation, scale, and forest resources
+ Results of tourism activities in the garden.
Table 2.1. Number of tourists visiting Ba Vi National Park
Year
Number of guests (people) | ||
International | Inland | |
2005 | ||
… | ||
2014 | ||
Maybe you are interested!
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Studies on the Role of Local People in Ecotourism Development -
Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Conditions for Ecotourism Development -
Assessing the current status, potential and proposing orientation for ecotourism development in the Song Tranh Hydropower Reservoir area, Bac Tra My district - 7 -
Bank credit for ecotourism development in Kien Giang province - 14
+ Difficulties and advantages of the National Park in managing forest resources and exploiting ecotourism potential.
- Data collection: Statistical data, research reports of conservation projects, socio-economic development, tourism... from research institutes, universities, Ba Vi National Park, Ba Vi District People's Committee on:
+ Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation
+ Tourism related activities in the study area…
- Based on the results of research investigations and annual summary reports of the National Park from previous years until the end of December 2014, the collected information will be analyzed to clarify the current status of ecotourism development activities of the Park.
2.4.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of ecotourism activities of the National Park
2.4.2.1. Evaluation of economic efficiency
- I collect information about the total income and total annual costs of the garden such as construction of facilities, equipment, and wages paid to garden workers to calculate economic efficiency.
+ Total revenue and total cost are aggregated data each year, using Excell software to calculate economic efficiency, creating a chart showing economic efficiency from which the level of change each year can be assessed as well as comments on that change.
However, the determination of economic benefits from tourism based on the basis of "total income" is still limited and does not clearly reflect. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the external factors and opportunity costs for the attracted tourists and the economic dependence caused by ecotourism. Specifically, determining whether attracting an increased number of tourists creates efficiency or costs for entertainment activities, building more public works to create efficiency... thereby building a relationship between the number of tourists and other opportunity costs.
In addition to calculating economic efficiency based on total income, the topic also studies economic efficiency depending on the impact of the number of tourists or on the services of the park, the investment in building additional infrastructure, thereby building a correlation between the number of tourists and the services and construction investment of the park.
Table 2.2. Statistics of tourists with services
Year
Number of tourists (people) | Travel services (thousand dong) | |||
First 6 months of the year | Last 6 months of the year | First 6 months of the year | Last 6 months of the year | |
2005 | ||||
… | ||||
2014 | ||||
2.4.2.2. Social effectiveness assessment
- Using in-depth interviews with a number of important subjects including commune and district level officials combined with consultation with Ba Vi National Park officials and local people working in tourism and participating in tourism activities will be a useful information channel.
I focused on interviewing commune and district officials on specific issues such as: number of households, main labor source, and people's jobs.