shown in table 3.4.
Table 3.4. Current status of NTFP species exploited for medicinal leaves
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating in harvesting | Number amount of trees in nature | |
1 | Great Compassion | All year round, owner summer is the season | Leaf | 2 | +++ |
2 | Silver brass | Year round | Leaves, branches | 2 | +++ |
3 | leaf | Year round | Leaf | 20 | ++ |
4 | Licorice root | Year round | Top, leaves | 9 | ++ |
5 | Tobacco | Year round | Leaf | 5 | +++ |
6 | Candle grass | Year round | Leaf | 3 | +++ |
7 | Yellow flower | Year round | Leaf | 18 | +++ |
8 | Burn leaves | Year round | Leaf | 5 | +++ |
9 | River bone | Year round | Leaf | 18 | +++ |
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(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
- Species that exploit roots and tubers:
Statistical research shows that there are 14 species that use tubers and roots as medicinal herbs such as: Polygonum multiflorum, White Polygonum multiflorum, Kudzu, Goi Hac, Sichuan pepper... Traditional healers often hire people to exploit old tubers and roots (some species have characteristic colors: yellow, red, black,...). Usually, people do not exploit young plants, but only exploit old plants, because according to traditional healers, they only buy plants, tubers, and roots that are old or semi-young to make medicine because that way the medicine will have good effects and also for young plants to develop. Their main method of harvesting is to use knives, shovels, and hoes to dig and remove all the tubers and roots, except for some large plants with many large roots, which they leave behind. The results are shown in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Current status of NTFP species exploited for roots and tubers as medicinal materials
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating in harvesting | Number of trees in the wild of course | |
1 | Kudzu | Winter, spring | Roots, tubers | 22 | +++ |
2 | Crane pillow | Fall, winter | Roots | 2 | ++ |
3 | Cross-section | Year round | Roots | 3 | ++ |
4 | Leafy greens | Year round | Roots | 5 | ++ |
5 | Polygonum multiflorum | When the root wall | Roots, tubers | 35 | + |
6 | White Orchid | Autumn | Roots | 11 | + |
7 | Hundred steps | Spring, fall | Roots, tubers | 7 | ++ |
8 | Party ginseng | Autumn | Roots | 9 | + |
9 | Chun medicine | Year round | Roots | 3 | + |
10 | Red Army | Year round | Roots | 2 | + |
11 | Three antlers | All year round, owner weak autumn | Roots | 17 | ++ |
12 | Cogon grass | Year round | Roots | 13 | +++ |
13 | Bone marrow supplement | Year round | Root | 3 | +++ |
14 | Lime pot | Year round | Root | 15 | + |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
- Shellfish species:
Statistical research shows that there are 2 species: Chan chim and Ngu gia bi, people use the bark as medicine. They use a knife to carve the bark, both young and old bark can be used as medicine but old bark is better. The results are shown in table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Current status of NTFP species exploited for medicinal purposes
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating in harvesting | Number of trees in the wild of course | |
1 | Bird's feet | Year round | Bark, root bark | 11 | ++ |
2 | Five-leaf ivy | Year round | Bark | 18 | ++ |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
Statistical research has 04 species: Amomum, Wild pineapple, Cardamom, and Strychnos nux-vomica. For the above medicinal herbs, when the parts are harvested differently, or the preparation and processing methods are different, they will have different uses, so it is necessary to pay close attention. There are medicinal herbs that are effective when used alone, but there are types that must be used in combination with many species to treat diseases. The results are shown in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Current status of NTFP species exploited for fruits and seeds as medicinal materials
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating harvest | Number of trees in the wild of course | |
1 | Cardamom | Summer, fall | Fruit, seed | 39 | + |
2 | Wild pineapple | June-August | Fruit | 11 | + |
3 | Cardamom | August-September | Seed | 3 | + |
4 | Hairy code | Autumn | Seed | 3 | ++ |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
* Food groups
- Species that exploit the whole tree, stem and leaves:
The study counted 35 species: Species whose leaves are used as vegetables include: Dớn vegetable, Sang vegetable, Bồ khai vegetable, Ngải cứu, Rau má sơn, Đinh lang... People often choose young leaves, young leaves... in any position on the tree. Depending on the species, but usually the leaves are light green. The time of exploitation can be in different months of the year depending on the specific species. In addition, people also use parts of the stem and leaves for animal husbandry,... The results are listed in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Current status of NTFP species exploited for stems and leaves as food
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating in harvesting | Number of trees in nature | |
1 | Bang | Winter | exposed body | 5 | ++ |
2 | Cow | Spring, summer | Top, leaves | 35 | ++ |
3 | Herringbone plant | Year round | Top | 17 | + |
4 | Wild banana | Year round | Root, stem, fruit | 32 | +++ |
5 | Climbing daisy | Year round | Top | 10 | +++ |
6 | Chrysanthemum | Year round | The whole tree | 12 | + |
7 | Knife | Year round | Close | 8 | ++ |
8 | Amaranth | Year round | Leaves, branches | 6 | ++ |
9 | Fish mint | Year round | Leaf | 12 | ++ |
10 | Polyscias fruticosa | Year round | Roots, leaves | 3 | +++ |
11 | Oregano | Year round | Leaves, shoots | 5 | +++ |
12 | Leaves | Spring | The whole tree | 5 | +++ |
13 | male lu lu | Summer | Leaves, shoots | 12 | +++ |
14 | Cordyceps sinensis | Year round | The whole tree | 15 | ++ |
15 | Mugwort | Year round | Leaf | 8 | +++ |
16 | stuffy | Year round, mainly spring | young leaves | 3 | +++ |
17 | European vegetables | Year round, mainly from September to December | The whole tree | 10 | +++ |
18 | Malabar spinach | Year round | The whole tree | 8 | +++ |
19 | Wild celery | Year round | The whole tree | 12 | + |
20 | Water celery | Year round | The whole tree | 9 | ++ |
21 | Endive | Year round | The whole tree | 7 | ++ |
22 | Fern | September-October | Leaves, young shoots | 42 | +++ |
23 | Rau khúc | Spring | The whole tree | 5 | +++ |
24 | Mountain pennywort | Year round | Leaves, vines | 16 | +++ |
25 | Vegetables | Year round | young top | 10 | +++ |
26 | Vietnamese coriander | Year round | Leaf | 3 | +++ |
27 | Spiny Amaranth | Spring | Top, leaves | 15 | +++ |
28 | Water spinach | Year round | Top | 32 | +++ |
29 | Plantain | Year round | Top | 3 | +++ |
30 | Kudzu | Year round | Roots | 15 | ++ |
31 | Wash | February-March | Bamboo shoots | 60 | ++ |
32 | later later | Year round, mainly spring | Young leaves | 8 | ++ |
33 | Perilla | Year round | Leaves, shoots | 9 | ++ |
34 | Sour field | Year round | Close | 12 | ++ |
35 | Bamboo | February-May | Bamboo shoots | 55 | +++ |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
- Species exploited for tubers:
The results have recorded 02 species such as: Curcuma glutinosa, Dioscorea. Local people exploit mainly based on experience observing leaves at the base of the tree falling or turning yellow, at the top there are few or no new shoots growing because at that stage the tubers accumulate a lot of starch and nutrients. The results are shown in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Current status of NTFP species exploited for food
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating in harvesting | Number of trees in nature | |
1 | Yam | Summer, fall | Root | 30 | ++ |
2 | Turmeric | Mature tuber | Root | 20 | ++ |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
- Fruit-bearing species:
The study found 11 species that people often harvest when they are old or ripe. They base it on the color, shape, and size of the fruit. There are some other species that people harvest when they are still green, such as white Canarium, black Canarium, Sau, wild mango... The results are shown in Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 Current status of NTFP species exploited for fruit as food
STT
Species name | Harvest season | Harvesting method | Number of surveyed households participating harvest | Number of trees in the wild of course | |
1 | Strawberry | September-October | Fruit | 11 | ++ |
2 | Beech | August-October | Fruit | 8 | + |
3 | Incense | Year round | Fruit | 2 | +++ |
4 | Wild grapes | May-July | Fruit | 6 | ++ |
5 | Crocodile | July-September | Fruit | 11 | ++ |
6 | Sim | May-July | Fruit | 26 | ++ |
7 | Oak | August-October | Fruit | 6 | + |
8 | Cardamom | August-December | Fruit | 6 | +++ |
9 | Black filling | September-December | Fruit | 25 | +++ |
10 | White filling | August-September | Fruit | 25 | +++ |
11 | Wild mango | May-July | Fruit | 6 | ++ |
(Note: + + + - large quantity; + + - medium; + - small)
For the convenience of research, I have compiled some morphological characteristics and combined them with accompanying illustrations of some NTFP species that are often exploited by people for medicinal and food purposes. The results are presented specifically in Appendix 03.
3.2.3. Situation of use and consumption of medicinal and food plant resources
Most of the species used as medicinal herbs and food are processed fresh immediately after exploitation or dried and then processed or boiled for drinking. Using fresh or dried depends on the purpose of use, food, and medicine. The people here use NTFPs in a very simple way to serve daily purposes.
* With medicinal plants :
This is an important group for the people and is the group with the dominant species. It not only contributes to the diversity of the ecosystem but also plays an important role in community health care, bringing income to the people, especially for households working in medicine. Most households in the commune know how to use medicinal plants, but to a greater or lesser extent. Through interviews, it shows that households going to the forest, even families without a tradition of making medicine, but they also know some types of plants to treat flu, snake bites, medicinal plants for massage,... During the exploitation process, they often exploit thoroughly, paying little attention to regeneration, especially plants with high value and good sales prices such as: Panax pseudoginseng, Polygonum multiflorum, Hoang dang...
Through the interview investigation, it was also shown that the processing of medicinal plants here is still very manual. Usually, they are chopped and dried, if it rains, they are roasted to dry, some species must be buried in the ground before use and most of the plants are mixed together to soak in wine, or boiled to get water to cure diseases, some experienced people cook it into a paste . For example, Amomum root is chopped into small pieces and then dried...
*With food plants:
This is a group of plants that play an important role in the lives of local people, it not only contributes to improving meals but also increases people's income during the off-season. The most notable species are bamboo shoots: Bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, fruits such as: Canarium, Sau,... and some valuable vegetables such as: Rau Sang, Bo Khai, Ngoc Cau mushroom...
The results of the investigation and analysis of the use, preservation and consumption of NTFP products in the research area show that there are 3 main forms of consumption of NTFPs from plants:
- Form 1: A part of NTFP plants is used for daily activities of households.
- Form 2: Some products are sold at commune and district markets such as: Phia Den market, Nguyen Binh district market, Tinh Tuc market,... such as bamboo shoots, ground mulberries, white canarium, black canarium, sour plum, mugwort...
- Form 3: Some valuable products such as: Cardamom, Wild Grapes, Sim, Cordyceps sinensis... are sold to purchasing agents.
In general, the market for NTFPs in the study area is very unstable. Usually, harvested products are sold through local purchasing agents, the market is dominated by the private sector, so it is highly spontaneous.
- Due to unregulated exploitation, the output of NTFPs is unstable, affecting the consumption market.
Currently, the exploitation of NTFPs is prohibited, the exploitation volume is limited, and exploitation requires an exploitation license, especially NTFPs whose exploitation methods are harmful to forest resources such as digging up roots that kill trees, not exploiting small sized Canarium trees, not going deep into natural forests... and according to current regulations, all forest products cannot be transported or sold without a license.
In addition, people have not received land use rights to develop production and cultivate on the allocated land. Therefore, the lives of people here still face many difficulties.
* General comments on the current status of exploitation and use of forest plants as medicine and food by local people
Through investigation, it is shown that with the very frequent exploitation level, the large exploitation volume is aimed at serving the needs of medical treatment, food, daily food, and at the same time, the arbitrary exploitation method has led to the failure to ensure the survival of these NTFP species. Currently, the exploitation volume, the ability to find them is much less than before and tends to decrease. Therefore, many species are at risk of disappearing locally, for example:
+ Medicinal species: Coolie hair, Atractylodes Rhizome, Coptis chinensis, Polygonum multiflorum, Panax notoginseng, Amomum, etc.
+ Food species: Oyster mushrooms, Cordyceps sinensis, cardamom, etc.
Here, if the locals exploit for sale, they will exploit the whole plant. If they exploit for food or to cure their relatives, they often leave some of the parts they need to use such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, etc. when harvesting to ensure regeneration.
3.3. Causes of decline in medicinal and food plant resources in the study area
Table 3.11 Criteria affecting NTFP resources used as medicine and food in the study area
STT
Species name | Species usefulness | Frequency | Distribution level | The level of impact on life species | Total score | Uses | |
1 | Coolie's hair | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Medicine |
2 | Glitter tree | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Medicine |
3 | leaf | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | Medicine |
4 | Cardamom | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Medicine |
5 | Hoang Dang | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | Medicine |
6 | Polygonum multiflorum | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | Medicine |
7 | Panax notoginseng | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | Medicine |
8 | White Orchid | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Medicine |
9 | Crocodile | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Food |
10 | Cow | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Food |
11 | Water spinach | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Food |
12 | Fern | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Food |
13 | White filling | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Food |
14 | Wash | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | Food |
15 | Black filling | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Food |
16 | Yam | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Food |
17 | Cordyceps sinensis | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Food |
18 | Cardamom | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Food |
The table above shows that NTFP species used as medicinal and food in the study area play an important role in people's lives and are all assessed as important (level 2). The usefulness of the species is important.