Cultural and Technical Qualifications of Workers in the Investigated Household Groups

suitable jobs but still have difficulty adapting to the new working environment. Therefore, they are very likely to fall into unemployment after land acquisition.

In terms of technical expertise, through the above table, we see that most of the workers have not received technical training, accounting for 75% of the total number of workers, while the number of trained workers is only 25%. Among the trained workers, the majority are intermediate workers, accounting for 69.23%, while university and college graduates account for only 30.77%. This leads to great difficulty in finding jobs as well as new occupations for workers in these groups of households.

For the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered by over 50%, the survey results of 50 households showed that the education level of the laborers in this group was mainly general, specifically: the number of laborers with junior high school education accounted for 57.53%, the number of laborers with high school education accounted for 30.83% of the total laborers. It is worth noting that the majority of laborers in this group of households have not attended any training courses, accounting for 78.08% of the total laborers, only 21.92% of the laborers have attended training courses, but these laborers are mainly intermediate level, accounting for 65.63%. This is indeed a big barrier, especially for the group of households whose entire cultivated land area was recovered.

For group 2, the group most affected by the land acquisition process, the survey results of 20 households show that: in general, the cultural level and technical expertise of the workers are still at the general level, although the proportion of workers with high school education is higher than other groups (accounting for 41.94%), the proportion of workers with primary education is still high, accounting for 22.58% of the total number of workers. In terms of technical expertise, in this group, up to 67.74% of the workers have not been trained, of the 32.26% of trained workers, up to 70% have intermediate level. This is a major difficulty in changing occupations as well as finding jobs for households and is also the reason why after land acquisition, most workers still keep their old jobs or are unemployed.

Table 2.9: Cultural and technical qualifications of workers in the surveyed household groups

Target

Household group 1 (n=80)				Group 2 (n=20)
Households with recovered land < 50% (n=30)		Households with recovered land  50% (n=50)		Group 2 (n=20)
SL (people)	Rate (%)	SL (people)	Rate (%)	SL (people)	Rate (%)
Total number of employees	104	100	146	100	62	100
1. Cultural level
- Elementary	10	9.62	17	11.64	14	22.58
- Middle school	58	55.77	84	57.53	22	35.48
- High school	36	34.61	45	30.83	26	41.94
2. Technical expertise
- Total number of trained employees	26	25.00	32	21.92	20	32.26
+ Intermediate	18	69.23	21	65.63	14	70.00
+ College, University	8	30.77	11	34.37	6	30.00
- Untrained workers	78	75.00	114	78.08	42	67.74

Maybe you are interested!

Source: Compiled from 2008 household survey

Rate (%)78.08


80 75
67.74
70
60
50
40 32.26
30 25 21.92
20
10
0		Household group
Households with recovered land < 50% Households with recovered land >= 50% Household group 2
	Trained workers Untrained workers

Chart 2.6: Technical expertise of workers

Thus, through the analysis of the above data, we can see the fact that the cultural level as well as the technical expertise of the laborers in the household groups are still low, not meeting the requirements of the current labor market, which shows that the quality of laborers in the household groups after land recovery is still low. Therefore, to solve the problem of employment, increase income and ensure long-term stability of life for these laborers, we must first pay attention to the issue of improving their qualifications, skills and expertise through training and retraining to suit the requirements of the current labor market.

2.2.2.4 Impact on employment of workers in surveyed households

Most rural people today depend mainly on the sole means of production, land, for their jobs. Therefore, after the land area is recovered, the employment of the people will be affected first. Therefore, to find a reasonable and suitable solution to create jobs, it is necessary to first understand the employment situation of households after land recovery.

Nam Pho Yen Industrial Park is considered a large industrial park with an area of 310 hectares, so after land acquisition, most of the people in the area will be directly affected in terms of employment. To see this impact more clearly, we will examine the employment status of the people through the survey results shown in Table 2.10.

Through the data table, we can see the fluctuations in employment of workers in household groups. In general, after land acquisition, the employment structure of workers fluctuates in the direction of gradually reducing agricultural workers and gradually increasing workers in other fields. However, this fluctuation depends on the nature of each household group, specifically:

In group 1, in general, after land recovery, there was a relatively large change in the employment of workers, but it also varied depending on the proportion of recovered land area. For households with less than 50% of recovered land area, after land recovery, although the proportion of agricultural workers decreased, it was still relatively large. Compared to before recovery, the number of agricultural workers decreased by 18 people. However, the reality is that after losing their land for production, the laborers mainly switch to temporary labor in fields that do not provide high income and lack stability, such as working for hire or doing other jobs during their free time. The survey results show that the number of people working in these two fields is 11 out of a total of 18 people who lost their jobs or were underemployed (accounting for 61.11%), while the rate of people participating in working as workers and other stable jobs is very low, only 7 out of a total of 18 people (accounting for 38.89%). For the group of households with over 50% of the recovered area, this fluctuation is even more obvious. Specifically, the survey results of 50 households show that after land recovery, the rate of agricultural labor decreased by 34 people. If the rate of labor before land recovery is taken as the base, this rate accounts for 36.96%, and at the same time, the rate of labor in other fields also increased accordingly.

But the strongest increase was in hired labor, up to 16 people out of a total of 34 unemployed people, accounting for 47.06%, followed by the number of workers who switched to service business after losing their jobs, with 8 people accounting for 23.53% of the total number of workers who switched from agricultural labor and the number of workers who switched to working as workers was only 6 people accounting for 17.64% of a total of 34 people.

For group 2 households, which are relatively heavily affected by the land acquisition process, the survey results of 20 households show that the proportion of agricultural laborers has decreased relatively sharply, after land acquisition there are only 22 people, accounting for 35.48%, down 29.03% compared to before land acquisition. The proportion of unemployed or unemployed workers after land acquisition mainly shifts to the field of hired labor and labor, accounting for 88.89% of the total number of workers shifting from agriculture.

Through the above analysis, it can be seen that the land acquisition process has a huge impact on the employment of workers in household groups, causing many workers to lose their jobs after losing their production land. On the other hand, after the land acquisition, due to limitations in cultural level as well as professional level, this unemployed labor force mainly turns to hiring and some other jobs to generate additional income. However, these jobs are only temporary and do not bring high and stable income. Therefore, an urgent requirement is to have a suitable vocational training policy to improve the qualifications of workers so that they can find suitable jobs, bringing stable income as well as long-term life for them.

Table 2.10: Employment fluctuations of workers in surveyed households

Unit: Person

Target

Household group 1 (n=80)								Group 2 (n=20)
Households with recovered land < 50% (n=30)				Households with recovered land  50% (n=50)				Group 2 (n=20)
Before the Conference	After the Conference	Compare		Before the Conference	After the Conference	Compare		Before the Conference	After the Conference	Compare
Before the Conference	After the Conference	Increase (+)	Reduce (-)	Before the Conference	After the Conference	Increase (+)	Reduce (-)	Before the Conference	After the Conference	Increase (+)	Reduce (-)
- Laborer	67	49	-	18	92	58	-	34	40	22	-	18
- Worker	12	16	4	-	16	22	6	-	3	11	8	-
- State agency	4	7	3	-	11	11	0	0	5	5	0	0
- Laborers do business, DV	8	8	0	0	7	15	8	-	3	3	0	0
- Hired labor	10	15	5	-	14	30	16	-	5	13	8	-
- Other jobs	3	9	6	-	6	10	4	-	6	8	2	-
Total	104	104	-	-	146	146	-	-	62	62	-	-

Source: Compiled from 2008 household survey

The above data is shown in the following chart.

SL (people) 100

Household group

Before the Conference After the Conference Before the Conference After the Conference Before the Conference After the Conference

Households with recovered land <50% Households with recovered land >=50% Household group 2

Foreign labor

Worker

State agency

Laborer in business and service

hired labor

Other jobs

Chart 2.7: Household employment fluctuations

2.2.2.5 Impact on household income

a, Income situation of household groups before and after land acquisition

The recovery of agricultural land has affected the structure of crops, livestock, production orientation, labor structure... Therefore, it also affects household income. Household income includes income from agriculture, service industry and other income. So how has household income changed after the process of recovering agricultural land to build industrial parks? The level of income fluctuation is shown in Table 2.11.

Through the table, we can see that after the land was recovered, in general, the income from agriculture of households decreased sharply, especially the income from cultivation decreased rapidly, thus leading to a decrease in the total income of households, except for the group of households whose agricultural land area was recovered less than 50%, whose income increased compared to before but not significantly, specifically:

Table 2.11: Average income structure of surveyed households

Unit: Million VND

Target

Household group 1 (n=80)								Group 2 (n=20)
Households with recovered land < 50% (n=30)				Households with recovered land  50% (n=50)				Group 2 (n=20)
Before the Conference		After the Conference		Before the Conference		After the Conference		Before the Conference		After the Conference
SL	Rate (%)	SL	Rate (%)	SL	Rate (%)	SL	Rate (%)	SL	Rate (%)	SL	Rate (%)
Total TNBQ/household	40.57	100	48.82	100	38.97	100	36.15	100	60.17	100	51.23	100
1. Revenue from the State	20.12	49.59	19.63	40.21	20.44	52.45	13.99	38.70	37.65	62.57	22.31	43.55
- Cultivation	6.89	34.24	5.18	26.39	6.44	31.51	2.28	16.30	8.81	24.04	2.91	13.04
- Animal husbandry	13.23	65.76	14.45	73.61	14.00	68.49	11.71	83.70	27.84	75.96	19.40	86.96
2. Revenue from business and services	6.89	16.98	9.56	19.58	7.48	19.19	9.83	27.19	4.55	7.56	5.67	11.07
3. Income from labor salary	12.17	30.00	17.23	35.29	9.16	23.51	11.09	30.68	13.76	22.87	17.52	34.20
4. Other sources of income	1.39	3.43	2.4	4.92	1.89	4.85	1.24	3.43	4.21	7.00	5.73	11.18

Source: Compiled from 2008 household survey

Comment