LIST
STATISTICAL TABLES AND FIGURES IN THE THESIS
Table of Contents
Table 4.1: Translations influenced by the concept of “standard form” 135
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The Preposition “Auf” Viewed From a Cognitive Perspective Compared with Vietnamese -
Orientation for Developing Hanoi Tourism Space -
Images of Artistic Space in Tay Poetry -
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Commonly Used Variables Reflecting the Descriptive Criteria of the Dimensions of the Space Matrix
Table 4.2: Translations influenced by geographical features 139
Table 4.3: Translations influenced by the concept of “contour” 141
Chart categories
Figure 4.1: Overview of the prepositions of place “auf - on” and “in - in” in
Literature 131
Figure 4.2: Overview of the preposition of place “auf” in text 132
Figure 4.3: Overview of the preposition of place “in” in text 132
Figure 4.4: Overview of translations of the directional preposition “auf” in text 133
Figure 4.5: Overview of translations of prepositions indicating direction of motion
"in" in text 133
Figure 4.6: Overview of the translations of the preposition of static place “auf”
in text 134
Figure 4.7: Overview of the translations of the preposition of static place “in” in
Text 134
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Cube model 38
Figure 2: a. vor (before) b. hinter (after) 39
Figure 3: c. under (below) d. above (above) e. above (above) 40
Figure 4: f. in (inside) g. an (next to) h. neben (next to) 40
Figure 5: i. zwischen (middle) 40
Figure 6: vor - in front of table 41
Figure 7: before - vor 42
Figure 8: front of house - vor 42
Figure 9: behind the tree - hinter 42
Figure 10: before the tree - vor 43
Figure 11: safe - on 43
Figure 12: safe - into wall 44
Figure 13: an - on the ceiling 44
Figure 14: auf - on table 44
Figure 15: über - on table 45
Figure 16: über - on table 45
Figure 17: under - under table 45
Figure 18:unter - under cup 45
Figure 19: between friends 46
Figure 20: under - under table 46
Figure 22: neben- next to me 48
Figure 23: zwischen - between father and son 49
Figure 24: zwischen - between lamp and computer 49
Figure 25: auf - on 67
Figure 26: auf - on table 71
Figure 27: under - under table 72
Figure 28: unter - between the audience 72
Figure 29: in - in 80
Figure 30: Vandeloise, 1994: 172 83
Figure 31: “in” movement from outside to inside 93
Figure 32: Bernd Heine's model of direct positioning/orientation (87 p.129)
................................................................ ................................................................ ..............................100
Figure 33: auf (top) in (in) 106
Figure 34: contour 113
Figure 35: “auf” and “über” - on 114
INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of the topic
Nowadays, in the context of international integration and cooperation, German has become a truly important and necessary language and means. The language of each country has similarities and differences with other languages and contains unique cultural features. It is the differences in language characteristics, especially when we use spatial prepositions to talk about things and events, that are barriers affecting the communication process or in writing and translation. Therefore, our research and comparison of the characteristics of languages with the aim of pointing out the similarities and differences between them is a necessary and meaningful work that contributes to improving communication efficiency.
At the same time, in the process of using the language, this helps readers and learners to recognize the correct usage in sentences as well as understand the types of prepositions, sentence structures, word formation, grammatical functions and semantics of prepositions. Thereby, studying the similarities and differences between the two languages also helps users avoid misusing prepositions in German and clearly distinguish them in different cases and contexts.
German is considered a language with quite difficult grammar to learn, especially prepositions. Learning and using prepositions correctly is not easy. Using prepositions in different situations will have different meanings. The same word, if combined with different prepositions, will have different meanings and be applied by users in different situations. Therefore, mastering prepositions and how to use them in German is an important thing that anyone learning German needs to pay attention to. German is more difficult to learn than other languages because nouns in German have genders (masculine - der, feminine - die, neutral - das) and are placed in different cases ( case 1 - Nominativ, case 2 - Genitiv, case 3 - Dativ, case 4
- Akkusativ ). Each preposition requires a certain usage, from which we must determine the appropriate grammatical class and gender. Therefore, only by learning by heart can we understand and classify the types of prepositions in German.
Prepositions are word types that indicate relationships between words and phrases in a sentence. Prepositions in German are classified and systematized into forms including: prepositions of location
point, preposition of time, preposition of manner, cause or purpose, preposition used to indicate the correlation of position, time, style, cause between objects, things, people mentioned in the sentence.
But here, the thesis only focuses on studying the semantic characteristics of the spatial preposition pair auf/ in in German and comparing it with Vietnamese.
A language consists of vocabulary and grammar, that is, it includes words and the relationships and structures between words. It is important to study a language to understand different aspects such as word types, word structure, syntax, etc. In which word types are an important part of language because through word types we will clearly see what role or function a single word can take on and how words form sentences. Besides verbs, nouns and adjectives, prepositions are an important word type, they not only carry meaning, have grammatical functions but also have cultural characteristics. In addition, this word type acts as a connecting element, so we can combine sentence components together when using prepositions. Therefore, we can affirm that prepositions play an important role in sentence structure. In German as well as Vietnamese, prepositions appear relatively frequently in sentences. However, due to differences in culture and language characteristics, prepositions are not used the same in languages. Lack of knowledge of the use of prepositions leads to misunderstandings. For example, Vietnamese people say: The picture is hanging on the school and is often translated into German as Das Bild hängt auf der Wand (The picture is hanging on the school), while this sentence should be written as Das Bild hängt an der Wand. (The picture is hanging next to the wall).
The reason for these typical errors is that the speaker simply translates the word above into the word auf without knowing that in this case the German uses a different expression. Therefore, understanding the function and meaning of prepositions is very important. When acquiring the language, Vietnamese people learning German often have difficulty using prepositions of space or place. However, up to now, there has been no clear research on the topic of "prepositions of space in German in comparison with Vietnamese ", and this is also one of the reasons why we chose for our doctoral thesis the topic " Comparing the prepositions of space „auf/in‟ in German with „trinh/trong‟ in Vietnamese ". Within the framework of the thesis, we present a system of some prepositions of space and
The selection of prepositions auf/in in German in comparison with Vietnamese is the object of the research.
2. Purpose and research tasks of the topic
2.1. Research purpose
The thesis aims to clarify the semantic characteristics of spatial prepositions in German (compared with Vietnamese). On that basis, we point out the cultural and thinking characteristics of German people in comparison with Vietnamese people.
In this thesis, we focus on studying the two prepositions auf/ in in German compared with Vietnamese with the following main purposes:
1. Analyze, describe and generalize the semantic characteristics of basic spatial prepositions of German, focusing mainly on the two prepositions auf/ in .
2. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences in the use of spatial prepositions auf/in in German with tren/trong in Vietnamese. On that basis, specific conclusions can be drawn about the levels of similarity and difference between spatial prepositions in German and Vietnamese.
3. Clarify the similarities and differences in semantics and cognitive mechanisms of the German spatial prepositions auf/in and the Vietnamese prepositions tren/trong .
To clarify the above research purposes, we provide an overview of prepositions, in which the thesis will explain the concepts of prepositions in German and Vietnamese. Then the use of spatial prepositions in both languages is compared with each other. In addition, the comparison results through practical research are also checked.
With this thesis, we would like to specifically introduce the similarities and differences in the use of spatial prepositions in German and Vietnamese. Through this, we can find out the similarities and differences between the two languages and two countries in many different aspects, for example, the differences in the mechanism of spatial perception and culture when using spatial prepositions between Germans and Vietnamese.
2.2. Research tasks
To achieve the above objectives, the thesis focuses on solving the following tasks:
- Analyze and describe the semantic characteristics of spatial prepositions in German and Vietnamese.
- Compare and contrast the semantics of the prepositions auf/ in (prepositions of static location and prepositions of motion) in German with tren/ trong in Vietnamese to point out the semantic similarities and differences of this group of prepositions.
- Discover the similarities and differences in the mechanism and perception of spatial prepositions between Germans and Vietnamese through the relationship between thinking and language.
- Practical research with the search and analysis of prepositions of place auf and in in the novel “ Die Vermessung der Welt ” (Daniel Kehlmann) and the translation “ Measuring the World ” (Le Quang).
3. Research object, scope and data source
3.1. Research subjects
The thesis studies spatial prepositions in German and Vietnamese, focusing especially on the two prepositions “ auf/in ” .
3.2. Scope of research
- Scope of the corpus: The research works in the topic include short stories in German such as: Die Blechtrommel by Günter Grass (1959), Das Parfum by Patrick Süskind (1985), Berlin Alexanderplatz by Alfred Döblin (1929) , German articles published in Vietnam such as: Introduction to Grammar in Modern German - 3rd newly edited edition with the support of Werner Hackel . Sommerfeldt, K./Starke G. (1998), Max Niemeyer Publishing House, Tübingen. Textual Grammar of the German Language. 3rd revised edition, Weinrich. H. (2005), Georg Olms Publishing House, Hildesheim/ Zürich/ New York. In the thesis, the group of authors specially selected the work Measuring the World, (translated by Le Quang) , Die Vermessung der Welt , Daniel Kehlmann. (2006), publisher
Rowohlt, Hamburg to examine in chapter 4 is because of the number of prepositions auf/in appearing
Prepositions and prepositional phrases are repeated many times in different contexts and have different meanings.
- Content scope: Semantic characteristics, cognitive basis and practical survey of the two prepositions auf/in .
- Scope of research: Compare the semantic characteristics and cognitive mechanism of the spatial preposition auf/in in German with tren/trong in Vietnamese.
We chose the above prepositions for the following reasons: In German, prepositions appear in almost every sentence and account for a large proportion of the word volume of the text. And the prepositions auf/in appear more frequently than other prepositions, specifically the preposition in leads the use in every text with a frequency of 23%, and the preposition auf accounts for 6% more than other prepositions. There have been many domestic and foreign research works mentioning the research aspects of this preposition . But up to now, there has been no in-depth research on the semantic comparison and cognitive basis of spatial prepositions in German: auf/in with tren/trong in Vietnamese.
3.3. Textual sources
The source of the thesis's literature is collected from newspapers, magazines, German dictionaries, German-Vietnamese, English-Vietnamese, Vietnamese-German, Vietnamese-English comparative dictionaries or German, English and Vietnamese explanatory dictionaries, German, English and Vietnamese grammar books, online sources, reference books, research works of domestic and foreign authors related to the topic and famous literary works of Germany, England and America. Particularly in the last chapter - the chapter examining the use of spatial prepositions " auf/ in ", the survey is mainly conducted from the literary work Die Vermessung der Welt by author Daniel Kehlmann translated into Vietnamese by author Le Quang ( Measuring the world ).
The main references of the thesis are research works of domestic and foreign linguists on issues related to the thesis topic. The number of references is 146, including 62 Vietnamese documents and 84 foreign language documents.