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The Preposition “Auf” Viewed From a Cognitive Perspective Compared with Vietnamese

(The children took their bags and put all the books on the floor.)

(224) Es sitzt in einem Sessel.

(He plops down on the armchair.)

(225) Seine vorwurfsvollen Worte waren immer noch in meinen Ohren. (His reproachful words still ring in my ears.)

Type 4: The prepositions auf/in do not seem to be translated into Vietnamese. For example:

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(226) Die Kinder saßen auf dem Boden. (The children sat on the floor.)

(227) Endlich stand er vorsichtig auf den Knien auf.

The Preposition “Auf” Viewed From a Cognitive Perspective Compared with Vietnamese

(Finally, he gently sat up on both knees.)

(228) Haus ist in Flammen. (The house is on fire.)

(229) Er wurde in die Enge getrieben. (He was cornered . )

3.3.2.2. Some comments

Regarding the common translations in types 1 and 2 , here the author would like to talk about types 3 and 4. These are two types that reflect different ways of expressing things between German and Vietnamese. facts as well as about idioms often related to action verbs. For example, in example (229) Er wurde in die Enge getrieben (He was cornered ) , here expresses the meaning that he was cornered, in a closed position. With this literal meaning, in Vietnamese there are many similar expressions, such as falling into a dead end/dead end,... with no way out, or even more serious, falling into death. Therefore, with the use of a locative structure with a metonymic meaning as in example (229), the translation into Vietnamese is satisfactory, because the locative structure here only has heavy descriptive value. rather than positioning.

For example (222) Der arme Mann kniete auf den Knien (The poor man knelt down ), it is also appropriate to use some locative construction with a verb like this ( kniete auf den Knien). a descriptive type. In German, the phrase kniete auf den Knien ( on both knees ) is implicitly understood or presupposed in the semantics of the verb "kneel" in Vietnamese. And here,

For Vietnamese, using the structures "kneel" (verb) and "down" (direction word) is enough to make sense. In most other cases, too, it reflects the different ways in which the situation is expressed in the two languages.

We examine some of the sentences above to see that people who have translated German documents into Vietnamese have had great success in translating from German to Vietnamese. However, considering the four types of translation of locative constructions above, not every locative construction of auf/ in in German can be translated by an equivalent locative construction in Vietnamese. Even the system of prepositions used does not have an equal correspondence in the two languages. For example, in , for example, when translated into Vietnamese, in has the equivalent meaning of in, here the ideal meaning is inclusive and is contained in the spatial relationship between the national team and the national team of in and in in the language. German and Vietnamese are basically no different. But many times it is translated into Vietnamese with meanings such as: in, beside, above, between, before, at ...

(230) Manchmal denke ich, ich bin in Deutschland. (Sometimes I think I'm in Germany.)

(231) Die Kinder zeichnen einen Kreis in den Sand. (The children drew a circle in the sand.)

(232) Es gibt sehr viele Fische in diesem Fluss. (There are many fish in this river.)

(233) Das Lied ist für immer in meinen Ohren. (The song keeps echoing in my ears.)

(234) Ein neuer Ort, in einem neuen Haus. (A new place, at a new home.)

Actually, the above examples are not enough to reflect what we have in the documents, but they are enough for us to have some necessary comparisons, contrasts and connections. It can be said that the spatial relationship between ĐĐĐĐ and ĐTQC is abstracted by Germans in the preposition in when the spatial positioning relationship is different. This also happens when we translate back from Vietnamese. into German with specific uses. This also reflects the quite diverse differences in the way of perceiving space for each specific DTĐV and TQC between German and Vietnamese.

In German, space is always positioned objectively, based on the spatial relationship between the national team and the national team. In Vietnamese, besides the subjective positioning method, there is also a popular subjective positioning method - based on the spatial relationship between the surveyor and the speaker or listener himself, the surveyor. And it is also this subjectivity that has determined the practices of using structures such as: in the sky, on the ground, in the house, in the yard, in the belly, on the surface, on the bank, in the river, on the tree, under the tree. , ....

However, the important thing is that the expression of Vietnamese's subjective way of positioning is expressed in many diverse ways, forming a habit, a permanent way of positioning behavior. This has caused many difficulties for Vietnamese people when learning and using spatial positioning prepositions in German. Considering the example (233) "The song keeps ringing in my ears" (Das Lied ist für immer in meinen Ohren ), it can be said that this is a quite strange positioning situation for Vietnamese people because for Vietnamese people when saying " inside " ear " is like something coming from outside, coming from afar. Because Vietnamese people still say " water in the ear " , " whirring sound in the ear " , " pain in the ear " ,...

Above is some brief analysis of the specific positioning situation of in . In theory as well as in practice, we cannot cover all cases of specific different situations. Therefore, a more appropriate way of comparing and contrasting would be to return to the locative format types of auf/ in and the corresponding means of use in Vietnamese with the ideal meaning content of auf /print in German.


3.3.3. The preposition “auf” viewed from a cognitive perspective compared to Vietnamese

Through the analysis of the usage patterns of auf in comparison with Vietnamese that was presented in chapter II, we see a number of issues emerging as follows:

A uf - above is the permanent distinction between subjective positioning and objective positioning. In German, if starting from a practical perspective, one can completely raise the question of whether there is a certain range in the locative types of auf where only one way of translation can exist.

Switch to Vietnamese (not two ways). In certain cases there may be such ranges. For example:

(235) Der Riss auf dem Boden. (Crack in the floor.)

Die Falten auf seiner Stirn (the wrinkles on his forehead); Die Bilder auf dem Fernsehbildschirm (images on the television screen); Es gibt einen Punkt auf Der Oberfläche (there is a point (on) a surface).

In the above cases, it is not possible to use " under " , this is the positioning scope of an entity or event associated with it or almost a part of the National Team within a specific scope ( that is the National Team). When translating into Vietnamese, Vietnamese people often add an element to more specifically express the meaning of positioning according to each specific situation in which usage habits have certain influences that make the word in space. also has inherent permanence. For example, with roads that have characteristics such as DTĐV (including geometric straight lines), Vietnamese people often use the word above and add words in front of it like: "potholes (in) the road" (Schlaglöcher auf der Straße), “there is a gas station (in) the road” (Es gibt eine Tankstelle auf der Straße ), “ripe rice (in) the field” (Reifer Reis auf dem Feld), “stains (in) on a shirt” (die Flecken auf dem Hemd), “(on) a straight line ( auf gerader Linie), “(on) bare ground ” ( auf freiem Feld), “(on) a bronze engraving”( auf einem alten Kupfertisch) ... while German only uses the word auf ... Thus, it can be understood more broadly that, in the Vietnamese way of perceiving space, most entities appear in a space. surface, a line, is perceived as being on the surface, on that line.

Through this, it can be said that the Vietnamese people's perception of objective spatial positioning is strongly influenced by the horizontal direction, in addition to being influenced by what is "visible" in the horizontal direction. horizontally into the semantic scope of above. Considering this relationship, the semantic content of below is often contrasted with above , and therefore has a more subjective positioning, for example " pothole under the road ". However, in many cases, under is also used with an objective positioning meaning, such as: "the book is under the bed". The two authors Ly Toan Thang [52, 53] and Tran Quang Hai [17] mentioned that this is what governs the ability to translate positioning types such as: " Er schlief auf dem Boden " translates into

“It sleeps on the floor ” (above is an objective positioning); “ It sleeps on the floor” (below is a subjective positioning).

In addition, as analyzed in chapter 2, in German, there are a number of on cases used to position situations where the national team is separated from the national team, for example Die dunklen Wolken auf der Insel (dark clouds). on the island). Second, German often uses auf for the positioning type of an “object above a part of itself ” ( see section d, section 2.2.1.1) . This type of positioning is quite strange to Vietnamese people, almost absent in Vietnamese. Rarely do Vietnamese people use constructions like "standing on your feet " corresponding to "steh auf deinen Füßen ", in German this sentence has both a literal and figurative meaning. In Vietnamese, we see that this usage often has a figurative meaning to refer to being independent, self-reliant, independent,

... . Meanwhile, structures such as: auf den Knien (on both knees), der Mann auf dem Rücken (man lying on his back), ... in German have no figurative meaning other than denoting "the object on part of itself ” . Constructions such as these examples can only be translated into Vietnamese by non-positional constructions such as “man lying on his back or resting on his back ” . Therefore, it is understandable that this type is quite strange to Vietnamese.

Above in Vietnamese, in addition to the positioning meaning of attachment, support, and contact , it also has a denotative meaning similar to über ( above ) in German. This is a topological vertical positioning of a mobile unit in a position above, separate (without strict distance limitations) from the national team.

Author Ly Toan Thang [52] has thoroughly analyzed the semantics, cognitive mechanism, and positioning strategy of the above word. Considering examples such as clouds in the sky and clouds flying overhead , the second example is a type of positioning that can be classified as both subjective and objective. However, considering the relationship between DTĐV and TQC, it is more reasonable to refer this case to the objective positioning type. As for example 1, it can be attributed to the subjective positioning type.

Thus, it can be said that, in Vietnamese, with the meaning of positioning that is spatially separated in the vertical direction, there is a specific scope corresponding to comparison with German, which is ĐĐĐĐV. considered above the national team, although the national team may not be in a position higher than the national team in a straight line.

standing, but both the National Team and the National Team are located higher than the speaker's vision. For example: lights on the ceiling.

In summary, in the comparison between German and Vietnamese, it can be seen that, if auf in German, in addition to the scope for the type of spatial positioning that is associated with ĐĐĐĐV and ĐTQC, there is a scope which has can cause a false "correspondence " between auf and above , for example: ein Apfel auf einem Ast (apple on a branch) , there are also some areas that need to be noted such as: eine Medaille auf einer Kette (a badge worn on a strap) - refers to one object attached to another. Or when talking about a physical object that is in contact with another object like: Lege deinen schmutzigen Finger nicht auf meinen sauberen Anzug (Don't touch your dirty fingers on my clean clothes). Or referring to an object that is part of itself, for example: der Mann auf dem Rücken (the man lying on his back) and other uses of TQC in character as geographical locations.

Meanwhile, above in Vietnamese creates different ranges such as: subjective positioning range - in the sky ( im Himmel) , positioning range with spatial separation - "The white clouds over the mountains ” (Weiße Wolken in den Bergen ). In addition, the presence of visible semantic features, as mentioned above, also creates other specific cases of difference such as:

Bombenkrater auf dem Feld (bomb crater in the field ), das Loch in der Wand

(a hole in the wall) . Or some specific uses such as: in the world ( in der Welt), on the road ( auf der Straße)... also create very noticeable differences.

Above are some basic differences that the author has presented in detail along with illustrated examples. Although not comprehensive, they still partly represent a necessary basic visualization. about the relationship between auf and above from two different cognitive perspectives of Germans and Vietnamese.

3.3.4. The preposition “in” is viewed from a cognitive perspective compared to Vietnamese

Talking about the two prepositions auf and in in German, perhaps in is the preposition that contains the most cognitive content in the comparison between German and Vietnamese. Although, at first glance, it seems that printing does not depend much on the way of visualizing the space between ĐĐĐV and ĐTQC as auf . But in reality, through survey and analysis of documents, it shows that the difference between printed and printed is quite good

large, and it has a lot to do with how people perceive containment and which object can be the container (DTTQC) of another object (DTĐV).

Most of the differences between in German and in Vietnamese mainly focus on the extent to which TQCs have a spatial or one-dimensional model. The differences with the TQCs with three-dimensional space models are not much. We would like to give some examples below:

(236) Es gibt Punkte in der Linie.

(There are points on the line.)

(237) Das Loch in der Wand. (A hole in the wall.)

(238) Er hob sein Glas in die Luft.

(He raised his glass high/in the air.)

(239) Ein Mann in einem schwarzen roten Hut. (A man in a red and black hat.)

(240) Sie saßen in dem Schatten eines Baumes. (They sat under the shade of the tree.)

(241) Es gibt keine Apotheke in der Nachbarschaft. (There is no pharmacy in the vicinity.)

With the above cases, it is possible to set out contents related to the way of perceiving space for each specific national team. For example, in example (237) the use of the preposition in evokes the three-dimensional model of the wall ( der Wand ). In the case of example (238) “ in die Luft” refers to the German perception of “air” or “sky” or “air” as a three-dimensional space, which in Vietnamese is also There is a way to locate " in the air/ in the air/ in the sky ". But in Vietnamese, there are many subjective positioning methods, and this method has created highly "customary" positioning structures, such as: in the sky, on the ground, under water, etc. .birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water). In specific cases like example (238), the positioning structure " in die Luft" can only be translated into Vietnamese as up (like: raise a glass or raise a glass ) . But if it is “Vögel fliegen in den Himmel” , it means “bird flying in the sky” or, more appropriately, “bird flying in the air ”.

As for example (241) the concept “ in der Nachbarschaft” , this is often visualized as a two-dimensional spatial model, as for example (236) “ in der Linie” , the use of the preposition in Here it is considered a one-dimensional spatial model. However, the permanent and popular ideal meaning of in is mainly related to TQCs with a three-dimensional spatial model, often associated with the concept of " containment " of the semantic content of the preposition in . This is mentioned by author Le Van Thanh [48, p.152] as a system of:

A- DĐĐV has any spatial model + in + DĐTQC has a three-dimensional space model

B - DĐĐV has a two-dimensional or one-dimensional space model or most simply "one point" + in + DTQC has a two-dimensional space model

C - DĐĐV has a one-dimensional or "one-point" space model + in + DTQC has a one-dimensional space model.

Here printing is also applied to both two-way or one-way TQCs (usually the cases of using printing with one-way TQCs are considered special cases and are not common). Therefore, the spatial model of the TQC focuses mainly on the "containment" to better fit the semantic content of " containment ". In general, the concept of "container" does not seem to be really suitable for situations where the DVT has a more multidimensional spatial model than the spatial model of the DTQC. And this concept is visualized through the fact that the national team is within the surface scope of the national team.

In example (236), der Linie is a geometric line, but DDT here is Punkte (points). Indeed, we have not seen any views discussing the issue of whether a point is a dimensional or non-dimensional entity. But according to logic, if a line is a one-dimensional entity, then a point is non-dimensional. However, there are also some cases where an object that is inherently two-dimensional can be perceived as three-dimensional, as in example (240), Schatten (tree shadow). Here we see, the shadow of a tree is basically recognized through its projection onto a certain, seemingly invisible part, a shade of a tree that when we go out in the sun and sit under the tree, we will be shaded. by the shadow of this invisible tree. And so, in our opinion, we have reinforced the perception of " tree shadow" as a three-dimensional object.

We discuss some of the above contents about spatial perception for the TQC of print in relation to the TQC. Just like the preposition auf

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