Statistics of Land Area of Different Types by Soil of Quang Ninh Province in 2017

In addition, the province currently has 23 large and small reservoirs with a capacity of nearly 250 million m3 . Typical reservoirs include Khe Che Lake, Yen Lap Lake, Dam Ha Dong Lake, Truc Bai Son Lake, Trang Vinh Lake... This dam system plays a huge role in providing water for the development of forestry and agricultural crop production, creating favorable conditions for the exploitation and development of medicinal plants.

3.1.1.3. Soil conditions

Table 3.1: Statistics of land area by soil type of Quang Ninh province in 2017

Unit: ha

STT

Sign effect	Vietnam land name	Sign effect	Acreage	Ratio rate (%)	Land name
NATURAL AREA				610,235.40	100
I	C	SAND	AR	19,955.64	3.27	ARENOSOLS
I.1	Cs	Sand beach by the river and sea	AR	15,660.83	2.57	Arenosols
I.2	Cc	White and yellow sand dunes	ARl	1,236.42	0.2	Luvic Arenosols
I.3	C	Sand beach	AR	3,058.39	0.5	Arenosols
II	M	SALTY LAND	FLs	33,922.33	5.56	SALIC FLUVISOLS
II.1	mm	Mangrove saline soil	FLsg	30,074.22	4.93	Gleyi Salic Fluvisols
II.2	Mn	Salty soil	FLsh	812.95	0.13	Hypersalic Fluvisols
II.3	M	Medium saline soil and less	FLsm	3,035.16	0.5	Molli Salic Fluvisols
III	S	ALUM SOIL	FLt	7,456.42	1.22	THIONIC FLUVISOLS
III.1	Sj	Active acid sulfate soil	FLto	6,369.12	1.04	Ortho Thionic Fluvisols
III.2	Sp	Potential acid sulfate soil	FLTP	1087.3	0.18	Proto Thionic Fluvisols
IV	P	ALLURING SOIL	FL	1517.23	0.25	FLUVISOLS
IV.1	Pb	Alluvial soil	FL	229.59	0.04	HaplicFluvisols
IV.2	P	Alluvial soil compensated	FL	1287.64	0.21	Fluvisols

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STT

Sign effect	Vietnam land name	Sign effect	Acreage	Ratio rate (%)	Land name
V	L	LAND WITH FLOOR LIGHTNING	PT	4553.09	0.75	PLINTHISOLS
V.1	Lc	Soil with clay layer sour hole	PTd	3466.08	0.57	Dystric Plinthisols
V.2	L	Soil with clay layer less acidic TT hole	PT	1087.01	0.18	Eutric Plinthisols
VI	G	GREEN LAND	GL	562.83	0.09	GLEYSOLS
VII	X	GREY LAND	AC	5075.39	0.83	ACRISOLS
VII.1	Xh	Typical grey soil	ACh	1,443.32	0.24	Haplic Acrisols
VII.2	Xg	Gray soil	ACg	3509.3	0.58	Glyic Acrisols
VII.3	Xb	Gray soil	ACal	122.77	0.02	Albic Acrisols
VIII	N	PURPLE BROWN SOIL	NT	16,719.07	2.74	NITISOLS
IX	F	RED GOLD LAND	AC	378526.8	62.06	ACRISOLS
IX.1	FV	Red gold soil	ACf	254479.96	41.73	Ferralic Acrisols
IX.2	FVv	Pale yellow soil	ACf	124046.9	20.34	Ferralic Acrisols
X	HV	YELLOW HUMIDITY RED ON THE MOUNTAIN	ACu	17,727.10	2.91	HUMIC ACRISOLS
X.1	HV	Red-yellow humus soil on mountain	ACu	17007.87	2.79	Humic Acids
X.2	HVv	Pale yellow loam on the mountain	ACu	719.23	0.12	Humic Acids
XI	E	THIN SOIL	LP	299.34	0.05	LEPTOSOLS
XII	NT	MAN-MADE LAND	AT	13201.38	2.16	ANTHROSOLS
XII.1	NTct	Terraced fields hilly area	ATag	12179.04	2	Agric Anthrosols
XII.2	NTKT	Mining land	ATur	1022.34	0.17	Urbic Anthrosols
Plus (+)				499,516.66	81.9
Rivers, streams, mountains, rocks and bare earth investigate				110,381.40	18.1

(Source: Quang Ninh Provincial Statistical Yearbook)

In the above types of land, there are 6 types of land suitable for agricultural and forestry production, which are:

- Purple brown soil (NT): The characteristics of this soil group are rich organic matter content in the surface layer and poor in the lower layers, heavy to loamy mechanical composition.

clay, the ratio fluctuates around 30 - 40%. Mainly distributed in some mountainous communes of Van Don, Tien Yen, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Binh Lieu, Mong Cai districts. The area of this soil group is 16,719.07 ha, accounting for 2.83% of the total natural area.

- Red-yellow soil (AC): This is a soil group with a clayey B layer (Argic), the organic content of the surface layer is from fair to rich (2.47 - 3.08%), the humus content decreases gradually when going deeper. In unused hilly areas (barren hills) and shifting cultivation land, the process of surface erosion, leaching and soil degradation occurs strongly. This group has the largest area of 378,526.84 ha and is distributed in most districts; towns; cities in the province.

- Red-yellow soil on the mountain (ACu): Red-yellow humus soil on the mountain is formed at an absolute altitude of > 700m, the climate is colder and more humid than the low mountainous areas. In the province, this type of soil is formed on the mountain peaks of Dong Trieu - Nam Mau - Binh Lieu. The characteristic of this soil group is that red-yellow humus soil on the mountain has a light to medium mechanical composition, the organic content of the surface layer is rich and decreases rapidly in the lower layers. This soil group has an area of 17,727.1 ha, accounting for 3.0% of the total natural area.

- Thin layer soil (LP): Thin layer soil is formed in conditions of strongly fragmented terrain, steep slopes, heavily cleared vegetation and as a result of many years of cultivation without paying attention to soil protection. This soil group is scattered in Dong Trieu district and Mong Cai city. The characteristic of this soil group is that thin layer soil is a group of "problematic soil" in which the fine soil layer is very thin < 30cm. The soil is washed away and strongly eroded, so the soil layer is hard, compact, and poor in nutrients, especially easily digestible substances. Soil formed on sandstone often has an acidic reaction. This group has an area of 299.34 ha, accounting for 0.05% of the total natural land area.

- Anthropogenic soil (AT): Is a group of soils formed by human impact. The soil layer is strongly disturbed by human activities such as mining.

leveling to make terraced fields, or mining activities, the soil layer is disturbed to a thickness of more than 50 cm. The characteristics of the soil depend largely on the origin of the soil exploited for cultivation. The soil has strong changes in temperature, air regime, water regime, nutrition regime and a series of other biological characteristics compared to natural soil groups. Therefore, in production and business, it is necessary to pay attention to intensive investment to increase the land's use value.

- Saline soil of mangroves and rhizocarps (Mm): This type of soil often has a surface layer in the form of loose mud, sand, clay... rich in organic matter, strong gley. The characteristic of this group is that the mangrove vegetation is often found in the forests of Mangroves, Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Aquilaria, Trang... which need to be well protected to improve the effectiveness of environmental protection, biodiversity and aquatic resources. Area of 30,074.22 ha, accounting for 4.9% of the total natural area, distributed in the outer dyke areas of Ha Long City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, Mong Cai City, Quang Yen Town, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha District, Van Don District, Hoanh Bo District.

3.1.2. Socio-economic characteristics

The province's GDP (at 2010 constant prices) in 2017 reached 78,324 billion VND (14.8% growth compared to 2016); in 2016 it reached 70,720 billion VND ( 13.5% growth compared to 2015) . The province's economic growth is reflected in all 3 production sectors (agriculture, forestry, fishery - Industry and construction - services), in which the service sector has the highest growth rate, the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector has the lowest growth rate.

Table 1.2: Economic growth of Quang Ninh province in the period 2015-2017

(Calculated at 2010 constant prices)

Unit: Billion VND

Year

Agriculture, forestry, fishery	Industry, construction	Service	Total
2015	5,280	38,815	22,145	62,515
2016	5,420	41,500	23,800	70,720
2017	5,391	45,323	27,610	78,324

(Source: Quang Ninh Provincial Statistical Yearbook)

The economic structure of Quang Ninh province has shifted in a positive direction, the structure of the agricultural, forestry and fishery sector has decreased and the service and industry and construction sectors have increased. Specifically, for the agricultural, forestry and fishery sector, in 2015 it accounted for 7.4%, in 2016 it decreased to 7% and in 2017 it was 6.7%. For the industry and construction sector, which accounted for the largest proportion, in 2015 it accounted for 52.8%, in 2016 it accounted for 53.5% and in 2017 it accounted for 52.1%.

Table 3.3: Economic restructuring of Quang Ninh province in the period 2015-2017

Economic zone

2015	2016	2017
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries	7.4	7.0	6.7
Industry- Construction	52.8	53.5	52.1
Service	39.8	39.5	41.2

(Source: Quang Ninh Provincial Statistical Yearbook)

For the service sector, the trend is increasing, accounting for 39.8% in 2015, 39.5% in 2016 and 41.2% in 2017. In 2017, although the mining industry faced many difficulties in the consumption market, large coal inventories, and reduced coal mining output, the development index of the mining industry grew negatively, directly affecting the added value of the industrial-construction sector (3.5 percentage points lower than the same period), but the construction sector and especially the service sector developed strongly, high growth contributed to offsetting the decline of the mining industry, ensuring high and stable economic growth.

3.1.2.3. Traffic and irrigation conditions

- Roads: The whole province has 2,283 km of roads, including 5 national highways, 10 provincial roads of grade V and VI standards; 60 district roads, 100% of which have been paved. Communes with car roads to the commune center have reached 100%. Inter-commune, village and hamlet roads have been paved at 24%. Many important roads have been built or upgraded such as: Ha Long-Hai Phong, Ha Long-Van Dong, Cam Hai-Van Dong expressways, Bach Dang Bridge, access roads and end-of-route intersections, renovation and upgrading of National Highway 18A section Ha Long.

Long – Mong Duong, Van Don Airport, the project connecting Ha Long-Hai Phong Expressway with Nam Tien Phong Industrial Park; Loong Toong Interchange... Focusing on preparing investment procedures for a number of key works and projects such as Van Don-Mong Cai Expressway, Ha Long-Cam Pha coastal road, the main road from the Airport to Van Don high-end entertainment resort complex, Hon Gai Passenger Port, Youth Cultural Palace, Bac Luan II Bridge Inter-sectoral Control Station,... has contributed to promoting the socio-economic development of mountainous, border and island districts.

- Waterway: The coastline is more than 250 km long, the waterway is 501 km, the total length of the main rivers is more than 288 km connecting Hai Phong and the Thai Binh river system. There are 121 seaports, led by the Hon Gai port cluster (represented by Cai Lan port) and the Cam Pha port cluster (represented by Cua Ong port). These are the two port clusters with the largest volume of goods in Quang Ninh province. In addition, Quang Ninh has two large passenger terminals of national scale, Tuan Chau and Hon Gai terminals (and will be of international scale in the future), which are the docking locations for tourist ships, customs clearance with Hai Phong and other inland ports. However, the ports with large capacity account for a small proportion (10%), the rest are small-scale ports formed due to market demand such as on Mao Khe river, Dien Vong, Cam Pha area and Mong Cai river. Port infrastructure has not been properly invested by businesses (wharfs, warehouses, yards) and still relies heavily on natural conditions. Due to the lack of facilities and limited yard space, Ha Long and Cai Rong tourist ports during peak days are chaotic, causing difficulties for port management units and difficulties for visitors.

- Public transport: Currently, Quang Ninh province has 9 bus routes (including: 3 inner-city routes, 5 inner-provincial routes, 1 adjacent route), connecting regions in the province (Ha Long, Hoanh Bo, Cam Pha, Uong Bi, Dong Trieu, Van Don, Mong Cai) and 1 route connecting to Hai Duong. Although this system serves very effectively, it is necessary to further improve service quality.

- Irrigation: The amount of water stored in 23 dams is 18.4m3 , compared to the same period last year, a decrease of 5.8 million m3; the water source is guaranteed to serve production and daily life of people in the province. The rate of rural population using clean water is 96%, the urban population is provided with clean water is 93%.

Quang Ninh's road traffic system has basically met the function of connecting and transporting in the region. The main traffic routes are mainly distributed in the coastal areas, connecting urban areas and economic zones to create a complete system. In mountainous districts, the road density is low but can still access the general traffic system of the province. The irrigation system has basically met the irrigation needs, serving agricultural development.

3.1.3. Population and labor

Regarding the province's population : In 2017, the population of Quang Ninh province was 1.313 million people, of which the urban population accounted for 67.4% of the province's total population. The average number of people in a household was 3.67 people/household. The annual natural growth rate was about 1.24%. The population density of the whole province was 198 people/km2 . The highest population density was 894 people/km2 ( Ha Long City), the lowest was 43 people/km2 ( Ba Che District). The population structure of Quang Ninh is relatively young: Nearly 30% are aged 15 to 29; 25% are aged 30 to 39; 24% are between 40 and 49 years old and 22% are over 50 years old. The whole province has 22 ethnic groups living, of which the Kinh ethnic group accounts for the majority at 86.6%, followed by the Dao ethnic group (5.5%), Tay (2.98%), San Diu (1.58%), San Chay (1.2%) and the Chinese ethnic group (0.46%)...

Regarding people's income: During the years 2015-2017, GRDP per capita increased significantly, reaching 3,776 (USD/person/year) in 2015 and 2016.

4,050 (USD/person/year), increased by 7.26% compared to 2015, in 2017 reached

4,528 (USD/person/year), an increase of 11.8% compared to 2016. Labor productivity in the area has many positive changes, in 2015 it reached 140 (million VND/person/year), in 2016 it reached 152.4 (million VND/person/year), an increase of 12.4% compared to 2015; in 2017 it reached 172.6 (million VND/person/year), an increase of 13.25% compared to 2016.

Table 3.4: Productivity and average income of people in Quang Ninh province over the years 2015-2017

Target

2015	2016	2017	Comparison 2016/2015		Comparison 2017/2016
2015	2016	2017	(+/-) ∆	%	(+/-) ∆	%
GRDP per capita person (USD/person/year)	3,776	4,050	4,528	274	7.26	478	11.8
Average labor productivity (tr,đ/person/year)	140	152.4	172.6	12.4	8.86	20.2	13.25

(Source: Quang Ninh Provincial Statistics Office)

The data table shows that along with the change in economic structure, industries have significantly increased income and labor productivity.

Regarding Labor : The number of people of working age in the province in 2015 accounted for 54.7% of the province's population, in 2016 accounted for 54.8% of the province's population and in 2017 accounted for 57.5% of the province's population. The number of employed workers was 43.8 thousand people, the rate of trained workers accounted for 34.2%.

Unit:%

Figure 3.1: Ratio of employed laborers aged 15 and over compared to population in Quang Ninh in the period 2015-2017

( Source: Quang Ninh Province Statistical Yearbook)

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