Characteristics of High-Level Female Soccer Athletes' Performance and Menstrual Cycle.

According to Pharphell, energy consumption in football is 1500 kcal/match, basketball is 900 kcal/match, volleyball is 10 kcal/match [16], [25], [26].

1.3.3. Characteristics of motor abilities of elite female soccer athletes and the menstrual cycle.

During training, special attention should be paid to the physiological changes that occur in the female athlete's body related to the menstrual cycle. The female menstrual cycle is a physiological process caused by changes in the activity of the gonads, which is repeated in a 27-28 day cycle starting when the female body reaches sexual maturity, around 12-14 years old, and ending at menopause (after 45-50 years old). The female menstrual cycle is divided into 4 periods: pre-ovulation, ovulation, post-ovulation and the quiescent period. During the pre-ovulation and ovulation periods of the menstrual cycle, the functions of the body's organ systems change significantly. Central nervous system excitability increases, heart rate increases, and blood pressure increases slightly. In some female athletes, the overall physical activity capacity during the menstrual cycle decreases. However, the general physical performance as well as the individual physical performance indicators of female athletes have large individual fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. In some female soccer players, during the menstrual cycle, the physical performance not only does not decrease but also increases.

During the pre- and post-menstrual period, the recovery process is often prolonged. Heavy exercise with a high static exertion nature can increase blood volume and prolong the menstrual period of female athletes. Large amounts of training and competition as well as strong psychological stress in sports competitions can slow down the sexual maturation of adolescent girls and cause menstrual disorders in young women. However, the menstrual cycle must be considered a normal physiological phenomenon and female athletes can completely participate in training and competition if they are closely monitored and have appropriate individual treatment measures [16], [25], [26] .

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1.4. Theoretical basis for testing and evaluating the training level of high-level female soccer athletes.

1.4.1. Principles in testing and evaluating the training level of high-level female soccer athletes.

General principles for assessing the training level of high-level female soccer athletes include: synthesis, multi-time study, frequency and individuality in assessment [3], [27], [45], [67].

Comprehensive research: Comprehensive research (all aspects) of the body's functional reserve capabilities, mainly research of functional systems that determine high motor capacity in the chosen sport. Comprehensive research contributes to discovering mutual relationships in the activity of separate functions of the body, discovering individual characteristics of adaptation to physical exercise.

Multi-temporal nature of the study: This means that the study of athletes is conducted not only in a state of rest, but also while the athlete is performing various physical activities and during the recovery phase. This assessment ensures the ability to accurately explore the functional state of the body, the athlete's mobility and training status. The study is conducted during exercise and at different stages of the recovery process, allowing for an accurate assessment of the changes that occur at the peak of exercise as well as from a state of rest to a state of movement and vice versa in the athlete's body. The characteristics of the changes in functional indicators allow for an accurate assessment of the functional state of the body.

Regularity: Regular monitoring, even just conducting research in a quiet state, of indicators such as pulse rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram... also allows detecting changes in the development of training level.

Individuality: When evaluating research indicators, age, health status, personal characteristics, and type of sport participated should be taken into account.

The results of each athlete's research are not only compared with the standard (average) indicators, but also compared with the athlete's own values when he or she is at peak athletic fitness. The degree of fluctuation of individual indicators can be very significant, even in different athletes with the same level of training. Training level is a comprehensive concept, so the assessment method must also be comprehensive. Training level needs to be determined on the basis of research and comparison of all three aspects: pedagogical, psychological and medical, assessed through groups of pedagogical, psychological and biomedical tests. When diagnosing factors for assessing training level, in sports medicine, the main assessment is the changes in body function, motor capacity (work capacity) and adaptation to the amount of physical activity that occurs in full accordance with the changes in the general training state. In high-level athletes who have achieved their athletic performance, indicators reflecting the level of technical and tactical preparation are often more stable than indicators of functional status during the season. Functional status is one of the most important objective criteria for adjusting the volume and intensity of training accordingly.

The important criterion of sports performance is sports performance. However, sports performance is a synthesis, depending on a series of additional interwoven factors such as: the athlete's psychological state on the competition day, the competition location and conditions, the sports level of the competitors... so it is necessary to evaluate the different aspects of sports performance separately. Only when taking into account all factors can a training plan be developed, weaknesses in athlete training be discovered and adjusted in a timely manner [45], [67], [68].

1.4.2. Forms of testing and evaluating the training level of high-level female soccer athletes.

One of the important tasks of pedagogical testing in sports training is to check the condition of athletes. It can be divided into basic forms

The test to assess the condition of football athletes is divided into three forms: [27], [42], [47]

Instantaneous testing: The purpose of this form is to assess the athlete's condition at a certain point in time.

The training effect (such as changes that occur in the body during the exercise and during the recovery periods) will be determined during the immediate test. The practical direction of this form of testing is primarily to assess the recovery of the athlete after performing an exercise or a combination of exercises. After performing an exercise, the body will undergo a rest and recovery period, each of which will be distinguished by indicators of muscle work capacity such as strength, speed, endurance and motor coordination. In the first stage of rest, all indicators of the body's work capacity are at a lower level than the starting level; in the second stage, the indicators of strength and speed are at a higher level than the starting level and the endurance is lower; in the third stage, all indicators are slightly higher than the initial starting level. Considering and calculating this rule can indicate the direction of impact on the development of football athletes' abilities [22], [28], [31].

With the help of technical means, it is possible to assess the level of recovery after performing exercises. For example, using a dynamometer to determine the stiffness index of the main muscles ensures the performance of training exercises. When there are no such means, to assess the immediate state of the athlete, the coach can use the pulse index. The optimal pulse that shows the athlete's readiness to repeat the exercise in a section under 80m without reducing running speed is about 115 - 118 times/minute [34]. A very important task solved during the immediate test is the adjustment of the athlete's volume during the training hour. Its significance is shown in helping the coach determine the correct number of repetitions of exercises or combinations of exercises in a training session. In training, the use of immediate testing measures

will help ensure immediate training effectiveness and impact on the development of the most important abilities of football players.

Regular check: To determine daily fluctuations in the athlete's physical condition. Daily check is to ensure optimal compatibility between the athlete's functional abilities and the amount of exercise during the day. This check is usually done early in the morning during training. To conduct this check, the pulse rate can be used (measured right in bed when the athlete wakes up). In cases where recovery is not complete, physical or mental fatigue, or the training regimen is incorrect, etc., the pulse rate will be lower than normal. A normal pulse rate is determined during a period when there is no large amount of exercise and the body is fully recovered in terms of physical strength and other abilities and is ready for the next training session. For example, with soccer players, the pulse at rest is about 60 beats/minute. If the test result is lower than 150 beats/minute, it means that the amount of exercise in the previous day was too great [27], [42], [47].

Evaluation through pulse index allows to check daily developments in the athlete's body state and can be actively adjusted by training means.

Phase testing: To evaluate and conclude on the athlete's condition after a training period. Each of the above testing forms has its own tasks and evaluation indicators. This type of testing is performed through tests whose results are less dependent on the daily fluctuations in the athlete's condition. Phase testing can be used in two ways [3], [9], [23].

Logical method when the factors are consistent with the test results. In this case, it is necessary to know the pedagogical, biomechanical, physiological and biochemical indicators of the competition exercises and tests.

Experimental method when calculating the dependence between the performance of the competition exercise and the test results. The phase test can also be applied in accordance with the characteristics of the athlete, considered as a separate standard. In cases where injury is avoided due to having to perform many test exercises with maximum intensity during the year, it is possible to choose some tests to evaluate the main tasks of the training phase.

With the purpose of using different types of tests in assessing the performance of high-level football athletes, it can be seen that: Coaches can choose one of the above types of tests. However, the use of the necessary stage test type must be considered mandatory in assessing the performance of athletes. Because assessing the performance of athletes in a training stage will help coaches know the effectiveness of the training stage to promptly adjust the training process accordingly in the next training stages. In addition, when using the stage test form, it is also necessary to combine it with regular and instantaneous tests, thus allowing the collection of additional information necessary to accurately assess the performance of athletes [13], [61], [63], [69].

1.4.3. Methods of testing and evaluating the training level of high-level female soccer athletes.

Assessment of physical fitness in selection and training is always highly regarded by experts around the world. Scientists and coaches at home and abroad are always interested in this issue. Therefore, assessment of physical fitness of athletes at all levels according to age, gender and specialized sport is very meaningful in terms of practice and theory. Author Nguyen Toan (1998) said: "Physical fitness is a complex alloy of many components, many aspects of morphology, function, psychology, physical strength, with the concept of multi-component structure of physical fitness, sports performance is determined by a series of factors" [62]. Therefore, it is possible to study physical fitness from different aspects such as: pedagogy, psychology, medicine, society.

According to author Nguyen The Truyen and colleagues (2002), "The assessment of athletes' physical fitness is important and indispensable in the process of selecting and training athletes. The results of the assessment and evaluation help coaches have objective and reliable information to adjust training plans in a reasonable and scientific manner." With such importance, the assessment of athletes' physical fitness will be fundamentally and synchronously solved by pedagogical, biomedical and psychological research methods [69].

The basic principle of assessing the motor skills is to solve a synthesis of two or three simple but authentic tests that reflect different aspects of the motor skills, providing a much more useful amount of information than using complex equipment and dozens of indicators, but these indicators do not cover all the main factors. When assessing the motor skills, it is necessary to pay attention to genetic factors. The formation and development of the body, basic adaptive reactions, the functional capacity of the system that ensures energy for the body to perform motor activities, the pace and level of development of motor qualities. High motor skills are the result of close coordination and unity of the body's functional systems involved in the process of solving complex motor tasks [3], [13], [25], [41].

According to the authors Trinh Hung Thanh and Le Nguyet Nga (1993): “Physical fitness testing is conducted in certain stages of the training process, using appropriate testing methods and tools (instruments and means). Through testing, information reflecting the athlete's physical fitness can be obtained. The content of physical fitness testing includes body shape and function, motor qualities, techniques, tactics, and psychological qualities. Testing requires reliability (repeated test results are similar), effectiveness (test results can accurately reflect a certain aspect of physical fitness), and objectivity (different testers give the same test results on the same test subject)” [57, p. 79].

Pedagogical research methods allow to assess the level of development of motor qualities, coordination ability and technical level of athletes.

Biomedical research methods have been widely used in the field of sports research. Biomedical test results help us to correctly evaluate the functions of the organs of the athlete's body. It plays a particularly important role in assessing the physical fitness level of the athlete.

Psychological research methods are methods aimed at examining the psychological characteristics of athletes that affect the performance of training and competition tasks.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the physical fitness of athletes in general and football in particular is the adaptive changes in biomedical factors suitable to the characteristics of football through the training and competition process, along with the ability to perfect technical and tactical factors and the increasing level of development of physical and psychological qualities, meeting the requirements of developing sports achievements in football. Therefore, football achievements are made up of morphological, physical, technical, tactical, psychological and functional factors of athletes; accordingly, the methods of testing and evaluating physical fitness of football athletes include:

Biomedical testing methods.

Applying biomedical testing methods to study the structural and functional characteristics of body organs plays a particularly important role in assessing physical fitness levels that are closely related to the development of body organs and organ systems. To accurately assess the level of anatomical and functional development of the body's organs, it is necessary to conduct tests on athletes in all states including: rest and movement, especially the state of maximum exertion.

Biomedical testing methods in resting state: Anatomical and functional characteristics of organs such as the motor, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems in resting state.

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