Comparison of Technical Test Results of Vietnamese High-Level Female Badminton Players and Female Players in the Research Project of Author Dam Tuan Khoi

-Test smashing 10 balls diagonally along the boundary of the 1m x 4.72m box:

The steps are the same as the straight line forehand smash test, except that the body's horizontal axis is directed towards the diagonal before contacting the shuttlecock. Then hit the shuttlecock into the given diagonal box 1m x 4.72m.

-Test high and deep serve 10 balls 1m x 1m back of the court:

Serving is a technical movement of an athlete in the service area from a static state, which is the beginning of a shot. When serving a high and deep forehand, the racket must first be held in a forehand style, the standing position is close to the center line and about 1 meter from the service line, the body is in a horizontal position facing the net. The opposing foot steps forward, the toes of the feet facing the serving direction, the dominant foot is behind, the toes of the feet are slightly open to the dominant side, the distance between the two feet is shoulder-width apart. When preparing to serve, the opposing hand holding the ball is brought forward.

face (the shuttlecock is at chest level or eye level), the dominant hand holds the racket and moves it back and up, the angle between the arm and forearm (elbow) is less than 90 0. When hitting the shuttlecock with the opposite hand, the dominant hand swings the racket from back above to front, contacts the shuttlecock at knee level, the body's center of gravity moves from back to front (from the dominant foot to the opposing foot). Note that when shifting the center of gravity, the hips must rotate (the hips move from perpendicular to the net to parallel to the net). When serving the shuttlecock high and deep with the forehand, the athlete must use the explosive power of the hand (taking advantage of the strength of the wrist flexion).

to create force to hit the shuttlecock forward and up, then follow the momentum up to the opposite side to delay the impulse.

In this test, the high deep forehand serve is characterized by a high flight towards the opponent's back court (1m x 1m box), which makes this technique suitable for women's singles because female players are often less able to smash (attack) the back court position and move back more slowly than male players.

-Test low serve with nearly 10 20cm x 2.61m squares:

Similar to the high-deep forehand serve technique, the low-close backhand serve is also a technique to start a shot. When serving a low-close backhand serve, the player stands 10-50cm from the near-reach line and stands near the center line. The player faces the net, the two legs are separated front and back, the dominant leg is higher than the opposing leg. The body is slightly forward, the center of gravity is high and falls on the dominant leg. The dominant hand holds the racket in a backhand style, the elbow is bent, the racket is brought forward, parallel to the body and below the waist, the racket face is on the opposite side of the body. The opposing hand holds the shuttlecock and places it in front of the racket face. When hitting the shuttlecock, the forearm pulls the wrist gently from the inside, moves forward and cuts across the base of the shuttlecock, causing the shuttlecock to fly across the edge of the net and fall into the area near the opponent's near-reach line (20cm x 2.61m box).

In this test, the low backhand serve has a horizontal arc trajectory that passes close to the edge of the net and lands near the opponent's near service line. This is the reason why this technique is applied in all badminton events because it limits the opponent's attack, easily forms an attacking strategy for your side and easily puts the opponent in a passive position.

-Test hitting high and deep shuttlecock in a straight line with 10 balls in a 1m x 1m square:

The straight forehand high-deep shot is a technique of hitting the shuttlecock from the end of your court to the end of the opponent's court (into the 1m x 1m box) in a straight line. First, you must predict and move to the correct landing point of the opponent's shuttlecock, then lean back so that the shuttlecock is above and deviates to the dominant side of the body. The horizontal axis of the body faces the net, the opposing leg is in front, the dominant leg is behind, the center of gravity falls on the dominant leg. The opposing arm is slightly bent at the elbow and raised naturally, the dominant hand holds the racket in a forehand style and brings it back, the racket points up, the wrist is open. When hitting, the dominant elbow is raised higher than the shoulder to bring the racket behind the head, the wrist is naturally extended (palm facing up). Then with the

The smooth coordination of creating force from the dominant foot, turning the body and rotating the hips, using the shoulder as the axis, the dominant arm pulling the forearm quickly swings the wrist forward and contacts the shuttlecock at the highest point when the arm and racket are straight. After hitting the shuttlecock, the hand holding the racket can swing forward and down to the opposing side by inertia and then retract in front of the body. The technique of hitting the shuttlecock high and deep in a straight line is a defensive technique but can also be an offensive technique if the opponent's ability to move backwards is weak and the feeling of the drop point of the shuttlecock is poor.

-Test hitting high and deep diagonal shuttlecock with 10 balls 1m x 1m:

Similar to the straight high-deep shot, the only difference is that before contacting the ball, the body's horizontal axis is directed towards the diagonal line at the end of the court that you want to hit (1m x 1m box). In this technique, determining the diagonal space is extremely important, requiring more force than with a straight line because the diagonal line is longer than the straight line.

-Test of crossing the ball along the sideline with 10 squares 1m x 4.72m:

Is an attacking technique in badminton training and competition. Crossing the ball is a technique of hitting the left and right sides of the body from the shoulder down and from the hip up by hitting the ball across the net to the opponent's court. To hit the ball strongly, it is necessary to pay attention to accurately predicting the landing point of the ball, using the force of the arm, forearm, and elbow acting on the wrist to hit the opponent's ball directly from behind to front at high speed and the ball's trajectory is horizontal in a straight line into the 1m x 4.72m box along the sideline. This technique is classified as an attacking technique because it makes the ball go fast and strong, suitable for all tactics in singles and doubles.

-Test hanging (tight) forehand shuttlecock on straight line 1.98m x 1m:

The technique of hanging the ball (also known as the technique of chopping the ball) is usually shown in the two upper corners of the court (two corners of the net). The trajectory of the ball from high and deep will be slightly cut into the ball, causing the ball to fall straight down to the court as soon as it passes over the net.

This is a basic important attacking technique in badminton because it has a very high stability and accuracy to return the opponent's high and deep shuttlecocks. This technique can be combined with high shuttlecock techniques and other techniques to force the opponent to move continuously across the court to implement the strategy of exhausting the opponent's physical strength and winning points directly. This technique is widely used in singles and doubles matches.

To hang a straight line shuttlecock 1.98m x 1m, the preparation movements for hitting the shuttlecock and the movements in the previous stage are similar to the technique for hitting the shuttlecock high and deep with a straight line, the only difference is that when hitting the shuttlecock, the racket face is slightly tilted inward, the wrist makes a cutting motion and quickly squeezes the shuttlecock, the contact point between the racket and the shuttlecock is on the back edge of the shuttlecock base.

-Test hanging (tight) forehand shuttlecock diagonally 1.98m x 1m:

The steps are the same as forehand straight line suspension, but when hitting the horizontal axis of the body and the racket face are facing the diagonal line of the 1.98m x 1m box.

-Test the bridge (small) straight line of 0.5m x 0.5m square:

The drop shot technique in badminton is considered an attacking technique because this technique uses a synthesis of the technical elements of other techniques such as: right and left defensive techniques; skillful and flexible blocking and pushing techniques to be able to score points directly or create scoring opportunities. The drop shot technique is widely used in competitions because it can change from a passive to an active position in a shot. There are two types of drop shots: drop shots with the right side of the racket (forehand) and drop shots with the left side of the racket (backhand).

Drop shots in badminton, properly understood, are the use of a combination of basic techniques to hit back at the opponent with low, close-to-net and close-to-net shots, with shots that slice close to the net corner, or block shots that fall right at the edge of the net with the right or left side of the racket.

When performing this technique, the technical principles of the basic techniques do not change, but the basic difference of the drop shot technique is that it only uses the strength of the wrist with the flexibility of the hand joints to adjust the ball to go according to the tactical intention and into the correct area of ​​0.5m x 0.5m, ending the drop shot technique, returning to the position to prepare to hit the next balls.

In practice and competition, when performing the drop shot technique, athletes are always conscious of increasing the friction between the shuttlecock base and the racket face by cutting the shuttlecock or pulling the racket face horizontally from back to front to touch the shuttlecock knob, causing the shuttlecock to bounce off the net to the court or flip many times before falling to the court, making it difficult for the opponent to contact the racket with the shuttlecock or score directly if the shuttlecock is close to the net.

-Test hook bridge (pull bridge) diagonally 0.5m x 0.5m:

Forehand hook: The athlete uses a step to move close to the net on the dominant side. The racket will be simultaneously raised diagonally above and in front of the dominant side along with the forearm. When the forearm is extended forward, it rotates slightly outward, the wrist is extended backward. The hand holding the racket rotates the racket handle outward, making the thumb close to the wide side of the racket handle, the second knuckle of the index finger is also close to the wide side of the racket handle. Along with the racket being brought forward on the dominant side, the racket face is also facing the shuttlecock close to the net on the dominant side of the opponent's side to hit. When hitting the shuttlecock, relying on the forearm, there is an internal rotation movement to pull the arm towards the opposing side, the wrist from slightly extended backward turns into a wrist shake, creating a force to swing the racket into the lower part of the dominant side of the handle, causing the shuttlecock to flip and rotate towards the opponent's court and fall straight down at a position close to the net of a 0.5m x 0.5m box. After hitting the shuttlecock, the racket will be pulled back in front of the dominant shoulder. Backhand hook: The athlete uses a step to move close to the net on the opposing side, holding the racket with the left hand and bringing it horizontally forward. During the forward movement of the body, the racket and the lowering of the arm determine the landing point of the shuttlecock and the racket face faces the incoming direction of the shuttlecock. When the opponent's shuttlecock hits it over the net, the elbow suddenly drops,

At the same time, the forearm rotates outward, the wrist changes from slightly bent to extended backwards; the inside edge of the thumb and middle finger pulls the racket handle to the dominant side, hitting the back part of the opposite side of the shuttlecock knob, causing the shuttlecock to fly diagonally over the net into the 0.5m x 0.5m box. After hitting the shuttlecock, the racket is pulled back in front of the dominant side, in the basic preparation position.

The statistical results in table 3.26 show that : Technical tests of athletes

VTT has much better comparison results than female badminton athletes in Dam Tuan Khoi's study.

Table 3.27: Comparison of technical test results of Vietnamese senior female badminton athletes and female athletes in the research work of author Dam Tuan Khoi

STT

Test	Unit of measurement	VTT	Female athletes (n=14)
1	Test smashing 10 balls in a straight line along the boundary of the 1m x 4.72m box.	fruit	9
2	Test smashing 10 balls diagonally along the boundary of the 1m x 4.72m box.	fruit	8
3	Test high serve deep 10 balls 1x1m back of the court.	fruit	10	7.43 ± 0.94
4	Low serve test near 10 squares 20cm x 2.61m.	fruit	9	7.43 ± 1.02
5	Test high and deep shots in a straight line with 10 balls in a 1m x 1m square.	fruit	10	7.71 ± 0.83
6	Test high and deep diagonal shuttlecock 10 balls 1m x 1m.	fruit	10	8.0 ± 0.88
7	Test cross ball along the sideline 10 squares 1m x 4.72m.	fruit	9

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• Test Results of Optimal Mode Effect on Mechanical Properties
• Written Exam Theory: History of Badminton Development, Technical Principles, Competition Rules
• Frequency Distribution of Test Results No. 2

8

Test hanging (tight) straight bridge 1.98m x 1m.	fruit	8
9	Test hanging (tight) diagonal bridge 1.98m x 1m.	fruit	9
10	Test the bridge (small) straight line of 0.5m x 0.5m square.	fruit	10
11	Test hook bridge (pull bridge) diagonally 0.5m x 0.5m.	fruit	9

Male

3.2.7. Building a comprehensive model of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athletes

From the above research results, the thesis has found specific indicators and tests.

The characteristics of the Vietnamese female high-level badminton athlete model in terms of morphology, function, psychology, physical strength, and technique are presented in table 3.27 as follows:

- Regarding morphology, there are 06 indexes including: Standing height (cm), Weight (kg), Quetelet index (g/cm), Arm span length (cm), Arm length (cm) and Somatotype body structure.

- Regarding function, there are 10 indicators including: Heart rate (beats/minute), Cardiac function (HW), Blood pressure (mmHg), Vital capacity (liter), VO 2max (ml/kg/min); Testosterone (nmol/dl), Growth hormone (GH) (mmol/dl), IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor I), Cortisol (nmol/dl) and Blood count (HGB) g/dl.

- Regarding Psychology, there are 4 indexes including: Single reflex (ms), Complex reflex (ms), Information processing ability (Landolt open loop) and Neurological type (Table 808).

- Regarding Physical Strength, there are 11 indexes including: High jump in place (cm), Long jump in place (cm), Prone push-ups for 1 minute (times), Supine sit-ups for 1 minute (times), 30m XPC run (seconds), 100m run (seconds), 800m run (minutes, seconds), Long throw (cm),

Move across the single court 1 minute (time), Move along the single court 1 minute (time) and Move 4 corners of the court 1 minute (time).

- Regarding Technique, there are 11 indicators including: Smash 10 balls in a straight line along the 1m x 4.72m boundary (ball), Smash 10 balls diagonally along the 1m x 4.72m boundary (ball), High serve 10 balls deep in the 1m x 1m boundary (ball), Low serve near 10 balls 20cm x 2.61m boundary (ball), High hit 10 balls in a straight line 1m x 1m (ball), High hit 10 balls in a diagonal line 1m x 1m (ball), Cross the ball along the boundary 10 balls in a straight line 1m x 4.72m (ball), Hang (cut) the ball in a straight line 1.98m x 1m (ball), Hang (cut) the ball in a diagonal line 1.98m x 1m (ball), Swing (drop) the ball in a straight line 0.5m x 0.5m (ball) and Hook the ball (pull) 0.5m x 0.5m diagonal (ball).