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Basic Hematological Indexes of Vietnamese High-Level Female Badminton Players and High-Level Female Athletes of Some Vietnamese Sports


BASO

%

0.2

0.0-1.0


RBC

10 6 /mL

4.72

4.04-6.13


HGB

g/dL

14.5

12.0-18.1


HCT

%

39.9

37.0-57.7


MCV

fL

84.5

80.0-97.0


MCH

pg

30.7

27.0-32.0


MCHC

g/dL

36.3

31.0-36.0


PLT

10 3 /mL

174

132-424


MPV

fL

8.3

6.0-15.0


PCT

%

0.19

0.17-0.35


PDW

fL

9.7

9.0-17.0


PLC-R

%

13.8

13.0-43.0


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Basic Hematological Indexes of Vietnamese High-Level Female Badminton Players and High-Level Female Athletes of Some Vietnamese Sports

Table 3.16 shows that: The WBC (white blood cell), RBC (red blood cell), HGB (hemoglobin) and PLT (platelet) indices of high-level Vietnamese female badminton athletes are all within the reference range of normal people.

Table 3.17: Basic hematological indices of Vietnamese senior female badminton athletes and senior female athletes of some Vietnamese sports


STT


Full name

WBC

White blood cells (10 3/ mL)

RBC

Red blood cells (10 6 /mL)

HGB

Hemoglobin

(g/dL)

HCT

%

PLT

Platelets (10 3/ mL)

1

Nguyen Thi Anh Vien

5.56

5.70

15.6

41.0

184

2

Le Tu Chinh

5.12

4.33

13.5

39.6

186

3

Phan Thi Ha Thanh

4.92

4.29

12.1

37.0

199

4

Vu Thi Trang

5.23

4.72

14.5

39.9

174

The above results show that the swimmer has hematological test results


best in all indicators, this shows very good endurance, especially aerobic endurance. Badminton players are quite good in all indicators and better than athletes of two sports: athletics and gymnastics.

3.2.3.4. Biochemical indicators: a) Testosterone (ng/dl):

Testosterone is a hormone secreted by the Leydig cells of the testicular androgen glands under the influence and control of the gonadotropin hormone in the anterior pituitary gland. Because the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads are closely interrelated, they are called the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis; Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Gonad (HPG).

Testosterone is fat-soluble and diffuses easily out of Leydig cells into the blood to reach target cells.

Testosterone is one of the main anabolic hormones of the body. In addition to the function of maintaining sexual ability and secondary male characteristics (beard, hair, voice, etc.), testosterone promotes the enhancement of protein biosynthesis of protein metabolism (on the basis of nitrogen balance), creatine phosphorus (CP) and glycogen, enhances hemoglobin biosynthesis and increases red blood cell production, etc. Therefore, high levels of serum testosterone during the HL period will accelerate the recovery process after exercise, improving the functional state of the body.

During puberty, testosterone stimulates the osteoblasts in the head and shaft of bones, increases muscle mass, stimulates the bone marrow to produce precursors of erythrocytes, helps the kidneys and liver to increase the secretion of erythropoietic factors; (EPO = erythropoietin), increases muscle glycogen content and reduces fat reserves. For the kidneys, testosterone enhances the reabsorption of N + , K + , C ++ , Cl - , PO 4 -- and water (O'shea 1971, Ward 1973, Shephard 1982).

111


Testosterone testing is used to diagnose a number of conditions in men, women, and boys. These conditions include: delayed or early puberty in boys; decreased sexual desire in men and women; erectile dysfunction in men; infertility in men and women; testicular tumors in men; disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland; hirsutism and virilization in girls and women.

In males, Testosterone testing is often ordered along with FSH and LH testing if puberty has been delayed or delayed. Although the age of onset of puberty varies from individual to individual, typically 10–11 years (in females) and 12–13 years (in males), the hormonal and physiological development of puberty begins in males.

Testosterone in sports training

Up to now, there have been many research projects and scientific documents reporting the effects of sports training on the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. When the function of the HPG axis is suppressed, it often leads to low blood testosterone levels (Galbo 1983, Zuliani 1987). Therefore, people often choose the method of directly quantifying testosterone in the blood as a simple method that is widely applied to evaluate the function of the HPG axis.

Depending on the type and intensity of exercise, the testosterone levels obtained are often opposite. When exercise is prolonged or of moderate and light intensity, the testosterone level in the blood decreases after exercise. Testosterone tends to increase (although very briefly) before competition or high-intensity exercise (G.Carli and G. Martelli).

Toan Tri Phi (1990) considered blood testosterone as one of the indicators to evaluate the functional status of athletes, especially before entering competition.

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The official level needs to be adjusted to a relatively high level, with the lowest being 20.8 nMol.1 -1 for men and 2.08 nMol.1 -1 for women.

Table 3.18: Serum Testosterone Concentrations of Chinese People



Test object

Testosterone (mmol/l)


Author

Male

Female

Ordinary people

19.6

2.0

Shanghai Academy

Athlete

17.5

1.1

Yang Zequan

Athlete

28.7

2.4


Autumn Winter Three (1988)

Gold medalist

23.4


Cyclist

31.8


Rower

30.7


Rower

21.0


Gold medalist


6.4

runner

21.9


Weightlifter

31.8


Au Duong Hieu (1990)

Athlete 11 – 16

18.8

2.0

Law Hung Hoa (1990)

High school students

10.7

0.8

The reference range of normal plasma testosterone values ​​for Vietnamese men is from 8 to 28; for women it is from 1.67 to 2.29 nmol/dl.

The test result of testosterone concentration in plasma of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athlete was 2.20 nMol.1 -1 , equivalent to the level of Chinese athlete, but lower than athlete Nguyen Thi Anh Vien (3.6 nmol/dl) [31].

b) Cortisol (mmol/dL):

Cortisol stimulates glycogen synthesis, is a sugar-metabolizing steroid that affects glucid metabolism, stimulates increased glucose production from amino acids, and has the effect of increasing immunity.


Cortisol and ACTH are both secreted at 8am to ensure that the body has normal blood glucose levels before starting daily activities.

Glucid metabolism: increased glucose absorption in the intestine, increased glycogen breakdown. Increased lipid breakdown, especially triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.

Increased protein synthesis by direct action on RNA polymerase activation or indirectly through stimulation of GH secretion.

Increases the body's oxygen utilization, increases basal metabolism, has a thermogenic effect.

Cortisol also plays an important role in controlling the activity of the immune system.

This is a glycolytic hormone secreted from the adrenal glands, about 200mg per day, related to physiological rhythm, the amount secreted varies during the day.

Elite male athletes in the C range may range from 149.0 – 625.1 nmol/l (over 16 years). Elite female athletes may range from 276.0 – 691.7 nmol/l (over 16 years).

One time of high intensity exercise (long-term high intensity exercise), then evaluate the change in Cortisol (C). The athlete can endure the same exercise, the athlete whose Cortisol increases or decreases very little, the better the function of the adrenal gland, the more able to endure high intensity exercise, and can also achieve high performance. Samples should be taken early in the morning every week during the important training period.

Cortisol has the effect of increasing catabolism, accelerating the breakdown of energy-carrying compounds, meeting the body's energy needs during intense physical activity.

Test results (8:00 a.m.) showed that the plasma Cortisol concentration of the Vietnamese senior female badminton athlete was 468 nmol/l, equivalent to the level of female athletes.


World elite athlete.

c) Growth hormone (GH):

Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and regeneration in humans. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. Growth hormone plays an important role in sexual development, body shape, physiology as well as human aging. Growth hormone is present in a series of tissue formation processes in the body such as muscles, tendons, bones, stimulating cartilage tissue at the ends of bones to grow longer, stronger, healthier...

The test result of GH (Growth Hormone) concentration in plasma of high-level Vietnamese female badminton athletes was 4.17 nmol/dl, equivalent to the level of excellent female athletes in some Vietnamese sports [29].

3.2.4. Building a psychological model of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athletes

Male


3.2.4.1.Reflex:

Reaction time is one of the important factors leading to success.

performance in sports, if practiced regularly (Bompa, 1994). Reaction time is very important to improve in order to develop the athlete's ability to react quickly to different stimuli in a sport. According to Mouelhi et al (2006) [60], professional athletes who regularly do exercises with higher levels of stimulation make them quite sensitive to external stimuli, leading to them having a very short reaction time effect.

The research results show that the Vietnamese senior female badminton athlete has a single reflex time effect of 119ms, according to the 5 reflex levels presented in section 2.3. (research method) showing that the reflex time is at a good level (the average level is 200 ± 20ms). As for the complex reflex, which is a test to evaluate the athlete's discrimination inhibition, through the test, the test results of the Vietnamese senior female badminton athlete are 203ms in the complex reflex effect.


Table 3.19: Test results of reflex indicators of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athletes

TT

Test content

Achievements

1

Single reflex (ms)

119

2

Complex reflex (ms)

203

3.2.4.2. Information processing capability (Landolt open loop):

The statistical results show that the information processing ability of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athletes is 1.56bit/s. The test results show that the speed of information processing through visual-neuromuscular reflexes of Vietnamese high-level badminton athletes is classified as good.

Table 3.20: Results of the Information Processing Ability (Landolt Open Loop) test of Vietnamese senior female badminton athletes

TT

Test content

Achievements

1

Landolt open loop

1.56

3.2.4.3. Neurological type (Table 808):

Table 3.20 shows the results of the 808 neurological typology of the Vietnamese senior female badminton player with stable neurological type with the following results: the average score of the 3 methods is 36,176 points, the omission of the 3 methods is 5.5 points, the error of the 3 methods is 0.5 points.

Table 3.21: Results of neurological examination of Vietnamese high-level female badminton athletes according to form 808

TT

Content

Symbol

Result

1

Total number of approved signs of method 1

A1

800

2

Total number of approved signs of method 2

A2

760

3

Total number of approved signs of method 3

A3

720

4

Total number of missed signs of method 1

O1

3

5

Total number of missed signs of method 2

O2

4

6

Total number of missed signs of method 3

O3

4

7

Point of method 1

K1

38.5

8

Point of method 2

K2

36.5

9

Point of method 3

K3

33.5

10

Total number of false condition inhibition signals

E

0.5

11

Average of 3 methods

K

36,176

12

Percentage of missed signs of 3 methods

G

5.5

13

Total number of crossed out marks of method 1

X1

0

14

Total number of crossed out marks of method 2

X2

0

15

Total number of crossed out marks of method 3

X3

0

16

Percentage of wrong cross marks of 3 methods

H

0

Neurological classification

Flexible

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